Ophiolites are sequences of mafic to ultramafic rock generally believed to represent ancient oceanic lithosphere. They are distributed all across the world being all of them located at present or past orogenic belts, sites of mountain building processes.
Ophiolites are common in orogenic belts of Mesozoic age, like those formed by the closure of the Tethys Ocean. Ophiolites in Archean and Paleoproterozoic domains are rare.[1]
A pillow lava from an ophiolite sequence, Northern Apennines, Italy
Mediterranean and Peri-Arabic
- Morais ophiolite complex, Portugal
- Internal Ligurian Ophiolites in Northern Apennines, Italy
- Troodos Ophiolite in the Troodos Mountains of Cyprus
- Kizildag ophiolite, southern Turkey
- Mirdita Ophiolite, middle Jurassic ophiolite in northern Albania between the Apulian and Pelagonian subcontinents in the Balkan Peninsula[2]
- Cap Corse ophiolite, Corsica, France
- Vourinos and Pindos Ophiolites in Northern Greece and their northern extensions (numerous ophiolite bodies) in Albania, Serbia and Bosnia
- Ronda peridotite, Southern Spain
- Lherz Massif, France
- Beni Bousera ophiolite, Morocco
- Golyamo Kamenyane Complex, Bulgaria[3]
- Semail Ophiolite in Oman and the United Arab Emirates
- Makran Ophiolite, Makran, Iran and Pakistan
- Zagros ophiolite, Zagros mountains, Iran
- Iraq Zagros ophiolites, Zagros mountains, Iraq, includes; Cretaceous ophiolites (Mawat, Penjwen, Pushtashan, Hassanbig and Bulfat) and Eocene ophiolites (Rayat and Qalander).
Tibetan
- Dongbo ophiolite
- Loubusa ophiolite
- Purang ophiolite
Circumpacific
Asia-Pacific
- Zambales Ophiolite in western Luzon, Philippines
- Angat Ophiolite in eastern Luzon, Philippines
- Rapu-rapu Ophiolite Complex in eastern Philippines
- Southeast Bohol Ophiolite Complex in Bohol, Philippines
- Macquarie Island, Tasmania, Australia
- Palawan Ophiolite, western Philippines
- Papuan ophiolite in Papua New Guinea
- Yakuno, Horokanai, and Poroshiri, three full ophiolite sequences in Japan
- Dun Mountain Ophiolite Belt, South Island, New Zealand
- Naga-Manipur Ophiolite Complex, India
North American Cordillera
- Coast Range Ophiolite, in the California Coast Ranges from Santa Barbara through San Francisco Counties, California.
- Kings River ophiolite, southwest Sierra Nevada foothills, California
- Point Sal ophiolite, Point Sal, Santa Barbara County, Southern California.
- California ophiolite, Smartville Block of the Sierra Nevada, and the Klamath Mountains, northern California
- Josephine Ophiolite in Southern Oregon
- Canyon Mountain and Sparta Complexes ophiolite, Northeastern Oregon
- Payson Ophiolite, Payson, Arizona.
- Metchosin Igneous Complex ophiolite, southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada
- Ingalls Terrane ophiolite, Cascade Mountains, Washington
- Fidalgo Complex ophiolite, Skagit County, Washington.
Mexico and the Caribbean
- Olivos ophiolite, Chihuahua, Mexico
- Vizcaino ophiolite, Baja California Sur, Mexico
- Cuban ophiolititic belt
- Puerto Rican ophiolite
Andes
- La Tetilla Ophiolite Complex, near Popayán, Colombian Cordillera Occidental (Andes)[4]
- Famatinian Ophiolites, near Famatina in the Argentine Andes.
