Lima Group
Grupo de Lima
Groupe de Lima
  Venezuela
  Member states
  Retired member states
Official languages
TypeIntergovernmental organization
Membership
Nations
EstablishmentLima, Peru
• The Lima Declaration
8 August 2017 (2017-08-08)

The Lima Group (GL; Spanish and Portuguese: Grupo de Lima, French: Groupe de Lima) is a multilateral body that was established following the Lima Declaration on 8 August 2017 in the Peruvian capital of Lima, where representatives of 12 countries met in order to establish a peaceful exit to the ongoing crisis in Venezuela.[1]

Among other issues, the group demands the release of political prisoners, the end of human rights violations, calls for free elections, offers humanitarian aid and criticizes the breakdown of democratic order in Venezuela under Nicolás Maduro.

Background

Following the death of President Hugo Chávez, Venezuela faced a severe socioeconomic crisis during the presidency of his successor Nicolás Maduro, as a result of their policies and US economic sanctions.[2][3][4][5][6] Due to the state's high levels of urban violence, inflation, and chronic shortages of basic goods attributed to economic policies such as strict price controls,[7][8] civil insurrection in Venezuela culminated in the 2014–17 protests.[9][10] Protests occurred over the years, with demonstrations occurring in various intensities depending on the crises Venezuelans were facing at the time and the perceived threat of being repressed by authorities.[11][12][13][14]

The discontent with the United Socialist Party of Venezuela saw the opposition being elected to hold the majority in the National Assembly for the first time since 1999 following the 2015 Parliamentary Election.[15] As a result of that election, the lame duck National Assembly consisting of United Socialist officials filled the Venezuelan Supreme Tribunal (TSJ) with allies.[15][16] Into early 2016, the Supreme Court alleged that voting irregularities occurred in the 2015 Parliamentary Elections and stripped four Assembly members of their seats, preventing an opposition supermajority in the National Assembly which would be able to challenge President Maduro.[15] The Assembly nevertheless swore in 3 of the members in question, in response to which the Supreme Court ruled that the Assembly was in contempt of court and in violation of the constitutional order.[17] The TSJ court then began to approve multiple actions performed by Maduro and granted him more powers.[15]

After facing years of crisis, the Venezuelan opposition pursued a recall referendum against President Maduro, presenting a petition to the National Electoral Council (CNE) on 2 May 2016.[18] By August 2016, the momentum to recall President Maduro appeared to be progressing, with the Council setting a date for the second phase of collecting signatures, though it made the schedule strenuous, stretching the process into 2017 which made it impossible for the opposition to activate new Presidential Elections.[19] On 21 October 2016, the Council suspended the referendum only days before preliminary signature-gatherings were to be held.[20] The Council blamed alleged voter fraud as the reason for the cancellation of the referendum.[20] International observers criticized the move, stating that CNE's decision made Maduro look as if he were seeking to rule as a dictator.[21][22][23][24]

Days after the recall movement was cancelled, 1.2 million Venezuelans protested throughout the country against the move, demanding President Maduro to leave office, with Caracas protests remaining calm while protests in other federal states resulted in clashes between demonstrators and authorities, leaving one policeman dead, 120 injured and 147 arrested.[25] That day the opposition gave President Maduro a deadline of 3 November 2016 to hold elections, with opposition leader, Miranda Governor Henrique Capriles stating, "Today we are giving a deadline to the Government. I tell the coward who is in Miraflores ... that on 3 November the Venezuelan people are coming to Caracas because we are going to Miraflores".[25]

Days later on 1 November 2016, then National Assembly President and opposition leader Henry Ramos Allup announced the cancellation of 3 November march to the Miraflores presidential palace, with Vatican-led dialogue between the opposition and the government beginning.[26] By 7 December 2016, dialogue halted between the two[27] and two months later on 13 January 2017 after talks stalled, the Vatican officially pulled out of the dialogue.[28] Further protests were much smaller due to the fear of repression, with the opposition organizing surprise protests instead of organized mass marches.[29]

Other actions by President Maduro and his Bolivarian officials included a 7 February 2017 meeting which announced the creation of the Great Socialist Justice Mission which had the goal of establishing "a great alliance between the three powers, the judiciary, the citizen and the executive", with Maduro stating that "we have been fortunate to see how the judicial power has been growing and perfecting, carrying a doctrine so complete with the constitution of 1999" while stating that the opposition-led National Assembly "took power not for the majority not for the people but for themselves".[30]

History

The Lima Declaration

The Lima Declaration established outlines and goals of the Lima Group in their attempt to mediate the crisis in Venezuela.[31]

Introduction

Establishes member states and outlines the democratic and noninterventional ambitions of the group to find a peaceful solution to the crisis in Venezuela.
Declaration of Lima

