Laugharne
Laugharne from the castle
Laugharne is located in Carmarthenshire
Laugharne
Laugharne
Location within Carmarthenshire
Population1,222 
OS grid referenceSN301109
Community
Principal area
Preserved county
CountryWales
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townCARMARTHEN
Postcode districtSA33
Dialling code01994
PoliceDyfed-Powys
FireMid and West Wales
AmbulanceWelsh

Laugharne /ˈlɑːrn/ (Welsh: Talacharn) is a town on the south coast of Carmarthenshire, Wales, lying on the estuary of the River Tâf.

The ancient borough of Laugharne Township (Welsh: Treflan Lacharn) with its Corporation and Charter[1] is a unique survival in Wales. In a predominantly English-speaking area, just on the Landsker Line, the community is bordered by those of Llanddowror, St Clears, Llangynog and Llansteffan. It had a population at the 2011 census of 1,222.[2]

Laugharne Township electoral ward also includes the communities of Eglwyscummin, Pendine and Llanddowror.[3]

Dylan Thomas, who lived in Laugharne from 1949 until his death in 1953, famously described it as a "timeless, mild, beguiling island of a town".[4] It is generally accepted as the inspiration for the fictional town of Llareggub in Under Milk Wood. Thomas confirmed on two occasions that his play was based on Laugharne[5] although topographically it is also similar to New Quay where he briefly lived.[6]

History

Excavations at Coygan Cave[7]
Laugharne Castle, originally known as Abercorran Castle[8]
Dylan Thomas sculpture, The Strand; made by sculptor Simon Hedger[9]

Throughout much of the Prehistoric period, human activity in the Laugharne area was centred on Coygan Bluff,[10] a steep-sided limestone peninsula[11] overlooking the now submerged coastal plain to the south. A natural cave[12] on the southeast face of the promontory was excavated five times between 1865 and 1965[13] yielding significant evidence that its chambers acted as a temporary shelter for groups of hunter-gatherers moving through the landscape over 50,000 years ago[14] and later material in the form of flint tools indicating an extended series of occupations from the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods.[15] These discoveries suggest that the Township[16] is probably the oldest still-inhabited settlement in Wales. Contemporary artefacts from the Mousterian period have also been found at nearby Paviland and Long Hole caves along with older hominin remains at Bontnewydd but, unlike at Laugharne, the communities associated with them are long vanished.[17]

In the 4th century BC, a promontory fort was built at the summit of the hill.[18] During the Bronze Age, Coygan camp is recorded as the site of an open settlement with funerary and ritual activity shown by a short-cist contracted inhumation. Further finds at a nearby round barrow on Laugharne Burrows[19] together with Beaker burials at Plashett[20] and Orchard Park[21] confirm a more permanent community. Excavation in the 1960s of the defended enclosure on Coygan revealed two huts contemporary with the defensive bank and ditch and a significant quantity of pottery recovered dating to the late 3rd century AD indicating that the site was occupied deep into the Romano-British period.[22] Another significant Iron Age settlement has also been identified at Glan-y-Mor Fort[23] in the north of the township.

The Laugharne hoard of over 2000 coins[24] and Roman bath remains found at Island House,[25] together with the substantial Romano-British group of imported 6th-century finewares, coinage and glass from Coygan Camp, described as "one of the richest from a native settlement in south-west Wales",[26] are all part of a concentration of traditional 'Roman' finds in the area. As evidence of activity from the period is generally scarce, these discoveries confirm the site as one of importance[27] and suggest that it continued to be a high status settlement well beyond the Roman occupation.[28] A 6th-century inscribed stone lies within Llansadwrnen church to the north, considered to be an outlying burial site of the more important secular settlement on Coygan. Laugharne Church,[29] which contains a 9th-century Celtic slab stone[30] and where a long cist grave cemetery has also been recorded, is thought to be a more likely early ecclesiastical site in the immediate area.[31]

