The most southerly geographical features of various types are listed here.

Cities and settlements

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Capital (of an independent nation) New Zealand Wellington, New Zealand 41°17′20″S 174°46′38″E / 41.28889°S 174.77722°E / -41.28889; 174.77722 (Wellington, New Zealand)
Permanent settlement of any sizeAntarctica Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica 90°S 0°E / 90°S 0°E / -90; 0 (Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica)
Settlement capable of housing more than 1,000 people[1] Antarctica McMurdo Station, Antarctica 77°51′S 166°40′E / 77.850°S 166.667°E / -77.850; 166.667 (McMurdo Station, Antarctica)
Town > 1,000 people Chile Puerto Williams, Chile 54°56′S 67°37′W / 54.933°S 67.617°W / -54.933; -67.617 (Puerto Williams, Chile)
City > 50,000 people Argentina Ushuaia, Argentina 54°48′S 68°18′W / 54.800°S 68.300°W / -54.800; -68.300 (Ushuaia, Argentina)
City > 100,000 people Chile Punta Arenas, Chile 53°10′S 70°56′W / 53.167°S 70.933°W / -53.167; -70.933 (Punta Arenas, Chile)
City > 250,000 people New Zealand Christchurch, New Zealand 43°31′48″S 172°37′13″E / 43.53000°S 172.62028°E / -43.53000; 172.62028 (Christchurch, New Zealand)
City > 500,000 people Argentina Mar del Plata, Argentina 38°00′S 57°33′W / 38.000°S 57.550°W / -38.000; -57.550 (Mar del Plata, Argentina)
Metropolitan area > 5,000,000 people Australia Melbourne, Australia 37°48′49″S 144°57′47″E / 37.81361°S 144.96306°E / -37.81361; 144.96306 (Melbourne, Australia)
Metropolitan area > 15,000,000 people Argentina Buenos Aires, Argentina 34°36′12″S 58°22′54″W / 34.60333°S 58.38167°W / -34.60333; -58.38167 (Buenos Aires, Argentina)
Metropolitan area > 20,000,000 people Brazil São Paulo, Brazil 23°33′06″S 46°38′01″W / 23.55167°S 46.63361°W / -23.55167; -46.63361 (São Paulo, Brazil)

Geography

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Body of water (navigable) Bay of Whales, Ross Sea 78°30′S 164°20′W / 78.500°S 164.333°W / -78.500; -164.333
Land (excluding Antarctica) Thule Island, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 59°31′50″S 27°23′50″W / 59.53056°S 27.39722°W / -59.53056; -27.39722

Islands

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Any island (above sea level) Deverall Island 81°28′S 161°54′E / 81.467°S 161.900°E / -81.467; 161.900
Any island (with bare rock, not ice-covered) Ross Island 77°50′S 166°40′E / 77.833°S 166.667°E / -77.833; 166.667
Any size excluding Antarctica Thule Island 59°27′S 27°18′W / 59.450°S 27.300°W / -59.450; -27.300
Island > 10,000 km2 excluding Antarctica Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, Argentina/Chile 55°02′S 56°27′W / 55.033°S 56.450°W / -55.033; -56.450
Island > 100,000 km2 South Island, New Zealand 46°40′S 169°00′E / 46.667°S 169.000°E / -46.667; 169.000
Coral atoll Elizabeth Reef, Australia 29°57′S 159°4′E / 29.950°S 159.067°E / -29.950; 159.067

Berkner Island is further south than any of these, but its bedrock lies entirely below sea level, with only its ice covering rising above.

Nature

Animals

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Bird: South polar skua (Stercorarius maccormicki) seen at the South Pole[2] 90°00′S 00°00′W / 90.000°S -0.000°E / -90.000; -0.000 (South Pole, Antarctica)
Amphibian: Gray four-eyed frog (Pleurodema bufoninum) Southern tip of South America[3] 53°54′S 71°18′W / 53.900°S 71.300°W / -53.900; -71.300 (Gray four-eyed frog)
Mammal: Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) Southern Ocean[4][5] 80th parallel south
Marsupial: Patagonian opossum (Lestodelphys halli) Estancia La Madrugada, Argentina[6] 47°06′00″S 66°29′01″W / 47.1°S 66.48361°W / -47.1; -66.48361 (Lestodelphys)
Reptile: Liolaemus magellanicus Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego[7] 52°22′57″S 68°24′36″W / 52.382367°S 68.409956°W / -52.382367; -68.409956 (Liolaemus)
Insect: Antarctic midge (Belgica antarctica) Refuge Islands[8][9] 68°21′S 67°10′W / 68.350°S 67.167°W / -68.350; -67.167 (Antarctic midge)
Fish: Gymnoscopelus nicholsi, Gymnoscopelus braueri, Electrona antarctica Ross Sea[10] 75th parallel south