Joint Declaration 007 - 17

The Foreign Ministers and Representatives of Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay and Peru, meeting in the city of Lima, on 8 August 2017, to address the critical situation in Venezuela and explore ways to contribute to the restoration of democracy in that country through a peaceful and negotiated solution;

Encouraged by the spirit of solidarity that characterizes the region and the conviction that negotiation, with full respect for the norms of international law and the principle of nonintervention, does not violate human rights and democracy, and is the only tool that ensures a lasting solution to the differences;

Declarations

Highlights the positions and goals of the Lima Group regarding the crisis in Bolivarian Venezuela.
They declare:
  1. Their condemnation of the breakdown of democratic order in Venezuela.
  2. Their decision not to recognize the National Constituent Assembly, nor the acts emanating from it, due to its illegitimate nature.
  3. Their full support and solidarity with the National Assembly, democratically elected.
  4. Legal acts that according to the Constitution require authorization from the National Assembly, will only be recognized when said Assembly has approved them.
  5. Their energetic rejection of violence and any option that involves the use of force.
  6. Their support and solidarity with the Attorney General and the members of the Public Ministry of Venezuela and demand the application of the precautionary measures issued by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.
  7. Their condemnation of the systematic violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms, of violence, repression and political persecution, the existence of political prisoners and the lack of free elections under independent international observation.
  8. That Venezuela does not comply with the requirements or obligations of the members of the Human Rights Council of the United Nations.
  9. Their serious concern about the humanitarian crisis facing the country and his condemnation of the government for not allowing the entry of food and medicine in support of the Venezuelan people.
  10. Their decision to continue the application of the Inter-American Democratic Charter to Venezuela.
  11. Their support for the decision of MERCOSUR to suspend Venezuela in application of the Ushuaia Protocol on Democratic Commitment.
  12. Their decision not to support any Venezuelan candidacy in regional and international mechanisms and organizations.
  13. Their call to stop the transfer of arms to Venezuela in light of articles 6 and 7 of the Arms Trade Treaty.
  14. That, taking into account the current conditions, they will request the Pro Tempore Presidency of CELAC and the European Union, the postponement of the CELAC-EU Summit scheduled for October 2017.
  15. Their commitment to keep track of the situation in Venezuela, at the level of Foreign Ministers, until the full restoration of democracy in that country, and to meet no later than the next session of the General Assembly of the United Nations, an opportunity in which may be added other countries.
  16. Their willingness to urgently support, within the framework of respect for Venezuelan sovereignty, any effort of credible negotiation and good faith, which has the consensus of the parties and is aimed at peacefully achieving the restoration of democracy in the country.

2018 Venezuelan presidential election

The Lima Group has overtly condemned the presidential elections called for by the Bolivarian government, describing them as unobserved, unjust and undemocratic.[32] Days before the planned election date, the Lima Group – alongside the United States and the European Union – called for the cancellation of the election and prepared for responses should the election be held.[33] Following the election which strengthened President Maduro's position, the fourteen member nations of the Lima Group recalled their ambassadors from Venezuela.[34][35]

2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis

During the presidential crisis, the Representative of Peru in the United Nations Security Council condemned what was described as an "illegitimate socialist regime," stating "We have received 700,000 Venezuelan refugees and migrants due to the crisis that is the responsibility of Maduro."[36] During the 2019 Venezuela uprising, group members Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, Paraguay and Peru supported Guaidó's actions and condemned the actions of "the illegitimate and dictatorial regime of Nicolás Maduro."[37]

On 4 February 2019, in a meeting in Canada, it was agreed to include Juan Guaidó's interim government as a member of the Lima Group.[38] Previously, Guaidó has designated Julio Borges as ambassador of the Lima Group.[39] On the day of Maduro's second inauguration as president of Venezuela (10 January), Canada's Minister of Foreign Affairs Chrystia Freeland, one of the leading voices in the Lima Group, issued a statement that summarizes the Canadian government's position on Venezuela: "Today, Nicolás Maduro's regime loses any remaining appearance of legitimacy. Having seized power through fraudulent and anti-democratic elections held on 20 May 2018, the Maduro regime is now fully entrenched as a dictatorship. The suffering of Venezuelans will only worsen should he continue to illegitimately cling to power. Together with other likeminded countries in the Lima Group, Canada rejects the legitimacy of the new presidential term of Nicolás Maduro. We call on him to immediately cede power to the democratically-elected National Assembly until new elections are held, which must include the participation of all political actors and follow the release of all political prisoners in Venezuela."[40]

Membership

Foreign ministers representing member states in the Lima Group meeting together on 13 February 2018 in Lima, Peru.