In the Early Middle Ages Laugharne was the main settlement in the area and home to the Lords of Laugharne. It was a commote of Gwarthaf, the largest of the seven cantrefi of the Kingdom of Dyfed in southwest Wales, later to be ruled by the Princes of Deheuberth. In 1093, Deheubarth was seized by the Normans following Rhys ap Tewdwr's death.[32] In the early 12th century, grants of lands were made to Flemings by King Henry I when their country was flooded.[33] In 1116, when Gruffydd ap Rhys (the son and heir of Rhys ap Tewdwr) returned from self-imposed exile, the king arranged for the land to be fortified against him; according to the Brut y Tywysogyon, Robert Courtemain constructed a castle at Laugharne in that year[34] (this is the earliest reference to any castle at or near Laugharne[35]). Courtemain may be the Robertus cum tortis manibus (English: Robert with twisted hands)[36] mentioned in the Book of Llandaff, as one of a number of specifically named Norman magnates[notes 1] within the vicinity of the Llandaff diocese, who received a letter from Pope Callixtus II complaining about deprivations they had inflicted on diocesan church property;[37] in the letter, the Pope warns he would confirm Bishop Urban's proclamations against them, if they do not rectify matters. The Brut states that Courtemain appointed a man named Bleddyn ap Cedifor as castellan;[34] Bleddyn was the son of Cedifor ap Gollwyn, descendant and heir of the earlier kings of Dyfed (as opposed to those of Deheubarth).[34][38] The castle was originally known as Abercorran Castle.[8] When Henry I died, Anarchy occurred, and Gruffydd, and his sons, Lord Rhys in particular, gradually reconquered large parts of the former Deheubarth.

In 1154, the Anarchy was resolved when Henry II became king; two years later, Lord Rhys agreed peace terms with Henry II and prudently[39] accepted that he would only rule Cantref Mawr,[39] constructing Dinefwr Castle there. Henry II de-mobilised Flemish soldiers who had aided him during the Anarchy, settling them with the other Flemings.[33] From time to time, however, King Henry had occasion to go to Ireland, or Normandy, which Lord Rhys took as an opportunity to try and expand his own holdings. Returning from Ireland after one such occasion, in 1172, King Henry made peace with Lord Rhys, making him the justiciar of "South Wales" (ie. Deheubarth). By 1247, Laugharne was held by Guy de Bryan; this is the earliest reference to his family possessing the castle,[35] and his father (also named Guy de Bryan) had only moved the family to Wales in 1219 (from Devon).[35] Guy de Bryan's descendants continued to hold the castle; his namesake great-grandson was Lord High Admiral of England. The latter's daughter Elizabeth inherited the castle and married an Owen of St Bride's who subsequently took his name – Owen Laugharne – from the castle[40] despite Gerald of Wales calling the castle Talachar, and other variations on Laugharne/Talacharn appearing in ancient charters; one anonymous pre-20th-century writer erroneously claimed that Owen Laugharne gave his name to the castle rather than the other way around.[40] Possession subsequently defaulted to the Crown, and in 1575, Queen Elizabeth granted it to Sir John Perrot.[35] In 1644 the castle was garrisoned for the king and taken for Parliament by Major-General Rowland Laugharne, who subsequently reverted to the king's side.[41] The population in 1841 was 1,389.[42]

Laugharne Corporation

Laugharne Corporation is an almost unique institution and, together with the City of London Corporation, the last surviving mediæval corporation in the United Kingdom. The Corporation was established in 1291 by Sir Guy de Brian (Gui de Brienne), a Marcher Lord.[43] Laugharne Corporation holds extensive historical records.[44] The Corporation is presided over by the portreeve, wearing his traditional chain of gold cockle shells (one added by each portreeve, with his name and date of tenure on the reverse), the aldermen, and the body of burgesses. The title of portreeve is conferred annually, with the portreeve being sworn in on the first Monday after Michaelmas at the Big Court. The Corporation holds a court leet half-yearly formerly dealing with criminal cases, and a court baron every fortnight, dealing with civil suits within the lordship, especially in matters related to land, where administration of the common fields was dealt with.[43] The Laugharne open-field system is one of only two surviving and still in use today in Britain.

'In Elizabeth's reign, the lordship passed to Sir John Perrott of Haroldston, a fact for which the inhabitants of Laugharne have had cause to regret. As at Carew Perrot modernised the castle, but he was the most unscrupulous "land-grabber" of his age, and in 1574 he induced the burgesses to part with three hundred acres of land in return for an annuity of £9 6s. 8d. The records say that "diverse burgesses of the said towne did not assent to same", and that it was "to the great decaying of many". It would be interesting to know by what methods of bribery or intimidation Sir John was able to accomplish his nefarious purposes.'[45]

Plan of open-field system in common land on The Hugdon, a hill to the west of Laugharne[46]

The most senior 76 burgesses get a strang of land on Hugden for life, to be used in a form of mediæval strip-farming.