Plants

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Flowering plants (in greenhouses) Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica[11] 90°00′S 139°16′W / 90.000°S 139.267°W / -90.000; -139.267 (Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica)
Grass and flowering plants (naturally occurring) Terra Firma Islands, Antarctica[12] 68°42′S 67°32′W / 68.700°S 67.533°W / -68.700; -67.533 (Terra Firma Islands)
Trees (Nothofagus betuloides, naturally occurring) Hornos Island, Chile[13] 55°58′S 67°15′W / 55.967°S 67.250°W / -55.967; -67.250 (Cape Horn)
Conifers (Pilgerodendron uviferum, naturally occurring) Tierra del Fuego, Chile[14][15] 54°20′S 70°7′W / 54.333°S 70.117°W / -54.333; -70.117 (Tierra del Fuego)
Palms (nīkau (Rhopalostylis sapida), naturally occurring) Chatham Islands, New Zealand[16] 44°02′S 176°26′W / 44.033°S 176.433°W / -44.033; -176.433 (Chatham Islands, New Zealand)

Agriculture

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Cattle farm Estancia Moat, Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina[17] 54°58′32.4″S 66°44′41″W / 54.975667°S 66.74472°W / -54.975667; -66.74472 (Estancia Moat)
Cherry orchard Los Antiguos, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina[18] 46°32′30.24″S 71°39′20.32″W / 46.5417333°S 71.6556444°W / -46.5417333; -71.6556444
Potato farm Centro Experimental Kampenaike, Magallanes Region, Chile[19] 52°37′59.24″S 70°32′40.87″W / 52.6331222°S 70.5446861°W / -52.6331222; -70.5446861
Rice field San Nicolás, Ñuble Region, Chile[20][21] 36°30′12″S 72°12′44″W / 36.503333°S 72.212222°W / -36.503333; -72.212222 (San Nicolás)
Vineyard Chile Chico, Aysén Region, Chile[22] 46°32′0.41″S 71°41′16.46″W / 46.5334472°S 71.6879056°W / -46.5334472; -71.6879056 (Viñedo experimental)

Education

Item Place Latitude/longitude
International Baccalaureate school John McGlashan College, Dunedin, New Zealand[23] 45°51′17″S 170°29′55″E / 45.85472°S 170.49861°E / -45.85472; 170.49861 (John McGlashan College in Dunedin)
University National University of Tierra del Fuego, Ushuaia, Argentina[24] 54°48′57″S 68°19′04″W / 54.81583°S 68.31778°W / -54.81583; -68.31778 (Ushuaia, Argentina)
Kindergarten Puerto Williams,[25] Chile 54°55′59″S 67°37′00″W / 54.93306°S 67.61667°W / -54.93306; -67.61667 (Kindergarten in Puerto Williams)
Secondary school Puerto Williams, Chile[26] 54°55′59″S 67°37′00″W / 54.93306°S 67.61667°W / -54.93306; -67.61667 (Puerto Williams, Chile)
Primary school Escuela Nº 38 "Presidente Raúl Ricardo Alfonsín", Esperanza Base, Antarctica[27] 63°24′S 57°00′W / 63.400°S 57.000°W / -63.400; -57.000 (Esperanza Base, Antarctica)

Science and technology

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Astronomical observatory South Pole Telescope, Antarctica 90°S 0°E / 90°S 0°E / -90; 0 (South Pole Telescope, Antarctica)
Permanent scientific
research station		 Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica 90°S 0°E / 90°S 0°E / -90; 0 (Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica)
Planetarium Otago Museum, Dunedin, New Zealand[28] 45°51′56″S 170°30′38″E / 45.865678°S 170.510471°E / -45.865678; 170.510471 (Otago Museum)
Nuclear power plant Atucha I, Argentina[29] 33°58′S 59°12′W / 33.967°S 59.200°W / -33.967; -59.200 (Atucha I Nuclear Power Plant, Argentina)
Atucha II, Argentina 33°58′S 59°12′W / 33.967°S 59.200°W / -33.967; -59.200 (Atucha I Nuclear Power Plant, Argentina)

