This is a compendium of poisonous fungi. See also mushroom poisoning.

List of toxic mushroom species

There are 119 poisonous fungus species listed below.

Scientific name Common name Active agent Distribution Similar edible species Picture
Agaricus californicus California Agaricus phenol and xanthodermin North America Edible Agaricus species Agaricus californicus
Agaricus hondensis[1] Felt-ringed Agaricus phenol and xanthodermin North America Edible Agaricus species Agaricus hondensis
Agaricus menieri phenol and xanthodermin Europe Edible Agaricus species
Agaricus moelleri[2] Inky Mushroom phenol and xanthodermin Europe Edible Agaricus species Agaricus moelleri
Agaricus phaeolepidotus phenol and xanthodermin Europe Edible Agaricus species
Agaricus placomyces phenol and xanthodermin North America and Europe Edible Agaricus species Agaricus placomyces
Agaricus xanthodermus[1][3] Yellow-staining mushroom phenol and xanthodermin[4][5] worldwide Edible Agaricus species Agaricus xanthodermus
Amanita abrupta American abrupt-bulbed Lepidella L-2-amino-4-pentynoic acid and 2-Amino-4,5-hexadienoic acid[6] North America Edible Agaricus species Amanita abrupta
Amanita aprica Sunshine amanita muscarine and ibotenic acid[7] (maybe not muscarine but muscimol) North America Amanita aprica
Amanita bisporigera [8] Eastern Destroying Angel Amatoxins Eastern United States Amanita bisporigera
Amanita boudieri Boudier's lepidella A. smithiana toxin[6] Europe Edible Agaricus species

Amanita vittadinii

 Amanita boudieri
Amanita chlorinosma [8] Chlorine Lepidella Eastern United States
Amanita chlorinosma 21519
Amanita citrina False Death Cap bufotenin[9] Europe and North America Amanita citrina
Amanita cokeri Coker's amanita 2-amino-3-cyclopropylbutanoic acid and 2-amino-5-chloro-4-pentenoic acid[10] North America Amanita vittadinii

Amanita strobiliformis

Edible Agaricus species

 Amanita cokeri
Amanita cothurnata Booted amanita muscimol and ibotenic acid[11] North America Amanita cothurnata
Amanita echinocephala European solitary amanita A. smithiana toxin[6] Europe, Western Asia and North Africa Amanita vittadinii

Amanita strobiliformis

Edible Agaricus species

 Amanita echinocephala
Amanita farinosa Powdery Amanita unknown North America Amanita farinosa
Amanita flavorubescens unknown North America Amanita rubescens

Amanita novinupta

Amanita jacksonii

Amanita hemibapha
Amanita gemmata Gemmed Amanita muscimol and ibotenic acid[12] Europe, North Africa, Asia and North America Amanita gemmata
Amanita gioiosa Pebbly Soil Amanita unknown (probably muscimol and ibotenic acid) Europe and North Africa Amanita gioiosa
Amanita gracilior European Slender Lepidella A. smithiana toxin[6] Europe
Amanita heterochroma Eucalyptus fly agaric unknown (probably muscimol and ibotenic acid) Europe and North Africa Amanita caesarea
Amanita hongoi Hongo's Amanita unknown Japan
Amanita ibotengutake Japanese ringed-bulbed Amanita muscimol and ibotenic acid[13] Japan
Amanita muscaria Fly agaric muscimol and ibotenic acid[11] Worldwide Amanita caesarea

Amanita jacksonii

Amanita hemibapha

 Amanita muscaria
Amanita neoovoidea East Asian egg amidella 2-amino-4,5-hexadienoic acid[6] East Asia Amanita ovoidea Amanita neoovoidea
Amanita pantherina Panther cap muscimol and ibotenic acid[11] Europe, North Africa, Eastern Asia

(a similar American species exist but is not published yet)[7]

 Amanita rubescens Amanita pantherina
Amanita porphyria Grey veiled Amanita unknown (probably bufotenin) North America and Europe Amanita porphyria
Amanita pseudoporphyria Hongo's false death cap 2-amino-4,5-hexadienoic acid[6] Asia Amanita pseudoporphyria
Amanita pseudoregalis False royal fly agaric unknown (probably muscimol and ibotenic acid) Europe Amanita rubescens
Amanita pseudorubescens False blusher unknown Europe Amanita rubescens
Amanita regalis Royal fly agaric muscimol and ibotenic acid[14] Europe and Alaska Amanita rubescens Amanita regalis
Amanita smithiana Smith's Amanita A. smithiana toxin and 2-amino-4,5-hexadienoic acid[6] North America Amanita smithiana
Ampulloclitocybe clavipes Club-footed clitocybe unknown North America and Europe Infundibulicybe geotropa