The chief toast at the Portreeve's feast is "to the immortal memory of Sir Guido de Brian"; then the Recorder must sing the following song:

When Sir Guy de Brien lived in Laugharne,
A jolly old man was he.
Some pasture land he owned, which he
Divided into three.
Says he "There's Hugdon and the Moor
They will the Commons please;
And all the gentlemen shall have
Their share down on the Lees."[47]

Governance

Since 1972, Laugharne Township Community Council has formed the lowest tier of local government for the town, represented by 11 community councillors.[48]

For elections to Carmarthenshire County Council, Laugharne is covered by the Laugharne Township electoral ward, which also covers three neighbouring communities. The ward is represented by one county councillor. Independent councillor Jane Tremlett has represented the ward since 2004.

St Martin's Church

Tower of St Martin's church

The parish church of St Martin dates from the 14th century when it was built by the Lord of the Manor of Laugharne Sir Guido de Brian, who also built the Church of St Margaret Marloes, Eglwyscummin, some 5 miles (8.0 km) to the west.[49]

The church is situated within a rectilinear churchyard, bounded by former strip fields, extending some 200 metres (660 ft) to the south and 400 metres (1,300 ft) to the east. It is thought that the church's original dedication was to St Michael, as it was reportedly referred to by this name in 1494 and 1849. Cist burials have reportedly been identified in the churchyard. A small, ornamented wheel-topped stone was reportedly excavated during grave-digging. At the time of the foundation borough of Laugharne, by a charter of 1278, the church belonged to the Rural Deanery of St Clears and a prebend of Winchester Cathedral. Before 1777 the churches of St Lawrence's Church, Marros, and St Cyffic's Church, Cyffic, were dependencies, but these both then became parish churches in their own right. In 1927 a medieval tile and what is thought to have been part of a canopied tomb were found in the churchyard. The churchyard's 18th- and 19th-century monuments are Grade II listed for their group value.[29]

Inside the church is a shaped cross-slab dating from the Dark Ages, probably the 9th–10th century, built into the east wall of the south transept and with an unusual Celtic design carved onto it. Some historians claim the design is of Viking origin. There is thick ropework, in the form of looped interlacing, running up from the bottom to the cross-head. Close to the edges there is thinner knotwork. The large round-shaped cross-head has a Latin-style cross in the centre with a small boss in the middle of that and oval looped links between the arms.[49]

The church is today part of the United Benefice of Bro Sancler.[50] Welsh poet and playwright Dylan Thomas is buried in the churchyard, his grave marked by a white cross.[49][29][51]

Landmarks

Laugharne Town Hall
Castle House, Laugharne
The Great House, Laugharne
Wogan Street c. 1880
Island House in 1856

Local attractions include the 12th-century Laugharne Castle, Laugharne Town Hall and the estuary birdlife.[52]

Laugharne Township currently has 69 listed buildings and contains several fine examples of Georgian townhouses including The Great House and Castle House together with Island House, parts of which date back to the Tudor period. All three properties are grade II* listed and a number of other early vernacular cottages have also survived.[53]

There are a number of landmarks in Laugharne connected with the poet and writer Dylan Thomas. These include the Dylan Thomas Boathouse, where he lived with his family from 1949 to 1953, and now a museum; his writing shed; and the Dylan Thomas Birthday Walk, which was the setting for the work Poem in October.[54]

Many scenes in the BBC Television series Keeping Faith (broadcast in Welsh as Un Bore Mercher) were filmed in and around Laugharne, referred to as Abercorran.[55]

Laugharne weekend

The Laugharne Weekend, a three-day arts festival held in the spring of 2007, featured writers such as Niall Griffiths and Patrick McCabe. Headline performers since then have included Ray Davies, Will Self, Howard Marks and Patti Smith. The Millennium Hall is the main venue and smaller events are held locally such as in the Dylan Thomas Boathouse.[56]

Notable people

Notes

  1. ↑ The other named magnates are Walter fitz Richard, Brian Fitz Count, William Fitz-Baldwin (son of Baldwin FitzGilbert), Robert de Chandos (who held Caerleon), Geoffrey de Broi, Pain fitzJohn, Bernard de Neufmarche, Gumbald of Ludlow, Roger de Berkeley (Lord of Dursley, and possible son of Roger I of Tosny), William the sheriff of Cardiff, William Fitz-Roger de Remu, and Robert Fitz Roger.