Historical sites and archaeological findings

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Prehistoric archaeological site Yaghan people's Cape Horn hunting camp,[30] Chile. 55°58′19″S 67°15′50″W / 55.97183°S 67.264006°W / -55.97183; -67.264006 (Isla Hornos, Chile)

Transportation

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Airfield (permanent, no scheduled flights) Jack F. Paulus Skiway at Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica 89°59′22″S 1°0′0″W / 89.98944°S 1.00000°W / -89.98944; -1.00000 (Jack F. Paulus Skiway, Antarctica)
Seaport/Harbour Winter Quarters Bay, McMurdo Station, Antarctica[31] 77°51′S 166°40′E / 77.850°S 166.667°E / -77.850; 166.667 (McMurdo Station, Antarctica)
Airport (permanent, with scheduled flights) Guardiamarina Zañartu Airport, Puerto Williams, Chile 54°56′S 67°37′W / 54.933°S 67.617°W / -54.933; -67.617 (Guardiamarina Zañartu Airport)
International airport Ushuaia – Malvinas Argentinas International Airport, Ushuaia, Argentina 54°50′S 068°17′W / 54.833°S 68.283°W / -54.833; -68.283 (Ushuaia – Malvinas Argentinas International Airport)
Metro station Plaza de los Virreyes - Eva Perón in Buenos Aires, Argentina[32] 34°38′34.9″S 58°27′41.8″W / 34.643028°S 58.461611°W / -34.643028; -58.461611 (Plaza de los Virreyes - Eva Perón)
Suburban rail (Regular passenger services) Wellington Central station in Wellington, New Zealand 41°16′43″S 174°46′51″E
Railway Southern Fuegian Railway (Ferrocarril Austral Fueguino) from Ushuaia to the Tierra del Fuego National Park in Argentina[33] 54°48′S 68°18′W / 54.800°S 68.300°W / -54.800; -68.300 (Ushuaia, Argentina)
Narrow gauge railway Dumont d'Urville Station, Antarctica[34][35]

The record was previously held by a 1963 installed line at the British Antarctic Survey base at Signy Island.[34]

 66°40′S 140°01′E / 66.667°S 140.017°E / -66.667; 140.017 (Dumont d'Urville Station, Antarctica)
Suspension bridge Bodie Creek Suspension Bridge, Falkland Islands[36] 51°51′14″S 59°01′04″E / 51.853912°S 59.017825°E / -51.853912; 59.017825 (Bodie Creek Suspension Bridge)
Underground railway station Flagstaff railway station, Melbourne, Australia 37°48′44″S 144°57′22″E / 37.812121°S 144.956065°E / -37.812121; 144.956065

Recreation

Sport

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Bowling club Stewart Island Bowling Club, Oban, New Zealand[37] 46°53′57″S 168°07′43″E / 46.899224°S 168.128746°E / -46.899224; 168.128746 (Stewart Island Bowling Club)
Ski resort Cerro Castor, Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina[38] 54°43′S 68°00′W / 54.717°S 68.000°W / -54.717; -68.000 (Cerro Castor)
Golf club Ushuaia Golf Club, Ushuaia, Argentina[39] 54°49′52″S 68°25′02″E / 54.831183°S 68.417283°E / -54.831183; 68.417283 (Ushuaia Golf Club)