Twelve countries initially signed the declaration: Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, and Peru. Guyana, Saint Lucia, Belize, Bolivia and Haiti joined later.[41][42]

Observers and support

The organization is supported by Barbados, the United States, Ecuador, Grenada, Jamaica and Uruguay, who attended the initial meeting, as well as organizations such as the Organization of American States and the European Union. In addition, the Venezuelan opposition has given their support.[43]

The Lima Group supported the sanctions Panama placed against high-level Venezuelan officials, which the Panamanian government accused of money laundering, supporting terrorism and the funding of weapons of mass destruction, and defended Panama after the Bolivarian government retaliated.[44]

Argentina's Peronist government, headed by Alberto Fernández, left the Lima Group in March 2021 on the Day of Remembrance for Truth and Justice, criticizing the participation of Juan Guaidó in the bloc.[45][46] Mexico left the group by May 2021.[47]On 9 August Saint Lucia announced preparing to exit the group,[48] a decision confirmed the following day.[49]

The same year, President Pedro Castillo of host Peru reestablished relations with the Maduro government in Venezuela and promised to "deactivate" the group.[50][51][52] His government announced Peru would leave the Lima Group in August;[53][54] however, after the resignation of foreign affairs minister Héctor Béjar and the appointment of Óscar Maúrtua, who has expressed support for the group, political analysts have expected a backtrack of the withdrawal decision,[55] and Peru has not officially withdrawn from the group.[56] After left wing parties took power in Mexico and Bolivia, both countries begun to distance themselves from the group, and former Bolivian president Evo Morales claimed that Bolivia had left the group too.[57]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Grupo de Lima | América Latina". Deutsche Welle (in Spanish). 14 November 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  2. ↑ Bachelet, Michelle. "Statement by Michelle Bachelet on the recent sanctions imposed on Venezuela". United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  3. ↑ Kevin Voigt (6 March 2013). "Chavez leaves Venezuelan economy more equal, less stable". CNN. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
  4. ↑ Corrales, Javier (7 March 2013). "The House That Chavez Built". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
  5. ↑ Siegel, Robert (25 December 2014). "For Venezuela, Drop in Global Oil Prices Could Be Catastrophic". NPR. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  6. ↑ Scharfenberg, Ewald (1 February 2015). "Volver a ser pobre en Venezuela". El Pais. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
  7. ↑ "Inflation rate (consumer prices)". The World Factbook. Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
  8. ↑ "Venezuela's economy: Medieval policies". The Economist. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  9. ↑ "Venezuela's Maduro says 2013 annual inflation was 56.2 pct". Reuters. 30 December 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  10. ↑ "Venezuela Inflation Hits 16-Year High as Shortages Rise". Bloomberg. 7 November 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
  11. ↑ "En 2014 se registraron 9.286 protestas, cifra inédita en Venezuela". La Patilla. 19 January 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
  12. ↑ Martín, Karina (1 September 2016). "Despite Government Obstacles, Over a Million Venezuelans March on Caracas". PanAm Post. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
  13. ↑ "Thousands March Against Socialist President in Venezuela". International New York Times. 24 January 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
  14. ↑ "Conflictividad Social en Venezuela en Octubre 2016". Venezuelan Observatory of Social Conflict. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Casey, Nicholas; Torres, Patricia (30 March 2017). "Venezuela Muzzles Legislature, Moving Closer to One-Man Rule". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
  16. ↑ "Venezuela's Lame-Duck Congress Names New Supreme Court Justices". Bloomberg. 23 December 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
  17. ↑ "Venezuela Supreme Court takes over legislative powers from National Assembly | DW | 30.03.2017". DW.COM.
  18. ↑ "Venezuela starts validating recall referendum signatures". BBC. 21 June 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  19. ↑ Cawthorne, Andrew (1 August 2016). "Venezuela election board okays opposition recall push first phase". Reuters. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  20. 1 2 "Venezuela Suspends Recall Campaign Against President Maduro". Fox News Channel. 20 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  21. ↑ Mogollon, Mery; Kraul, Chris (21 October 2016). "Anger grows as Venezuela blocks effort to recall president". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  22. ↑ Corrales, Javier. "Venezuela's Odd Transition to Dictatorship". Americas Quarterly. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  23. ↑ Brodzinsky, Sibylla (21 October 2016). "Venezuelans warn of 'dictatorship' after officials block bid to recall Maduro". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  24. ↑ "Almagro: Maduro se transforma en dictador por negarles a venezolanos derecho a decidir su futuro". CNN en Español. 24 August 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  25. 1 2 "Con multitudinarias marchas, oposición venezolana presionó a Maduro para que reactive referendo". Ámbito Financiero. 26 October 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