References

  1. ↑ "History of Laugharne Charter". Laugharne Corporation 2010.
  2. ↑ "Community population 2011". Retrieved 28 November 2017.
  3. ↑ "Carmarthenshire County Council: Policy, Research and Information Section" (PDF). Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  4. ↑ "Dylan Thomas on Laugharne". Dylan Thomas The Official Website. The City and County of Swansea. 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
  5. ↑ Letters to John Ormond March 6, 1948 and Princess Caetani."Under Milk Wood and Llareggub Explained Through Dylan's Words October 1951". www.discoverdylanthomas.com. 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
  6. ↑ "Under Milk Wood – A Chronology". The City and County of Swansea. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
  7. ↑ Carmarthen museum records indicate the photograph was taken during the excavation of the archaeological site at Laugharne by Herbert Eccles (whose Broadway estate contained the quarry) and S. Grant Dalton in either 1913 or 1917. "Coygan Cave, Carmarthenshire". AHOB. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  8. 1 2 "RCAHMW: Abercorran Castle". Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  9. ↑ "Dylan Thomas (1914–1953) Simon Hedger". Art UK. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  10. ↑ "Historic Landscape Characterisation:Taf & Tywi Estuary". Dyfed Archaeological Trust. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  11. ↑ Murphy, K. "Site of Coygan Cave, near Laugharne". History Points.
  12. ↑ "Coygan Cave (103399)". Coflein. RCAHMW. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  13. ↑ "199 Coygan Cave, Laugharne". The Ancient Human Occupation of Britain (AHOB) Database. 1995. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  14. ↑ Ings, Michael; Murphy, Fran (2011). "Earliest Humans in Paleolithic Wales". Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales website.
  15. ↑ G.Wainwright (1967). "An Early Neolithic Settlement on Coygan Rock,Carmarthenshire". Antiquity. Cambridge University (Abstracts). 41 (161): 66. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00104855. S2CID 162697347. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  16. ↑ "Laugharne Township Boundary Map". Vision of Britain.org. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  17. ↑ Vitch, Simon; Gaffney, Vince (2011). "West Coast Paleolandscapes Survey (PDF)" (PDF). Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales website. University of Birmingham: Institute of Archaeology and Antiquity.
  18. ↑ "Coygan Camp – Ymddiriedolaeth Archaeolegol Dyfed – Dyfed Archaeological Trust". Historic Environment Record. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  19. ↑ Cantrill, T.C. (1909). "The Shell Mounds on Laugharne Burrows". Archaeologia Cambrensis. 9 (6th Series): 433–472. hdl:10107/4722433. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  20. ↑ Hill Morris, William; Ward, Anthony H. (1984). "Antiquarian Exploration of Presumed Bronze Age Sepulchral Remains on Allt Cunedda, South East Dyfed. New information on discoveries". Carmarthen Antiquary. Carmarthenshire Antiquarian Society. 20. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
  21. ↑ Jones, J.F. (1951). "Orchard Park Beaker Burial". Carmarthen Antiquary. 2: 5579.
  22. ↑ Aldouse-Green, S.; Scott, K.; Schwarcz, H.; Grun, R.; Housley, R.; Rae, A.; Bevins, R.; Redknap, M. (1995). Coygan Cave, Laugharne, South Wales, a Mousterian site and hyanae den: a report on the University of Cambridge excavation. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society. pp. 37–39.
  23. ↑ "Glan-y-mor Fort, Laugharne (304152)". Coflein. RCAHMW. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  24. ↑ Oxford Roman Economy Project. "Laugharne Hoard Discovered 2006". Coin Hoards of The Roman Empire. Oxford University & Ashmolean Museum. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  25. ↑ Curtis, Mary (1880). Antiquities of Laugharne, Pendine et al (2nd ed.). London: R. Clay. p. 92. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  26. ↑ Davies, J. (1980). Aspects of Native Settlement in Roman Wales and the Marches. University of Wales College Cardiff. p. 487.