Religious buildings

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Church (ice-made) Chapel of Our Lady of the Snows, Belgrano II Base, Antarctica[40][41] 77°52′S 34°37′W / 77.867°S 34.617°W / -77.867; -34.617 (Belgrano II Base, Antarctica)
Church (regular) Trinity Church, Antarctica (Russian Orthodox Church), King George Island, Antarctica 62°12′S 58°58′W / 62.200°S 58.967°W / -62.200; -58.967 (King George Island, Antarctica)
Mormon church Puerto Williams, Chile[42] 54°56′S 67°37′W / 54.933°S 67.617°W / -54.933; -67.617 (Mormon church of Puerto Williams, Chile)
Cathedral El Sagrado Corazón, Diocese of Punta Arenas, Punta Arenas, Chile[43] 53°10′S 70°56′W / 53.167°S 70.933°W / -53.167; -70.933 (Punta Arenas, Chile)
Hindu temple Centro Cultural y Templo Hindu, Punta Arenas, Chile[44] 53°10′S 70°56′W / 53.167°S 70.933°W / -53.167; -70.933 (Punta Arenas, Chile)
Mosque Southland Muslim Association, Invercargill, New Zealand[45] 46°24′35″S 168°23′20″E / 46.40972°S 168.38889°E / -46.40972; 168.38889 (Invercargill, New Zealand)
Synagogue Dunedin Synagogue, Dunedin, New Zealand[46][47] 45°52′S 170°30′E / 45.867°S 170.500°E / -45.867; 170.500 (Dunedin, New Zealand)
Buddhist stupa the Enlightenment Stupa at Portobello, Dunedin, New Zealand[48] 45°51′S 170°39′E / 45.850°S 170.650°E / -45.850; 170.650 (Portobello, New Zealand)
Sikh Gurdwara New Zealand Sikh Society (Wellington), Lower Hutt, New Zealand[49] 41°12′S 174°57′E / 41.200°S 174.950°E / -41.200; 174.950 (New Zealand Sikh Society)

Shops and service facilities

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Tourist office Puerto Williams,[50] Chile 54°55′59″S 67°37′00″W / 54.93306°S 67.61667°W / -54.93306; -67.61667 (Puerto Williams, Chile)
Restaurant Lodge Lakutaia,[51] Puerto Williams, Chile 54°56′12″S 67°36′47″W / 54.936789°S 67.613039°W / -54.936789; -67.613039
Cinema Jubany Base, Antarctic Peninsula 62°14′S 58°40′W / 62.233°S 58.667°W / -62.233; -58.667 (Jubany)
Public post office Port Lockroy, Goudier Island, Antarctica[52] 64°49′S 63°30′W / 64.817°S 63.500°W / -64.817; -63.500 (Port Lockroy, Antarctica)
Bar Faraday Bar,[53] Vernadsky Research Base, Antarctica 65°14′45″S 64°15′27″W / 65.245747°S 64.257391°W / -65.245747; -64.257391
Automated teller machine McMurdo Station, Antarctica[54] 77°51′S 166°40′E / 77.850°S 166.667°E / -77.850; 166.667 (McMurdo Station, Antarctica)

International brand names

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Mobil petrol station Invercargill, New Zealand 46°25′46″S 168°21′42″E / 46.42944°S 168.36167°E / -46.42944; 168.36167 [55]
H&M Christchurch, New Zealand 43°32′00″S 172°38′16″E / 43.53333°S 172.63778°E / -43.53333; 172.63778 [56]
Shell petrol station Blackmans Bay, Tasmania, Australia 43°00′00″S 147°19′13″E / 43.00000°S 147.32028°E / -43.00000; 147.32028 [57]
7-Eleven Rosebud, Victoria, Australia 38°21′25″S 144°54′04″E / 38.35694°S 144.90111°E / -38.35694; 144.90111 [58]
ECCO Moorabbin, Melbourne, Australia 37°58′15″S 145°05′21″E / 37.97083°S 145.08917°E / -37.97083; 145.08917 [59]
IKEA Springvale, Melbourne, Australia 37°55′36″S 145°08′36″E / 37.92667°S 145.14333°E / -37.92667; 145.14333

Franchised food brands

Item Place Latitude/longitude
Baskin-Robbins Camberwell, Melbourne, Australia 37°49′50″S 145°03′24″E / 37.830423°S 145.056742°E / -37.830423; 145.056742
Wendy's Dunedin, New Zealand[60] 45°53′38″S 170°30′14″E / 45.894013°S 170.503808°E / -45.894013; 170.503808
Starbucks Invercargill, New Zealand[61] 46°24′43″S 168°20′57″E / 46.411950°S 168.349075°E / -46.411950; 168.349075
Burger King Invercargill, New Zealand[62] 46°24′48″S 168°21′42″E / 46.413267°S 168.361750°E / -46.413267; 168.361750
KFC Invercargill, New Zealand 46°25′08″S 168°21′42″E / 46.418758°S 168.361609°E / -46.418758; 168.361609
McDonald's Invercargill, New Zealand[63] 46°25′15″S 168°21′41″E / 46.420921°S 168.361503°E / -46.420921; 168.361503
Pizza Hut Invercargill, New Zealand 46°25′40″S 168°21′41″E / 46.427798°S 168.361313°E / -46.427798; 168.361313
Subway Invercargill, New Zealand 46°25′40″S 168°21′42″E / 46.427908°S 168.361736°E / -46.427908; 168.361736
Domino's Pizza Punta Arenas, Chile 53°08′20″S 70°53′23″W / 53.138801°S 70.889852°W / -53.138801; -70.889852
Hard Rock Café Ushuaia, Argentina 54°48′25″S 68°18′23″W / 54.806825°S 68.3062502°W / -54.806825; -68.3062502