Infundibulicybe gibba

 Ampulloclitocybe clavipes
Clathrus ruber [15]
Chlorophyllum molybdites Green-spored parasol unknown worldwide (very rare in Europe) Chlorophyllum rhacodes

Chlorophyllum olivieri

Coprinus comatus

 Chlorophyllum molybdites
Clitocybe cerussata muscarine[16] Europe Clitopilus prunulus
Clitocybe dealbata Ivory Funnel muscarine[16][17] Europe Clitopilus prunulus

Marasmius oreades

 Clitocybe dealbata
Coprinopsis alopecia coprine Europe
Coprinopsis atramentaria Common ink cap coprine[18] North America, Europe, Asia and Australia Coprinopsis atramentaria
Coprinopsis romagnesiana Scaly ink cap coprine Europe Coprinopsis romagnesiana
Cortinarius bolaris unknown Europe Cortinarius bolaris
Cortinarius callisteus Tawny Webcap unknown Europe Cantharellus spp.
Cortinarius cinnabarinus unknown Europe Laccaria laccata Cortinarius cinnabarinus
Cortinarius cinnamomeofulvus unknown Europe Craterellus tubaeformis

Craterellus lutescens

Laccaria laccata
Cortinarius cinnamomeoluteus unknown Europe Craterellus tubaeformis

Craterellus lutescens

Laccaria laccata

 Cortinarius cinnamomeoluteus
Cortinarius cinnamomeus Cinnamon webcap unknown North America and Europe Craterellus tubaeformis

Craterellus lutescens

Laccaria laccata

 Cortinarius cinnamomeus
Cortinarius cruentus unknown Europe
Cortinarius gentilis unknown Europe Cantharellus spp. Cortinarius gentilis
Cortinarius limonius unknown North America and Europe Cantharellus spp. Cortinarius limonius
Cortinarius malicorius unknown Europe Craterellus tubaeformis

Craterellus lutescens

Laccaria laccata

 Cortinarius malicorius
Cortinarius mirandus unknown Europe
Cortinarius palustris unknown Europe Craterellus tubaeformis

Craterellus lutescens

Laccaria laccata
Cortinarius phoeniceus unknown Europe Cortinarius phoeniceus
Cortinarius rubicundulus unknown North America and Europe Cantharellus spp. Cortinarius rubicundulus
Cortinarius smithii Smith's Cortinarius unknown North America Cortinarius smithii
Cudonia circinans gyromitrin and monomethylhydrazine[19] North America, Europe and Asia Morchella spp.

Cantharellus spp.

 Cudonia circinans
Gyromitra perlata Pig's ears gyromitrin and monomethylhydrazine[19] North America and Europe Disciotis venosa Gyromitra perlata
Echinoderma asperum Freckled dapperling unknown North America Europe, Asia and Oceania Macrolepiota procera

Chlorophyllum rhacodes

 Echinoderma asperum
Echinoderma calcicola unknown Europe Macrolepiota procera

Chlorophyllum rhacodes
Entoloma albidum unknown North America Calocybe gambosa

Clitopilus prunulus

Clitocybe multiceps
Entoloma rhodopolium Wood pinkgill unknown Europe and Asia Entoloma sarcopum Entoloma rhodopolium
Entoloma sinuatum Livid Entoloma unknown North America, Europe and Asia Calocybe gambosa

Clitopilus prunulus

Clitocybe multiceps

 Entoloma sinuatum
Hebeloma crustuliniforme Poison pie unknown North America, Europe and Australia Calocybe gambosa

Clitopilus geminus

Lepista irina

 Hebeloma crustuliniforme
Hebeloma sinapizans Rough-stalked hebeloma unknown North America and Europe Calocybe gambosa