  27. ↑ Campbell, E. (1988). "Prehistoric Undefended Settlements Project,Southwest Wales: A Review of Report 2004/53". Cambria Archaeology.
  28. ↑ Seaman, A. (2016). Defended Settlement in Early Medieval Wales: Problems of Presence, Absence and Interpretation. Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 37–52. ISBN 978-1-78570-236-5. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
  29. 1 2 3 "St Martin's Church, Laugharne (102141)". Coflein. RCAHMW. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  30. ↑ "Dark Age Stone Cross, St Martin's Church, Laugharne". Megalithic Portal. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  31. ↑ Poucher, Philip (15 August 2015). "Corran Resort and Spa, Laugharne, Carmarthenshire Environmental Statement Chapter 2 Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment" (PDF). Archaeology Wales. p. 13. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  32. ↑ Jones, John (1824). The History of Wales, Descriptive of the Government, Wars, Manners, Religion, Laws, Druids, Bards, Pedigrees and Language of the Ancient Britons and Modern Welsh, and of the Remaining Antiquities of the Principality. London: J. Williams. pp. 63–64. OL 7036828M. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
  33. 1 2 Tyler, R. H.; et al. (1985) [1925]. Laugharne: Local History and Folklore. Llandysul: Gomer Press. ISBN 9780863831546. Compiled by Head, Senior Assistant and senior pupils of Laugharne School
  34. 1 2 3 Davies, R. R. (1987). Conquest, Coexistence, and Change: Wales 1063–1415. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 101. ISBN 0198217323.
  35. 1 2 3 4 Avent, Richard (2006). "Laugharne Castle". In Lloyd, Thomas; Orbach, Julian; Scourfield, Robert (eds.). Carmarthenshire and Ceredigion. The Buildings of Wales. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 219–27 (219–220). ISBN 9780300101799.
  36. ↑ Lloyd, John Edward (1907). "Carmarthen in Early Norman Times". Archaeologia Cambrensis. 6th ser. 7: 290.
  37. ↑ Jones, Bryn (2019). Welsh Contacts With The Papacy Before The Edwardian Conquest, C. 1283. St Andrews Research Repository (Thesis). doi:10.17630/10023-18284. hdl:10023/18284. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  38. ↑ Davies, R. R. (2000). The Age of Conquest: Wales, 1063–1415. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 70. ISBN 0198208782.
  39. 1 2 Venning, Timothy (2017). Kingmakers: How Power in England Was Won and Lost on the Welsh Frontier. Stroud: Amberley. ISBN 9781445659404.
  40. 1 2 "Notices of the castle and ownership of Laugharne, Carmarthenshire". Gentleman's Magazine. 12: 602. 1839.
  41. 1 2 Sieges of Laugharne Castle by S Lloyd (2013)Report for CADW & RCAMW
  42. ↑ The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge, Vol.III, London, (1847), Charles Knight, p. 1,012.
  43. 1 2 "Laugharne Corporation Records – Archives Hub". archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
  44. ↑ Carmarthenshire Archives Service website
  45. ↑ Archaeologia Cambrensis, Vol. 100, (1948–49) Prof. David Williams: Introduction to Laugharne.
  46. ↑ Baker, Alan R. H.; Butlin, Robin A., eds. (1973). Studies of Field Systems in the British Isles. Cambridge University Press. pp. 512–514. ISBN 978-0-521-20121-6.
  47. ↑ Welshman, The (4 November 1910). "Llwynog's Notes". Retrieved 12 July 2020.
  48. ↑ "About the Council". Laugharne Township Community Council. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
  49. 1 2 3 Sunny100 (3 October 2011). "St Martin's Church (Laugharne)". The Megalithic Portal. Retrieved 27 December 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  50. ↑ "Deanery of Bro Cler". Retrieved 12 August 2020.
  51. ↑ Wales, The Church in. "Churches". The Church in Wales. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
  52. ↑ "Laugharne Castle". Visit Wales. The Welsh Government. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
  53. ↑ "Listed Buildings in Laugharne Township, Carmarthenshire, Wales". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  54. ↑ "Dylan Thomas' Laugharne". Visit Wales. The Welsh Government. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
