Lawrence S. Schulman
Born1941 (1941) (age 83)
NationalityAmerican
CitizenshipUnited States
Known forBoltzmann's brain
Measurement problem
Arrow of time
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics
InstitutionsYeshiva University
Princeton University
Indiana University (Bloomington)
Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Clarkson University
Georgia Institute of Technology
ThesisA path integral for spin (1967)
Doctoral advisorArthur Wightman

Lawrence S. Schulman (born 1941) is an American-Israeli physicist known for his work on path integrals, quantum measurement theory and statistical mechanics. He introduced topology into path integrals on multiply connected spaces and has contributed to diverse areas from galactic morphology to the arrow of time.

Biography

He was born to Anna and Louis Schulman in Newark, New Jersey, USA. He first went to the local public school, but switched to more Jewish oriented institutions, graduating from Yeshiva University in 1963. While still in college he married Claire Frangles Sherman. From Yeshiva he went to Princeton where he received the Ph.D. in physics for his thesis (under Arthur Wightman) A path integral for spin.

After completing his thesis he took a position as Assistant Professor at Indiana University (Bloomington), but in 1970 went to the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa on a NATO postdoctoral fellowship.

At the Technion he accepted a position as Associate Professor, but only resigned from Indiana several years later as Professor. In 1985 he returned to the United States as Chair of the Physics Department of Clarkson University and eventually (1988) also resigned from the Technion (as full Professor). In 1991 he left the chair-ship and since then has stayed on at Clarkson as professor of physics.

In 2013 he spent part of a sabbatical at Georgia Institute of Technology and has since been adjunct professor at that institution.

Visiting positions, honors, etc.: of particular mention is his relation to the Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems (Dresden), where he has been a frequent visitor since being awarded the Gutzwiller fellowship in 2005.[1]

He is the father of Leonard Schulman, Computer Science professor at the California Institute of Technology, Linda Parmet, Hebrew and Creative Design teacher at The Weber School,[2] and David Schulman, an intellectual property attorney at the law firm of Greenberg Traurig, LLP.

Scientific activities

The foray into topology led to topological views of other phenomena in physics, for example an alternative phrasing of the Aharonov-Bohm effect.[3]

Together with Phil Seiden (of IBM) he began the first studies of randomized cellular automata,[4] an area that morphed into a theory of star formation in galaxies, once they were joined by Humberto Gerola (an astrophysicist at IBM) who realized that star formation regions - as well as epidemic models- could be viewed as random cellular automata.[5] Besides providing an explanation for spiral arms, this work ultimately solved the mystery of why dwarf galaxies can vary in their luminosity by large factors.[6]

In 1981 Schulman published Techniques and Applications of Path Integration,[7] from which many physicists learned about Feynman's path integral and its many applications. The book went on to become a Wiley classic and in 2005 came out in a Dover edition (with a supplement).

Once Schulman proved that (contrary to published work) there was no infinite cluster for long-range percolation in one dimension for sufficiently small but non-zero connection probability,[8] it became of interest whether for sufficiently large connection probability there was an infinite cluster. Together with Charles Newman (then of Univ. Arizona) they used rigorous real-space renormalization methods to prove that indeed there was.[9]

About this time, Schulman lowered his Erdös number to two by collaborating with Marc Kac (and others) on Feynman's checkerboard path integral,[10][11] realizing that a particle only acquires mass by scattering, reversing its speed-of-light propagation. Later the path to Erdös was reinforced by another collaboration, with his son Leonard, whose Erdös number is also one.[12][13]

Quantum measurement had always seemed an oxymoron and in the 1980s Schulman conceived of a way to retain unitary time evolution while at the same time having a single "world" (in the sense of the many worlds interpretation). So measurements in quantum mechanics could yield definite results. The mechanism for achieving definite outcomes was the use of "special states" in which pure unitary evolution led to only a single outcome, when in the absence of special initial conditions many outcomes were conceivable. The need for those states at all times led to an examination of the arrow of time and of determinism (achieved here, but in a way that might have surprised Einstein, at least according to his collaborator - and Schulman's Technion colleague - Nathan Rosen).[14]

These ideas have not been accepted in the mainstream of physics and Schulman himself has expressed doubts about them - his claim though is that other ideas on the quantum measurement process are even less believable.[15] As of 1997, the work was summarized in a book, Time's arrows and quantum measurement.[16] Despite the apparent finality of book publication, more than a decade later practical experimental tests of these ideas were conceived and published.[17][18]

The arrow of time, of significance in the measurement problem, became a topic in and of itself. This goes back to Schulman's attempt to understand the Wheeler-Feynman absorber theory.[19] Using similar tools he was able to demonstrate that two systems with opposite arrows of time could coexist, even with mild contact between them.[20] There was also examination of other ideas on the arrow, including Thomas Gold's contribution (relating the thermodynamic arrow to the expansion of the universe) [21] and a critique of Boltzmann's notions (now known as Boltzmann's Brain) as a form of solipsism.[22][23] See Schulman's critique on page 154 of.[24]