Clitopilus geminus

Lepista irina

 Hebeloma sinapizans
Helvella crispa Elfin saddle unknown Europe Helvella crispa
Helvella dryophila Oak-loving elfin saddle unknown North America Morchella spp. Helvella dryophila
Helvella lactea unknown North America and Europe Helvella lactea
Helvella lacunosa Slate grey saddle unknown worldwide Morchella spp. Helvella lacunosa
Helvella vespertina Western black elfin saddle unknown North America Morchella spp. Helvella vesepertina
Hapalopilus nidulans Tender nesting polypore polyporic acid[20] worldwide (except South America) Fistulina hepatica

Laetiporus sulphureus

 Hapalopilus rutilans
Hypholoma fasciculare Sulphur tuft fasciculol E and fasciculol F[21] worldwide Hypholoma capnoides

Kuehneromyces mutabilis

 Hypholoma fasciculare
Hypholoma lateritium Brick cap fasciculol B & fasciculol C[22] North America, Europe and Asia Hypholoma capnoides

Kuehneromyces mutabilis

 Hypholoma lateritium
Hypholoma marginatum unknown Europe Hypholoma capnoides

Kuehneromyces mutabilis

 Hypholoma marginatum
Hypholoma radicosum unknown Europe Hypholoma capnoides

Kuehneromyces mutabilis

 Hypholoma radicosum
Imperator rhodopurpureus unknown Europe Neoboletus erythropus

Suillellus queletii

 Imperator rhodopurpureus
Imperator torosus Brawny Bolete unknown Europe Neoboletus erythropus

Suillellus queletii

 Imperator torosus
Inocybe fibrosa muscarine Europe Tricholoma columbetta

Calocybe gambosa

Clitopilus prunulus

 Inocybe fibrosa
Inocybe geophylla Earthy inocybe muscarine[23] North America and Europe Clitopilus prunulus

Laccaria amethystina

 Inocybe geophylla var. geophylla
Inocybe hystrix muscarine North, Central America and Europe Inocybe hystrix
Inocybe lacera Torn fibercap muscarine North America and Europe Inocybe lacera
Inocybe lilacina muscarine North America Laccaria amethysteo-occidentalis Inocybe geophylla var. lilacina
Inocybe sublilacina muscarine North America, Europe Laccaria amethysteo-occidentalis

Laccaria amethystina
Inocybe rimosa Straw-Colored Fiber Head muscarine[23] Europe and Asia Marasmius oreades Inocybe rimosa
Inocybe sambucina muscarine Europe Tricholoma columbetta

Calocybe gambosa

Clitopilus prunulus
Lactarius torminosus Woolly milkcap velleral North America, Europe, Asia and North Africa Lactarius deliciosus Lactarius torminosus
Leucocoprinus birnbaumii [8] Flowerpot Parasol Eastern United States
Mycena diosma unknown (probably puraquinonic acid) Europe Laccaria amethystina Mycena diosma
Mycena pelianthina[24] Blackedge Bonnet Norway
Mycena pura Lilac bonnet puraquinonic acid and psilocybin[25][26] Europe Laccaria amethystina

Laccaria laccata

 Mycena pura
Mycena rosea Rosy bonnet unknown (probably puraquinonic acid) Europe Laccaria amethystina Mycena rosea
Neonothopanus nambi unknown South America
Panaeolus cinctulus banded mottlegill psilocybin and psilocin North America, Europe, Africa and Australia Marasmius oreades Panaeolus cinctulus
Psilocybe semilanceata Liberty cap psilocybin, psilocin, and baeocystin[27] America, Europe, Asia and Oceania Psilocybe semilanceata
Omphalotus illudens Jack-O'lantern mushroom illudin S, illudin M, and muscarine[28] North America and Europe Cantharellus spp. Omphalotus illudens
Omphalotus japonicus Tsukiyotake illudin S and illudin M[29][30][31] Asia Pleurotus ostreatus

Lentinula edodes

Sarcomyxa serotina

 Omphalotus japonicus
Omphalotus nidiformis Ghost fungus illudin S, illudin M, and illudosin[32] Oceania and India Pleurotus ostreatus

Lentinula edodes

Sarcomyxa serotina

 Omphalotus nidiformis
Omphalotus olearius [8] Jack-O'lantern mushroom illudin S[33][34] Europe Cantharellus spp. Omphalorus olearius
Omphalotus olivascens Western jack-o'-lantern mushroom illudin S[35] America Cantharellus spp. Omphalotus olivascens
Paralepistopsis acromelalga acromelic acid Japan Paralepista flaccida