  26. ↑ Rosati, Andrew (1 November 2016). "Venezuela Opposition Cancels Protest, Delays Political Trial". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
  27. ↑ "Venezuela's opposition walks away from Vatican-backed talks". Deutsche Welle. 7 December 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  28. ↑ "Latin American Herald Tribune – After Venezuela Government Fails to Honor Commitments, Vatican Pulls Out of Dialogue It Sponsored". Latin American Herald Tribune. 19 January 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  29. ↑ Barbarani, Sofia (23 January 2017). "Thousands march against Maduro government in Venezuela as crisis deepens". The Washington Post. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
  30. ↑ "Maduro desde el TSJ: Anuncio la creación de la Gran Misión Justicia Socialista". Diario Panorama (in Spanish). 7 February 2017. Archived from the original on 31 March 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
  31. ↑ "Declaration of Lima". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Peru (in European Spanish). Government of Peru. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  32. ↑ "Regional neighbors call on Venezuela to cancel election". Washington Post. 14 May 2018. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 15 May 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
  33. ↑ "Regional 'Lima Group' leaders urge Venezuela to suspend election". Reuters. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
  34. ↑ "Los 14 países del Grupo de Lima llaman a consultas a sus embajadores en Caracas". La Patilla (in European Spanish). 21 May 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
  35. ↑ "Lima Group recalls Venezuela ambassadors, condemns vote". Deutsche Welle. 21 May 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
  36. ↑ "Representative of Peru in the Security Council of the UN: We have received 700,000 Venezuelan refugees and migrants due to the crisis that is the responsibility of Maduro". Liveuamap. 26 January 2019.
  37. ↑ "Declaración del Grupo de Lima". Government of Peru (in Spanish). 3 May 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
  38. ↑ "Declaración del Grupo de Lima sobre Venezuela". CNN (in European Spanish). 4 February 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  39. ↑ "El Parlamento de Venezuela nombra "representantes diplomáticos" ante una decena de países y el Grupo de Lima". Europa Press. 29 January 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  40. ↑ Grenier, Yvon (26 June 2019). "Canadá and the Venezuela Crisis". OASIS (30): 55–75. doi:10.18601/16577558.n30.04. ISSN 2346-2132.
  41. ↑ "Perú convoca al Grupo de Lima para analizar elecciones en Venezuela". El Nacional (in Spanish). 8 February 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  42. ↑ Sigal, Lucila (22 December 2019). "Bolivia announces entry into Lima Group to resolve Venezuelan crisis". Reuters. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  43. ↑ "Cancilleres firmaron la Declaración de Lima - Caretas". Caretas. 3 August 2017. Archived from the original on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  44. ↑ "Grupo de Lima respalda a Panamá tras sanciones de Venezuela en su contra". La Patilla (in European Spanish). 6 April 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  45. ↑ "Argentina leaves Lima Group, says bloc's Venezuela policies have 'led to nothing'". news.yahoo.com. Reuters. 24 March 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
  46. ↑ "La Argentina abandona el Grupo de Lima en un gesto de apoyo a Venezuela". La Nación (in Spanish). ISSN 0325-0946. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
  47. ↑ Venezuela: International Efforts to Resolve the Political Crisis. Congressional Research Service. 26 May 2021.
  48. ↑ "St Lucia recommits to Venezuela, prepares to exit Lima Group". Caribbeannewsglobal.com. 9 August 2021.
  49. ↑ "Santa Lucía confirma su retiro del Grupo de Lima". El Nacional. 10 August 2021.
  50. ↑ "Perú y Venezuela restablecen relaciones diplomáticas al más alto nivel". Dw.com. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  51. ↑ "Leftist close to victory in Peru, despite U.S. opposition and cascade of media slander". Salon. 11 June 2021.
  52. ↑ GESTIÓN, NOTICIAS (29 April 2021). "Pedro Castillo plantea desactivar Grupo de Lima, expulsión de USAID y cobranza compulsiva Keiko Fujimori Segunda vuelta Elecciones 2021 nndc | PERU". Gestión.
  53. ↑ "Perú anuncia política exterior no injerencista y sale del Grupo de Lima". La Jornada (in Spanish). 5 August 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
  54. ↑ "¿Perú saldrá del Grupo de Lima como anuncia Vladimir Cerrón?". El Comercio (in Spanish). 13 August 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  55. ↑ Ramírez, Axel. "Canciller Maúrtua garantizaría que Grupo de Lima recobre fuerza, estiman analistas" (in Spanish). Gestión. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  56. ↑ LR, Redacción (7 August 2021). "Medios extranjeros resaltan eventual cambio de postura del Perú en el Grupo de Lima". Larepublica.pe. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  57. ↑ "Bolivia's Arce welcomes Peruvian government's decision to leave Lima Group". Riotimesonline.com. 9 August 2021.
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