- Tapo ophiolite, Peru[3]
- Taitao ophiolite
- Rocas Verdes ophiolites, Patagonian Andes, Chile[5]
- Tortuga ophiolite complex
- Sarmiento ophiolite complex
Brazil
- Quatipuru ophiolite, Brazil
- Cerro Mantiqueiras Ophiolite, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil[6]
Eastern North America
- Betts Cove, St. Anthony, Little Port, Advocate, Gander River, Pipestone Pond, Great Bend and Annieopsquotch ophiolites in Newfoundland
- Bay of Islands Ophiolite in Gros Morne National Park, Newfoundland, named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987 because of its superbly exposed complete ophiolite stratigraphic sequence[7]
- Thetford Mines ophiolite Complex (Thetford Mines, Cantons de l'Est, Québec, Canada)[8][9]
- Asbestos ophiolite (Asbestos, Cantons de l'Est, Québec, Canada)[9]
- Mont Orford ophiolite (Magog, Cantons de l'Est, Québec, Canada)[9]
- Mont Albert ophiolite (Gaspésie, Québec, Canada)[10]
- Maryland ophiolite in the central Appalachian orogen, Baltimore, Maryland.[11]
Northern Europe
- Ballantrae Complex, Girvan-Ballantrae area, SW Ayrshire, Scotland[12]
- Jormua Ophiolite, Finland[1]
- Karmøy ophiolite, Scandinavian Mountains, Norway[13]
- Leka Ophiolite, Scandinavian Mountains, Norway[14]
- Løkken Ophiolite, Scandinavian Mountains, Norway[14]
- Nuttio Ophiolite, Finland[1]
- Solund-Stavfjord Ophiolite, Scandinavian Mountains, Norway[14]
- Lizard complex in Cornwall, United Kingdom[15]
- Outokumpu Ophiolite, Finland[1]
- Shetland Ophiolite, Unst and Fetlar, Shetland, Scotland[16]
References
- 1 2 3 4 Peltonen, P. (2005). "Ophiolites". In Lehtinen, Martti; Nurmi, Pekka A. (eds.). Precambrian Geology of Finland. Elsevier Science. pp. 237–277. ISBN 9780080457598.
- ↑ Dilek, Yildirim; Furnes, Harald; Shallo, Minella (January 2008). "Geochemistry of the Jurassic Mirdita Ophiolite (Albania) and the MORB to SSZ evolution of a marginal basin oceanic crust". Lithos. 100 (1–4): 174–209. Bibcode:2008Litho.100..174D. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2007.06.026.
- 1 2 Fernando Gervilla, Isabel Fanlo, Thomas N. Kerestedjian, Ricardo Castroviejo, Jose Maria, Gonzalez-Jimenez, Jose Alberto Padron, and José Feliciano Rodrigues. 2011. Alteration Mechanism of Chromite in Podiform Chromitites from two Metamorphosed Ophiolitic Complexes: Golyamo Kamenyane (Bulgaria) and Tapo (Peru)
- ↑ P. Spadea, M. Delaloye, A. Espinosa, A. Orrego and J. J. Wagner. Ophiolite Complex from La Tetilla, Southwestern Colombia, South America
- ↑ Stern, Charles R.; De Wit, Maarten J. (2013). "Rocas Verdes ophiolites, southernmost South America: remnants of progressive stages of development of oceanic-type crust in a continental margin back-arc basin". In Dilek, Y.; Robinson, P.T. (eds.). Ophiolites in Earth History. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. pp. 665–683. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1026.5572.
- ↑ LÉO A. HARTMANN and FARID CHEMALE-JÚNIOR. 2003. Mid amphibolite facies metamorphism of harzburgites in the Neoproterozoic Cerro Mantiqueiras Ophiolite, southernmost Brazil
- ↑ Dewey, J.F.; Casey, J.F. (2013). "The sole of an ophiolite: the Ordovician Bay of Islands Complex, Newfoundland". Journal of the Geological Society. 170 (5): 715–722. Bibcode:2013JGSoc.170..715D. doi:10.1144/jgs2013-017. S2CID 130035523.
- ↑ Schroetter, J.–M.; Pagé, P.; Bédard, J.H.; Tremblay, A.; Bécu, V. (2003). "Forearc extension and sea-floor spreading in the Thetford Mines Ophiolite Complex". In Robinson, P.T.; Dilek, Y. (eds.). Ophiolites in Earth's History. Special Publications of the Geological Society. Vol. 218. pp. 231–251. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.218.01.13. ISBN 9781862391451. S2CID 140632035.