Paralepista gilva
Paralepistopsis amoenolens Paralysis funnel acromelic acid North Africa and Europe Paralepista flaccida

Paralepista inversa

Infundibulicybe gibba
Pholiotina rugosa amatoxins[36] North America, Europe and Asia Pholiotina rugosa
Ramaria formosa Beautiful clavaria unknown North America, Europe and Asia Ramaria botrytis Ramaria formosa
Ramaria neoformosa unknown Europe Ramaria botrytis Ramaria neoformosa
Ramaria pallida unknown North America and Europe Ramaria botrytis Ramaria pallida
Rubroboletus legaliae Le Gal's bolete unknown (probably boletasine and muscarine) Europe Neoboletus erythropus

Suillellus queletii

 Rubroboletus legaliae
Rubroboletus lupinus Wolves bolete unknown (probably boletasine and muscarine) Europe Neoboletus erythropus

Suillellus queletii

 Rubroboletus lupinus
Rubroboletus pulcherrimus unknown North America Neoboletus erythropus

Suillellus queletii

 Rubroboletus pulcherrimus
Rubroboletus satanas Satan's bolete boletasine and muscarine[37][38] Europe Neoboletus erythropus

Suillellus queletii

 Rubroboletus satanas
Russula emetica The sickener lactarorufin A, methoxyfuranalcohol, and R. emetica unnamed compound[39] North America, Europe, North Africa and Asia Russula aurea

Russula cyanoxantha

 Russula emetica
Russula subnigricans unknown
Sarcosphaera coronaria Pink crown North America, Europe, North Africa and Asia Sarcosphaera coronaria
Scleroderma citrinum Common earthball unknown North America, Europe and Asia Apioperdon pyriforme Scleroderma citrinum
Tricholoma equestre Yellow knight unknown Europe Tricholoma equestre
Tricholoma pardinum Tiger tricholoma unknown North America, Europe and Asia Tricholoma terreum

Tricholoma myomyces

 Tricholoma pardinum
Tricholoma muscarium tricholomic acid and ibotenic acid[40][41] Japan
Trogia venenata Little white mushroom unknown China
Turbinellus floccosus Woolly false chanterelle norcaperatic acid[42] North America and Eastern Asia Gomphus clavatus

Polyozellus multiplex

Cantharellus spp.

 Turbinellus floccosus
Turbinellus kauffmanii norcaperatic acid[42] North America Gomphus clavatus

Polyozellus multiplex

Cantharellus spp.

 Turbinellus kauffmanii

List of suspicious mushroom species

Scientific name Common name Distribution Picture
Agrocybe arenicola Europe
Amanita albocreata Ringless panther North America Amanita albocreata
Amanita altipes Yellow long-stem Amanita China
Amanita breckonii North America Amanita breckonii
Amanita ceciliae Snakeskin grisette North America and Europe Amanita ceciliae
Amanita eliae Fries's Amanita Europe and North Africa Amanita eliae
Amanita flavoconia Yellow-dust Amanita North America Amanita flavoconia
Amanita frostiana Frost's Amanita North America
Amanita nehuta Mahori dust Amanita New Zealand Amanita nehuta
Amanita parcivolvata Ringless False Fly Amanita America Amanita parcivolvata
Amanita parvipantherina Asian Small Panther Amanita China
Amanita petalinivolva South America
Amanita roseotincta North America Amanita roseotincta
Amanita rubrovolvata Red volva Amanita Asia Amanita rubrovolvata
Amanita subfrostiana False Frost's Amanita China
Amanita velatipes Veiled-Bulb Amanita North America Amanita velatipes
Amanita viscidolutea South America
Amanita wellsii Wells's Amanita North America Amanita wellsii
Amanita xanthocephala Vermilion grisette Australia Amanita xanthocephala
Armillaria mellea[43] Honey fungus North America, Europe, Northern Asia and Australia Armillaria mellea
Calocera viscosa Yellow stagshorn North America, Europe and Asia Calocera viscosa
Chlorophyllum brunneum Shaggy parasol North America, Europe, Australia and Southern Africa Chlorophyllum brunneum
Choiromyces venosus Europe
Clitocybe fragrans Europe Clitocybe fragrans
Clitocybe nebularis Clouded agaric North America and Europe Clitocybe nebularis
Conocybe subovalis Europe Conocybe subovalis
Coprinellus micaceus Mica cap worldwide Coprinellus micaceus
Lactarius chrysorrheus Yellowdrop milkcap North America, Europe and North Africa Lactarius chrysorrheus
Lactarius helvus Fenugreek milkcap Europe and Asia Lactarius helvus
Lepiota cristata Stinking dapperling North America, Europe, Northern Africa, Northern Asia and New Zealand Lepiota cristata
Marasmius collinus Europe
Russula olivacea[43] North America, Europe and Asia Russula olivacea
Russula viscida Europe
Schizophyllum commune worldwide Schizophyllum commune
Stropharia aeruginosa Verdigris agaric North America and Europe Stropharia aeruginosa
Suillus granulatus[43] Weeping bolete worldwide
Tricholoma sulphureum Gas agaric Europe and North America Tricholoma sulphureum