For a while Schulman was interested in the quantum Zeno effect, the deviation from exponential decay for short times. He predicted that the slowdown in decay that occurred in pulsed observation and the slowdown resulting from continuous measurement would differ by a factor of 4.[25] This was verified on Bose-Einstein condensates by a group at MIT.[26]

Schulman has also contributed to very practical matters through his collaboration with a group in Prague interested in luminescence and scintillators. This was first realized in a study anomalous decay caused by KAM tori in phase space (and the associated data fits) [27] and more recently has led to studies of quantum tunneling.[28] When funds were available undergraduate students from Clarkson were sent to Prague to work in the optical materials laboratories.

Together with Bernard Gaveau (University of Paris VI) Schulman developed an embedding of a stochastic dynamical system in low dimensional Euclidean space, known as the "observable representation." This has proved useful in numerous areas from spin-glasses to ecology.[29][30][31]

References

  1. ↑ "L. S. Schulman".
  2. ↑ "Faculty/Staff Directory - The Weber School". www.weberschool.org. Retrieved 2020-12-21.
  3. ↑ Schulman, L. S. (1971-02-01). "Approximate Topologies". Journal of Mathematical Physics. 12 (2): 304–308. Bibcode:1971JMP....12..304S. doi:10.1063/1.1665592. ISSN 0022-2488.
  4. ↑ Schulman, L. S.; Seiden, P. E. (1978-09-01). "Statistical mechanics of a dynamical system based on Conway's game of Life". Journal of Statistical Physics. 19 (3): 293–314. Bibcode:1978JSP....19..293S. doi:10.1007/BF01011727. ISSN 0022-4715. S2CID 37264536.
  5. ↑ Seiden, P. E.; Schulman, L. S.; Gerola, H. (September 1979). "Stochastic star formation and the evolution of galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 232: 702–706. Bibcode:1979ApJ...232..702S. doi:10.1086/157329. ISSN 0004-637X.
  6. ↑ Gerola, H.; Seiden, P. E.; Schulman, L. S. (December 1980). "Theory of dwarf galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 242: 517–527. Bibcode:1980ApJ...242..517G. doi:10.1086/158485. ISSN 0004-637X.
  7. ↑ "Techniques and Applications of Path Integration". store.doverpublications.com. Retrieved 2017-11-29.
  8. ↑ Schulman, L. S. (1983). "Long range percolation in one dimension". Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General. 16 (17): L639–L641. Bibcode:1983JPhA...16L.639S. doi:10.1088/0305-4470/16/17/001. ISSN 0305-4470.
  9. ↑ Newman, C. M.; Schulman, L. S. (1986-12-01). "One dimensional 1/|j − i|S percolation models: The existence of a transition forS≦2". Communications in Mathematical Physics. 104 (4): 547–571. Bibcode:1986CMaPh.104..547N. doi:10.1007/BF01211064. ISSN 0010-3616. S2CID 116923610.
  10. ↑ Gaveau, B.; Jacobson, T.; Kac, M.; Schulman, L. S. (1984-07-30). "Relativistic Extension of the Analogy between Quantum Mechanics and Brownian Motion". Physical Review Letters. 53 (5): 419–422. Bibcode:1984PhRvL..53..419G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.53.419.
  11. ↑ Jacobson, T.; Schulman, L. S. (1984). "Quantum stochastics: the passage from a relativistic to a non-relativistic path integral". Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General. 17 (2): 375. Bibcode:1984JPhA...17..375J. doi:10.1088/0305-4470/17/2/023. ISSN 0305-4470.
  12. ↑ Schulman, L. S.; Schulman, L. J. (January 2005). "Wave-packet scattering without kinematic entanglement: convergence of expectation values" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology. 4 (1): 8–13. Bibcode:2005ITNan...4....8S. doi:10.1109/TNANO.2004.840141. ISSN 1536-125X. S2CID 41979767.
  13. ↑ Aronov, Boris; Erd\Hos, Paul; Goddard, Wayne; Kleitman, Daniel J.; Klugerman, Michael; Pach, János; Schulman, Leonard J. (1991). "Crossing families". Proceedings of the seventh annual symposium on Computational geometry - SCG '91. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 351–356. doi:10.1145/109648.109687. ISBN 978-0897914260. S2CID 644162.
  14. ↑ Schulman, L. S. (1984-06-11). "Definite measurements and deterministic quantum evolution". Physics Letters A. 102 (9): 396–400. Bibcode:1984PhLA..102..396S. doi:10.1016/0375-9601(84)91063-6.