Gardens/parks, zoos and aquaria

Item Place Latitude/longitude
National park Cabo de Hornos National Park, Tierra del Fuego, Chile 55°49′58″S 67°25′58″W / 55.83278°S 67.43278°W / -55.83278; -67.43278 (Cabo de Hornos National Park)
Penguin reserve Magdalena Island Penguin Reserve, Magdalena Island, Magallanes Region, Chile[64]
Aviary Queens Park Aviary, Invercargill, New Zealand 46°24′13″S 168°21′37″E / 46.40361°S 168.36028°E / -46.40361; 168.36028
Botanical garden Jardín Botánico de Ushuaia, Ushuaia, Argentina[65] 54°47′6.5″S 68°16′56″W / 54.785139°S 68.28222°W / -54.785139; -68.28222

Other

Item Place Latitude/longitude
UNESCO world heritage site (natural) French Austral Land and Seas[66] 90°00′S 45°00′E / 90.000°S 45.000°E / -90.000; 45.000 (Cueva de las Manos, Argentina) (southernmost Point)
UNESCO world heritage site (cultural) Cueva de las Manos, Argentina[67] 47°9′S 70°40′W / 47.150°S 70.667°W / -47.150; -70.667 (Cueva de las Manos, Argentina)
Skyscraper (>100 m) Majestic Centre, Wellington, New Zealand 41°17′19″S 174°46′27″E / 41.288501°S 174.774296°E / -41.288501; 174.774296 (Majestic Centre)
Opera house Opera House, Wellington, New Zealand 41°17′29″S 174°46′40″E / 41.2915°S 174.7778°E / -41.2915; 174.7778 (Wellington Opera House)
High-rise building Cue Building,[68] Invercargill, New Zealand 46°24′40″S 168°20′57″E / 46.4110°S 168.3493°E / -46.4110; 168.3493 (Cue Building)
Mine Invierno mine, Riesco Island, Chile[69] 52°52′11.92″S 71°37′31.13″W / 52.8699778°S 71.6253139°W / -52.8699778; -71.6253139 (Mina Invierno)
Brewery Cerveza Artesanal Beagle, Ushuaia, Argentina[70] 54°47′24″S 68°15′57″W / 54.789983°S 68.265745°W / -54.789983; -68.265745 (Cerveza Artesenal Beagle)
Lighthouse Monumental Cabo de Hornos, Hornos Island, Chile[71] 55°57′54″S 67°13′12″W / 55.96500°S 67.22000°W / -55.96500; -67.22000
Bell tower First Church of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand[72] 45°52′34″S 170°30′17″E / 45.8760°S 170.5047°E / -45.8760; 170.5047 (First Church of Otago)
Place of birth of a human Esperanza Base, Antarctica (Emilio Marcos Palma in 1978 and seven others) [73] 63°24′S 57°00′W / 63.400°S 57.000°W / -63.400; -57.000 (Esperanza Base, Antarctica)
Cemetery Buromskiy Island, Antarctica[74] 66°32′S 93°0′E / 66.533°S 93.000°E / -66.533; 93.000 (Buromskiy Island Cemetery)