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Ko¨ppel, C. (December 1993). "Clinical symptomatology and management of mushroom poisoning". Toxicon. 31 (12): 1513–1540. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(93)90337-I. PMID 8146866.
  2. ↑ Wood, William F; Watson, Richard L; Largent, David L (October 1998). "Phenol, the odour compound from Agaricus praeclaresquamosus". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 26 (7): 793–794. doi:10.1016/S0305-1978(98)00058-1.
  3. ↑ Gonmori, Kunio; Fujita, Hiroki; Yokoyama, Kazumasa; Watanabe, Kanako; Suzuki, Osamu (July 2011). "Mushroom toxins: a forensic toxicological review". Forensic Toxicology. 29 (2): 85–94. doi:10.1007/s11419-011-0115-4. ISSN 1860-8965. S2CID 44060144.
  4. ↑ Gill, Melvyn; Strauch, Richard J. (1984-12-01). "Constituents of Agaricus xanthodermus Genevier: The First Naturally Endogenous Azo Compound and Toxic Phenolic Metabolites". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C. 39 (11–12): 1027–1029. doi:10.1515/znc-1984-11-1203. ISSN 1865-7125. PMID 6543409. S2CID 23869187.
  5. ↑ Bös, Dr. B. "Karbolegerling (Agaricus xanthoderma) im GIFTPFLANZEN.COMpendium - www.giftpflanzen.com". giftpflanzen.com. Retrieved 2017-12-09.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kirchmair, M.; Carrilho, P.; Pfab, R.; Haberl, B.; Felgueiras, J.; Carvalho, F.; Cardoso, J.; Melo, I.; Vinhas, J. (2012-04-01). "Amanita poisonings resulting in acute, reversible renal failure: new cases, new toxic Amanita mushrooms". Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 27 (4): 1380–1386. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfr511. ISSN 0931-0509. PMID 21965588.
  7. 1 2 Siegel, Noah (2016). Mushrooms of the redwood coast : a comprehensive guide to the fungi of coastal northern California. Schwarz, Christian, 1988- (First ed.). Berkeley. ISBN 9781607748175. OCLC 914339418.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. 1 2 3 4 "How to Identify Wild Mushrooms in North Carolina". Sciencing. Retrieved 2023-04-06.
  9. ↑ Bös, Dr. B. "Gelber Knollenblätterpilz (Amanita citrina) im GIFTPFLANZEN.COMpendium - www.giftpflanzen.com". giftpflanzen.com. Retrieved 2017-12-09.
  10. ↑ Drehmel, Dennis C.; Chilton, William Scott (2002-02-01). "Characterization and Toxicity of Amanita cokeri Extract". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 28 (2): 333–341. doi:10.1023/A:1017986108720. ISSN 0098-0331. PMID 11925071. S2CID 7986407.
  11. 1 2 3 Chilton, WS; Ott, J (1976). "Toxic metabolites of Amanita pantherina, A. cothurnata, A. muscaria, and other Amanita species". Lloydia. 39 (2–3): 150–7. ISSN 0024-5461. PMID 985999.
  12. ↑ Bioactive compounds in foods. Gilbert, John., Senyuva, Hamide Z., Wiley InterScience (Online service). Oxford: Blackwell Pub. 2008. ISBN 9781405158756. OCLC 352827711.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  13. ↑ "Mycodb.fr - Fiche de Amanita ibotengutake". mycodb.fr. Retrieved 2017-12-09.
  14. ↑ Andreas., Bresinsky (1990). A colour atlas of poisonous fungi : a handbook for pharmacists, doctors, and biologists. Besl, Helmut. London, England: Wolfe Pub. ISBN 978-0723415763. OCLC 22547396.
  15. ↑ "Clathrus ruber: The Ultimate Mushroom Guide". Mushroom Identification - Ultimate Mushroom Library. Retrieved 2023-04-06.