  55. ↑ Robert Harries, 19 April 2017, 'Filming for new TV drama gets under way in historic Carmarthen building' walesonline.co.uk. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
  56. ↑ Laugharne Weekend website
  57. ↑ Lloyd (Ed), Prof. Sir J.E. (1939). History of Carmarthenshire. Vol. 1. p. 443.
  58. ↑ "Church Monument Society: Sir John Perrot". Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  59. ↑ Indenture from John God to Sir John Perrot, cited in
    "Notes on the Perrot Family". Archaeologia Cambrensis. Cambrian Archaeological Association (XLVII): 324. July 1866. No. 26334. An indenture made 12 Elizabeth, in which John God, merchant tailor of London, makes over to Sir John Perrot the parsonage of Laugharne. (In this document Sir John is described as late of Carew.)
  60. ↑ Jones, Francis (1997). "Westmead, Laugharne". Historic Carmarthenshire Homes & Their Families. Brawdy Books. p. 196. ISBN 0952834413. "In the latter part of the sixteenth century, the property was owned by Sir John Perrot, who by a deed dated 29 May 1584 settled certain properties on his 'reputed son' James Perrot 'late of Westmede in the County of Carmarthen'
  61. ↑ Davidson, Alan; Thrush, Andrew (2010). "CROWE, Sackville (1595–1671), of Laugharne, Carm.; formerly of Brasted Place, Kent and Mays, Selmeston, Suss.". In Thrush, Andrew; Ferris, John P. (eds.). The House of Commons, 1604–1629. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107002258.
    Accessed via "CROWE, Sackville (1595–1671), of Laugharne, Carm.; formerly of Brasted Place, Kent and Mays, Selmeston, Suss". The History of Parliament. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
  62. ↑ Roberts, Stephen K. (October 2005). "Thomas, William (1613–1689)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/27244. Retrieved 16 March 2008. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  63. ↑ Roberts, Glyn (1959). "POWELL, Sir JOHN (1633–1696), lawyer and judge". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  64. ↑ Hayton, D. W. (2002). "POWELL, Sir Thomas, 1st Bt. (c.1665–1720), of Broadway, Laugharne, Carm. and Coldbrook Park, Mon.". In Cruickshanks, Eveline; Handley, Stuart; Hayton, D. W. (eds.). The House of Commons, 1690–1715. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521772211.
    Accessed via "POWELL, Sir Thomas, 1st Bt. (c.1665–1720), of Broadway, Laugharne, Carm. and Coldbrook Park, Mon". The History of Parliament. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
  65. ↑ Mary, Clement (1959). "JONES, GRIFFITH (1683–1761), cleric and educational reformer". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  66. ↑ Mary, Clement (1959). "BEVAN, BRIDGET ('Madam Bevan'; 1698 – 1779), philanthropist and educationist". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  67. ↑ Rees, J. F.; Jenkins, R. T. (1959). "TUCKER, JOSIAH (1712–1799), cleric and economist". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  68. ↑ West Marsh Farm, Laugharne Parish 1836 Tithe Map (extract) NLW
  69. ↑ Johnson, Claudia L. (2006). The Cambridge Companion to Mary Wollstonecraft (PDF). Cambridge University Press. p. xv. ISBN 9780511998812.
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  75. ↑ "Former R.A.N. Man Dies at Hobart". The Mercury. Vol. CLXXII, no. 25, 593. Tasmania. 31 December 1952. p. 7.
  76. ↑ James, Mary Auronwy (2001). "REES, Caleb (1883–1970),inspector of schools and author". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
  77. ↑ VC Online:William Fuller
  78. ↑ Evans, R. H. (July 1948). "Prof. W. T. David". Nature. 162 (4105): 15. Bibcode:1948Natur.162...15E. doi:10.1038/162015a0.
  79. ↑ "Dylan Thomas' Laugharne". Wales Arts. BBC. 6 November 2008. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013.
  80. ↑ Ferris, Paul (1989). Dylan Thomas, A Biography. New York: Paragon House. p. 239. ISBN 978-1-55778-215-1.
  81. ↑ Dylan Thomas Centre Laugharne
  82. ↑ Beale, Nigel. "George Tremlett on Dylan and Caitlin Thomas". The Biblio File.
  83. ↑ "Rugby in Wales: Laugharne FC". Retrieved 22 June 2020.
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