See also

References

  1. ↑ "4.0 Antarctica - Past and Present". Archived from the original on 2017-07-03. Retrieved 2018-04-06.
  2. ↑ "Skuas - Wildlife of Antarctica - Antarctic Connection". Archived from the original on February 11, 2006.
  3. ↑ Fairbanks, Mailing Address: 101 Dunkel St Suite 110; Us, AK 99701 Phone: 907459-3730 Contact. "Amphibians 101 - Gates Of The Arctic National Park & Preserve (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Archived from the original on 2021-03-01. Retrieved 2020-03-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  4. ↑ "Antarctica: Marine Mammals". www.marinebio.net. Archived from the original on 2020-03-23. Retrieved 2020-03-23.
  5. ↑ Routti, Heli; Krafft, Bjørn A.; Herzke, Dorte; Eisert, Regina; Oftedal, Olav (February 1, 2015). "Perfluoroalkyl substances detected in the world's southernmost marine mammal, the Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii)". Environmental Pollution. 197: 62–67. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2014.11.026. PMID 25497307.
  6. ↑ Birney, Elmer C.; Monjeau, J. Adrian; Phillips, Carleton J. Sikes, Robert S.; Kim, Iksoo. 1996. Lestodelphys halli: new information on a poorly known Argentine marsupial. Mastozoología Neotropical 3:171-181.
  7. ↑ Jaksic, Fabian M. (2022). "Historical account and current ecological knowledge of the southernmost lizard in the world, Liolaemus magellanicus (Squamata: Liolaemidae)". Revista Chilena de Historia Natural. 95 (7). doi:10.1186/s40693-022-00112-y. S2CID 252717680.
  8. ↑ "Stress tolerance in a polyextremophile: The southernmost insect | Request PDF".
  9. ↑ Usher, Michael B.; Edwards, Marion (September 1, 1984). "A dipteran from south of the Antarctic Circle: Belgica antarctica (Chironomidae) with a description of its larva". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 23 (1): 19–31. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1984.tb00803.x. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved March 23, 2020 – via academic.oup.com.
  10. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-02-14. Retrieved 2020-03-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  11. ↑ "UA, Tempe company bring veggies to South Pole". Archived from the original on 2021-10-17. Retrieved 2006-10-07.
  12. ↑ Smith, Roff. "Frozen Under". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 2007-12-14. Retrieved 2012-06-23.
  13. ↑ Welch, Craig (July 2020). "The tree at the bottom of the world—and the wind-blasted trek to find it". National Geographic. Archived from the original on July 14, 2020. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
  14. ↑ Soto, Daniel P.; Le Quesne, Carlos; Lara, Antonio; Gardner, Martin F. (2007). "Precarious conservation status of Pilgerodendron uviferum forests in their northern distribution in the Chilean Coastal Range" (PDF). Bosque. 28 (3): 263–270. doi:10.4067/S0717-92002007000300012.
  15. ↑ Allnutt, T.R.; Newton, A.C.; Premoli, A.; Lara, A. (2003). "Genetic variation in the threatened South American conifer Pilgerodendron uviferum (Cupressaceae), detected using RAPD markers". Biological Conservation. 114 (2): 245–253. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00044-2.
  16. ↑ "Bushmansfriend: Forest walks, Nature Photography & NZ Flora - Native Plant Information - New Zealand, native trees, natives, shrubs, information". Archived from the original on 2014-08-14. Retrieved 2006-01-22.
  17. ↑ Hoffmann, M. A. (1974). The southernmost cattle exploitation in the world. Development action of the Argentine Army in an isle of Tierra del Fuego. (in Spanish). Anales de la Sociedad Rural Argentina.
  18. ↑ "Los Antiguos: la cereza más austral del mundo". LRA Radio Nacional (in Spanish). 2022-07-22. Retrieved 2022-12-02.
  19. ↑ "Chile: INIA prepara la cosecha más austral de papa semilla certificada". Argenpapa (in Spanish). 2020-04-03. Retrieved 2022-12-02.
  20. ↑ Paredes, C.M.; Becerra, V.V.; Donoso, Ñ.G.; Cruz, G.M. (2021) Tolerancia al frío en el cultivo del arroz en el mundo. In: Paredes, C.M. (et al. (eds.)) 100 años del cultivo del arroz en Chile en un contexto internacional 1920-2020. Tomo I. Colección Libros INIA no. 40. Chillán (Chile): Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, p. 188-214. ISBN 978-956-7016-51-8
  21. ↑ "Presente y perspectivas futuras del cultivo del arroz en Chile". Mundo Agro (in Spanish). 2020-11-30.
  22. ↑ "Keokén, el viñedo más austral de Chile". Wine Independent Press (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2021-02-13. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
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