  15. ↑ Schulman, Lawrence S. (2017-07-08). "Program for the Special State Theory of Quantum Measurement". Entropy. 19 (7): 343. Bibcode:2017Entrp..19..343S. doi:10.3390/e19070343.
  16. ↑ Schulman, Lawrence S. (1997-07-31). Time's Arrows and Quantum Measurement. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521567756.
  17. ↑ Schulman, L. S. (2016-11-01). "Special States Demand a Force for the Observer". Foundations of Physics. 46 (11): 1471–1494. Bibcode:2016FoPh...46.1471S. doi:10.1007/s10701-016-0025-8. ISSN 0015-9018.
  18. ↑ Schulman, L. S.; Luz, M. G. E. da (2016-11-01). "Looking for the Source of Change". Foundations of Physics. 46 (11): 1495–1501. Bibcode:2016FoPh...46.1495S. doi:10.1007/s10701-016-0031-x. ISSN 0015-9018.
  19. ↑ Schulman, L. S. (1973-05-15). "Correlating Arrows of Time". Physical Review D. 7 (10): 2868–2874. Bibcode:1973PhRvD...7.2868S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.7.2868.
  20. ↑ Schulman, L. S. (1999-12-27). "Opposite Thermodynamic Arrows of Time". Physical Review Letters. 83 (26): 5419–5422. arXiv:cond-mat/9911101. Bibcode:1999PhRvL..83.5419S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.5419. S2CID 13302243.
  21. ↑ Gold, T. (1962-06-01). "The Arrow of Time". American Journal of Physics. 30 (6): 403–410. Bibcode:1962AmJPh..30..403G. doi:10.1119/1.1942052. ISSN 0002-9505.
  22. ↑ Boltzmann, Ludwig (2012-08-15). Lectures on Gas Theory. Courier Corporation. ISBN 9780486152332.
  23. ↑ Boltzmann, Ludwig (1965-11-01). "Lectures on Gas Theory". American Journal of Physics. 33 (11): 974–975. Bibcode:1965AmJPh..33R.974B. doi:10.1119/1.1971107. ISSN 0002-9505.
  24. ↑ Schulman, L. S. (1973-05-15). "Correlating Arrows of Time". Physical Review D. 7 (10): 2868–2874. Bibcode:1973PhRvD...7.2868S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.7.2868.
  25. ↑ Schulman, L. S. (1998-03-01). "Continuous and pulsed observations in the quantum Zeno effect". Physical Review A. 57 (3): 1509–1515. Bibcode:1998PhRvA..57.1509S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.57.1509.
  26. ↑ Streed, Erik W.; Mun, Jongchul; Boyd, Micah; Campbell, Gretchen K.; Medley, Patrick; Ketterle, Wolfgang; Pritchard, David E. (2006-12-27). "Continuous and Pulsed Quantum Zeno Effect". Physical Review Letters. 97 (26): 260402. arXiv:cond-mat/0606430. Bibcode:2006PhRvL..97z0402S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.260402. PMID 17280408. S2CID 2414199.
  27. ↑ Schulman, L. S.; Tolkunov, D.; Mihokova, E. (2006-02-13). "Stability of Quantum Breathers". Physical Review Letters. 96 (6): 065501. arXiv:cond-mat/0601209. Bibcode:2006PhRvL..96f5501S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.065501. PMID 16606006. S2CID 12716463.
  28. ↑ Mihóková, E.; Schulman, L. S.; Jarý, V.; Dočekalová, Z.; Nikl, M. (2013-07-18). "Quantum tunneling and low temperature delayed recombination in scintillating materials". Chemical Physics Letters. 578 (Supplement C): 66–69. Bibcode:2013CPL...578...66M. doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2013.05.070.
  29. ↑ Gaveau, B.; Schulman, L. S. (2006-03-24). "Multiple phases in stochastic dynamics: Geometry and probabilities". Physical Review E. 73 (3): 036124. arXiv:cond-mat/0604159. Bibcode:2006PhRvE..73c6124G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.73.036124. PMID 16605615. S2CID 7771950.
  30. ↑ Gaveau, Bernard; Schulman, Lawrence S.; Schulman, Leonard J. (2006). "Imaging geometry through dynamics: the observable representation". Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General. 39 (33): 10307. arXiv:cond-mat/0607422. Bibcode:2006JPhA...3910307G. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.560.3372. doi:10.1088/0305-4470/39/33/004. ISSN 0305-4470. S2CID 44183518.
  31. ↑ Schulman, L. S. (2007-06-20). "Mean-Field Spin Glass in the Observable Representation". Physical Review Letters. 98 (25): 257202. arXiv:0705.1588. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..98y7202S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.257202. PMID 17678051. S2CID 40756227.


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