  16. 1 2 Genest, K.; Hughes, D. W.; Rice, W. B. (1968-02-01). "Muscarine in Clitocybe species". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 57 (2): 331–333. doi:10.1002/jps.2600570223. ISSN 1520-6017. PMID 5689206.
  17. ↑ "CAB Direct". www.cabdirect.org. Retrieved 2017-12-09.
  18. ↑ Bös, Dr. B. "Faltentintling (Coprinus atramentarius) im GIFTPFLANZEN.COMpendium - www.giftpflanzen.com". giftpflanzen.com. Retrieved 2017-12-09.
  19. 1 2 Andary, Claude; Privat, Guy; Bourrier, Marie-Jo (1985). "Variations of Monomethylhydrazine Content in Gyromitra esculenta". Mycologia. 77 (2): 259–264. doi:10.2307/3793077. JSTOR 3793077.
  20. ↑ Kraft, Jeanette; Bauer, Siefgfried; Keilhoff, Gerburg; Miersch, Jürgen; Wend, Detlef; Riemann, Dagmar; Hirschelmann, Rolf; Holzhausen, Hans-Jürgen; Langner, Jürgen (1998-12-01). "Biological effects of the dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor polyporic acid, a toxic constituent of the mushroom Hapalopilus rutilans, in rats and humans". Archives of Toxicology. 72 (11): 711–721. doi:10.1007/s002040050565. ISSN 0340-5761. PMID 9879809. S2CID 41488737.
  21. ↑ Bös, Dr. B. "Grünblättriger Schwefelkopf (Hypholoma fasciculare) im GIFTPFLANZEN.COMpendium - www.giftpflanzen.com". giftpflanzen.com. Retrieved 2017-12-09.
  22. ↑ De Bernardi, Maria; Mellerio, Giorgio; Vidari, Giovanni; Vita-Finzi, Paola; Fronza, Giovanni; Kocòr, Marian; St. Pyrek, Jan (May 1981). "Fungal Metabolites. IX. Triterpenes From Naematoloma sublateritium". Journal of Natural Products. 44 (3): 351–356. doi:10.1021/np50015a020. ISSN 0163-3864.
  23. 1 2 Lurie, Yael; Wasser, Solomon P.; Taha, Muhammad; Shehade, Haj; Nijim, Josef; Hoffmann, Yoav; Basis, Fuad; Vardi, Moshe; Lavon, Ophir (2009-07-01). "Mushroom poisoning from species of genus Inocybe (fiber head mushroom): a case series with exact species identification". Clinical Toxicology. 47 (6): 562–565. doi:10.1080/15563650903008448. ISSN 1556-3650. PMID 19566380. S2CID 205902282.
  24. ↑ "Mycena pelianthina: The Ultimate Mushroom Guide". Mushroom Identification - Ultimate Mushroom Library. Retrieved 2023-04-06.
  25. ↑ Becker, U.; Erkel, G.; Anke, T.; Sterner, O. (1997-01-01). "Puraquinonic Acid, a Novel Inducer of Differentiation of Human HL-60 Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells from Mycena pura (Pers. Ex Fr.)". Natural Product Letters. 9 (3): 229–236. doi:10.1080/10575639708048319. ISSN 1057-5634.
  26. ↑ Nordiska., Ministerrådet (2009). Occurrence and use of hallucinogenic mushrooms containing psilocybin alkaloids. Copenhagen: Nordiska ministerrådets förlag. ISBN 9789289318365. OCLC 923312437.
  27. ↑ Bös, Dr. B. "Spitzkegeliger Kahlkopf (Psilocybe semilanceata) im GIFTPFLANZEN.COMpendium - www.giftpflanzen.com". giftpflanzen.com. Retrieved 2017-12-09.
  28. ↑ Clark, Ernest D.; Smith, Clayton S. (1913). "Toxicological Studies on the Mushrooms Clitocybe Illudens and Inocybe Infida". Mycologia. 5 (4): 224–232. doi:10.2307/3753387. JSTOR 3753387.
  29. ↑ Tanaka, K.; Inoue, T.; Kadota, S.; Kikuchi, T. (1990-01-01). "Metabolism of illudin S, a toxic principle of Lampteromyces japonicus, by rat liver. I. Isolation and identification of cyclopropane ring-cleavage metabolites". Xenobiotica. 20 (7): 671–681. doi:10.3109/00498259009046883. ISSN 0049-8254. PMID 2238702.
