The lychnis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Superfamily: Noctuoidea
Family: Noctuidae
Genus: Hadena
Species:
H. bicruris
Binomial name
Hadena bicruris
Hufnagel, 1766
Observations of H. bicruris throughout Europe using data from iNaturalist. [1]

The lychnis (Hadena bicruris) is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in northern and western Europe and Turkey. It has an Atlantic-Mediterranean distribution. In the East Palearctic it is replaced by Hadena capsincola.

Description

This species has dark brown forewings marked with two prominent white-bordered stigmata and a white subterminal line. The hindwings are buffish, darkening to brown towards the margin but with a prominent white fringe. Seitz states - Distinguished from rivularis F. by the absence of the violet sheen; the markings white instead of yellow; the upper stigmata not conjoined; a conspicuous black blotch above inner margin near base; hindwing fuscous. Larva dull brown, with darker dorsal line and oblique subdorsal streaks.[2]

Biology

One or two broods are produced each year and adults can be seen between May and September. Flight is from June to July.[3]

The larva feeds on various Caryophyllaceae such as Dianthus, Lychnis, Saponaria and Silene.[4] The species overwinters as a pupa.

Pollination

H. bicruis is a nocturnal pollinator meaning that it frequents flowers late in the day or at night.[5][6] Flowers pollinated by moths are often pale in colour, allowing for moonlight to be reflected for easy detection by pollinators.[5] H. bicruris has a specialised nursery pollination system with Silene latifolia. Nursery pollination systems are those where female pollinators lay their eggs on flowers, and as offspring develop, they consume either the plant or the developing ovules or seeds.[7][8] In this type of pollination system the host plant and pollinator, in this case the moth, are dependent on each other. This relationship can also be considered parasitic as offspring consume seeds, which impacts seed dispersal. It is important to note that this system is not as strong as other nursery pollination systems, and that co-pollinators can alter the interaction between H. bicruris and S. latifolia. [6]


H. bicruris lack the specialised pollination structures that many other pollinators have.[9][10][6] Instead, pollen granules catch on their bodies and legs when they come into contact with a flower to feed on nectar. This is otherwise known as passive pollination, where organisms have no specialised collecting or depositing behaviour or structures, but still contribute to pollination. [11] When the moth then visits the next flower, pollen granules may be transferred from the body to the stigma of the receiving plant. Despite the lack of specialised pollination structures, H. bicruris are considered to be the most efficient pollinator of S. latifolia, where both sexes contribute equally to pollination. Although there is a cost to plants by seed predation, this will potentially occur following visitation by a female. Compared to when a male visits the plant, he will only consume the nectar and not have any impact to any part of the plants structure. H. bicruris visit both male and female S. latifolia flowers, and show no preference for flower sex. [12] The efficiency of a pollinator is determined by the number of fruit that are produced following a pollination event.[13] Studies have found in S. latifolia that 80% of visits by H. bicruris resulted in fruit production, with 45% of ovules being fertilised after a singular pollination visit.[12]

References

  1. ↑ "Observations". iNaturalist. Retrieved 2023-10-14.
  2. ↑ Warren. W. in Seitz, A. Ed., 1914 Die Großschmetterlinge der Erde, Verlag Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart Band 3: Abt. 1, Die Großschmetterlinge des palaearktischen Faunengebietes, Die palaearktischen eulenartigen Nachtfalter, 1914Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  3. ↑ Information on Lychnis at Funet
  4. ↑ "Robinson, G. S., P. R. Ackery, I. J. Kitching, G. W. Beccaloni & L. M. Hernández, 2010. HOSTS - A Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants. Natural History Museum, London".
  5. 1 2 "The Night Shift: Moths as Nocturnal Pollinators". Xerces Society. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  6. 1 2 3 Villacañas de Castro, Carmen (2020-07-16). Between antagonism and mutualism: costs and benefits in a nursery pollination system (Thesis). Universität Bremen. doi:10.26092/elib/239.
  7. ↑ Nunes, Carlos Eduardo Pereira; Maruyama, Pietro Kiyoshi; Azevedo-Silva, Marianne; Sazima, Marlies (2018-03-19). "Parasitoids Turn Herbivores into Mutualists in a Nursery System Involving Active Pollination". Current Biology. 28 (6): 980–986.e3. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.02.013. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 29526587. S2CID 4042756.
  8. ↑ Scopece, Giovanni; Campese, Lucia; Duffy, Karl J.; Cozzolino, Salvatore (February 2018). "The relative contribution of diurnal and nocturnal pollinators to plant female fitness in a specialized nursery pollination system". AoB Plants. 10 (1): ply002. doi:10.1093/aobpla/ply002. ISSN 2041-2851. PMC 5800057. PMID 29435209.
  9. ↑ "Moths, Butterflies, and Pollination – Maryland Agronomy News". blog.umd.edu. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  10. ↑ Electric Power Research Institute (2022). "Lovely Lepidoptera Pollinating Butterflies and Moths" (PDF). Pollinator Partnership.
  11. ↑ Jousselin; Kjellberg (March 2001). "The functional implications of active and passive pollination in dioecious figs". Ecology Letters. 4 (2): 151–158. doi:10.1046/j.1461-0248.2001.00209.x. ISSN 1461-023X.
  12. 1 2 Labouche, Anne-Marie; Bernasconi, Giorgina (2009-11-02). "Male moths provide pollination benefits in theSilene latifolia-Hadena bicrurisnursery pollination system". Functional Ecology. 24 (3): 534–544. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01658.x. ISSN 0269-8463.
  13. ↑ Keys, Roy N.; Buchmann, Stephen L.; Smith, Steven E. (1995). "Pollination Effectiveness and Pollination Efficiency of Insects Foraging Prosopis velutina in South-Eastern Arizona". Journal of Applied Ecology. 32 (3): 519–527. doi:10.2307/2404649. ISSN 0021-8901. JSTOR 2404649.

Further reading

  • Chinery, Michael Collins Guide to the Insects of Britain and Western Europe 1986 (Reprinted 1991)
  • Skinner, Bernard Colour Identification Guide to Moths of the British Isles 1984
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