- 1 2 3 Schroetter, J.–M.; Bédard, J.H.; Tremblay, A. (2005). "Structural evolution of the Thetford Mines Ophiolite Complex, Canada: Implications for the southern Québec ophiolitic belt". Tectonics. 24 (1): n/a. Bibcode:2005Tecto..24.1001S. doi:10.1029/2003TC001601.
- ↑ Dubacq, B.; Soret, M.; Jewison, E.; Agard, P. (2019). "Early subduction dynamics recorded by the metamorphic sole of the Mt. Albert ophiolitic complex (Gaspé, Quebec)" (PDF). Lithos. 334–335: 161–179. Bibcode:2019Litho.334..161D. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2019.03.019. S2CID 133847795.
- ↑ Guice, George L.; Ackerson, Michael R.; Holder, Robert M.; George, Freya R.; Browning-Hanson, Joseph F.; Burgess, Jerry L.; Foustoukos, Dionysis I.; Becker, Naomi A.; Nelson, Wendy R.; Viete, Daniel R. (2021). "Suprasubduction zone ophiolite fragments in the central Appalachian orogen: Evidence for mantle and Moho in the Baltimore Mafic Complex (Maryland, USA)". Geosphere. The Geological Society of America. 17 (2): 561–581. Bibcode:2021Geosp..17..561G. doi:10.1130/GES02289.1.
- ↑ Derbyshire, E.J.; O'Driscoll, B.; Lenaz, D.; Zanetti, A.; Gertisser, R. (2019). "Chromitite petrogenesis in the mantle section of the Ballantrae Ophiolite Complex (Scotland)" (PDF). Lithos. 344–345: 51–67. Bibcode:2019Litho.344...51D. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2019.06.013. S2CID 197578253.
- ↑ Pedersen, R.B.; Dunning, G. (1997). "Evolution of arc crust and relations between contrasting sources: U-Pb (age), Nd and Sr isotope systematics of the ophiolitic terrain of SW Norway". Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. 128 (1): 1–15. Bibcode:1997CoMP..128....1P. doi:10.1007/s004100050289. S2CID 140175898.
- 1 2 3 Furnes, H.; Dilek, Y.; Pedersen, R.B. (2012). "Structure, geochemistry, and tectonic evolution of trench-distal backarc oceanic crust in the western Norwegian Caledonides, Solund-Stavfjord ophiolite (Norway)". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 124 (7–8): 1027–1047. Bibcode:2012GSAB..124.1027F. doi:10.1130/B30561.1.
- ↑ Strachan, R.A.; Linnemann, U.; Jeffries, T.; Drost, K.; Ulrich, J. (2014). "Armorican provenance for the mélange deposits below the Lizard ophiolite (Cornwall, UK): evidence for Devonian obduction of Cadomian and Lower Palaeozoic crust onto the southern margin of Avalonia". International Journal of Earth Sciences. 103 (5): 1359–1383. Bibcode:2014IJEaS.103.1359S. doi:10.1007/s00531-013-0961-x. S2CID 129361445.
- ↑ Papapavlou, K.; Strachan, R.A.; Storey, D.; Bullen, D. (2021). "Tectonic significance of a supra-ophiolitic sedimentary cover succession, Unst, Shetland, Scottish Caledonides: insights from the U-Pb-Hf detrital zircon record". Journal of the Geological Society. 178 (5): jgs2020-169. Bibcode:2021JGSoc.178..169P. doi:10.1144/jgs2020-169. S2CID 233813588.
5 - Forearc extension and sea-floor spreading in the Thetford Mines Ophiolite complex (link : https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=fr&user=sWm-LdoAAAAJ&cstart=20&sortby=pubdate&citation_for_view=sWm-LdoAAAAJ:B2rIPIGFPLEC)
6 - Structural evolution of the Thetford Mines Ophiolite Complex, Canada: implications for the southern Québec ophiolitic belt (link : https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=fr&user=sWm-LdoAAAAJ&cstart=20&sortby=pubdate&citation_for_view=sWm-LdoAAAAJ:u0Mu_IsstPMC)
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