  30. ↑ Tanaka, K.; Inoue, T.; Kadota, S.; Kikuchi, T. (1992-01-01). "Metabolism by rat liver cytosol of illudin S, a toxic substance of Lampteromyces japonicus. II. Characterization of illudin S-metabolizing enzyme". Xenobiotica. 22 (1): 33–39. doi:10.3109/00498259209053100. ISSN 0049-8254. PMID 1377439.
  31. ↑ Tanaka, K.; Inoue, T.; Tezuka, Y.; Kikuchi, T. (1996-01-01). "Metabolism of illudin S, a toxic substance of Lampteromyces japonicus: urinary excretion of mercapturic acids in rat". Xenobiotica. 26 (3): 347–354. doi:10.3109/00498259609046713. ISSN 0049-8254. PMID 8730925.
  32. ↑ Burgess, Maree L.; Barrow, Kevin D. (1999-01-01). "Biosynthesis of illudosin, a fomannosane-type sesquiterpene, by the Basidiomycete Omphalotus nidiformis". Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1 (17): 2461–2466. doi:10.1039/A904097H. ISSN 1364-5463.
  33. ↑ Mycologia. 109 (3). {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  34. ↑ "Omphalotus - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2023-04-06.
  35. ↑ R., Benjamin, Denis (1995). Mushrooms : poisons and panaceas : a handbook for naturalists, mycologists, and physicians. New York: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0716726005. OCLC 31708814.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  36. ↑ Hallen, Heather E; Watling, Roy; Adams, Gerard C (2003-08-01). "Taxonomy and toxicity of Conocybe lactea and related species". Mycological Research. 107 (8): 969–979. doi:10.1017/S0953756203008190. ISSN 0953-7562. PMID 14531619.
  37. ↑ Licastro, F; Morini, MC; Kretz, O; Dirheimer, G; Creppy, EE; Stirpe, F (1 May 1993). "Mitogenic activity and immunological properties of bolesatine, a lectin isolated from the mushroom Boletus satanas Lenz". The International Journal of Biochemistry. 25 (5): 789–92. doi:10.1016/0020-711X(93)90366-M. ISSN 0020-711X. PMID 8349019.
  38. ↑ Handbook of mushroom poisoning : diagnosis and treatment. Spoerke, David G., Rumack, Barry H., 1942-. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 1994. ISBN 9780849301940. OCLC 29913834.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  39. ↑ Kobata, Kenji; Kano, Satoshi; Shibata, Hisao (1995-01-01). "New Lactarane Sesquiterpenoid from the Fungus Russula emetica". Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 59 (2): 316–318. doi:10.1271/bbb.59.316. ISSN 0916-8451.
  40. ↑ Guillaume, Péan. "MycoDB : Fiche de Tricholoma muscarium". mycodb.fr. Retrieved 2017-12-09.
  41. ↑ Pinto, Andrea; Conti, Paola; Amici, Marco De; Tamborini, Lucia; Madsen, Ulf; Nielsen, Birgitte; Christesen, Thomas; Bräuner-Osborne, Hans; Micheli, Carlo De (2008-04-01). "Synthesis and Pharmacological Characterization at Glutamate Receptors of the Four Enantiopure Isomers of Tricholomic Acid". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 51 (7): 2311–2315. doi:10.1021/jm701394a. ISSN 0022-2623. PMID 18338843.
  42. 1 2 Henry, E.D.; Sullivan, G. (1969-12-01). "Phytochemical Evaluation of Some Cantharelloid Fungi". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 58 (12): 1497–1500. doi:10.1002/jps.2600581216. ISSN 0022-3549. PMID 5353267.
  43. 1 2 3 Avis de l'Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail relatif à l'évaluation des risques liés à la consommation des champignons dénommés Suillus granulatus, Russula olivacea et Armillaria mellea (in French). Maisons-Alfort. 29 July 2015.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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