The Land Tenure Reform Association (LTRA) was a British pressure group for land reform, founded by John Stuart Mill in 1868. The Association opposed primogeniture, and sought legal changes on entails.[1] Its programme fell short of the nationalisation of land demanded by the contemporary Land and Labour League.[2]

Background

The context of the formation of the Association was the aftermath of the Reform Act 1867. While the franchise had been extended, the Reform League that had pushed for the extension then collapsed as a political force. In parallel, Mill and Edmond Beales set up the Association to promote further reform and change. Besides modifications to land law, they proposed also to encourage co-operative agriculture and smallholders.[3]

Political role

Following a launch of a programme by Mill in July 1870, and organisational work in which Thomas Hare and Jacob Bright were involved, the Association held its first public meeting in 1871.[4][5] A key plank of the Association's programme was taxation of the unearned increment.[6] Mill's advocacy of this measure presaged more radical proposals of the 1880s.[7] His views influenced Arthur Arnold, president of the Free Land League in 1885.[8]

In July 1870 The Economist argued that the LTRA's emphasis on freeing up trade in land in fact would work against the expansion of peasant proprietors, since the wealthy would pay high prices for land.[9] Agricultural labour's interests were represented at meetings of the LTRA by Joseph Arch.[10]

On Mill's death on 1873, the Association's effective role came to an end. Mill had handed over to Alfred Russel Wallace. It was in the early 1880s that Wallace's writings led to the formation of the Land Nationalisation Society.[11][12] The Association itself closed down in 1876.[13] Land reform was a more important issue at the 1885 general election than at any previous time, or subsequently.[14]

Membership

Besides Mill, the LTRA had other economists as members: John E. Cairnes, Cliffe Leslie and Thorold Rogers.[15] English Members of Parliament (MPs) joined in numbers, but Irish MPs did not support the LTRA.[16] Maxse described as "trusted Radicals and working class politicians" the group of supporters Edmond Beales, Charles Dilke, George Jacob Holyoake, Lloyd Jones, Benjamin Lucraft, Edward Miall, Walter Morrison, George Odger, Peter Alfred Taylor and John Weston.[17]

The LTRA initially grew out of the Radical Club, and Dilke acted as its secretary in its early life.[18] Henry Fawcett worked with Dilke and others in 1869 to set up an organisation, in response to Mill's call to action.[19] Other members were Frederic Harrison, John Morley and Alfred Russel Wallace.[18]

There were supporters in common of the First International (IWMA) and the LTRA, such as Joseph Lane the socialist and William Randal Cremer, as well as Lucraft and Odger.[20][21] Mill's advocacy of taxing the "unearned increment" won the support of Robert Applegarth, an IWMA delegate.[22] George Howell of the Trades Union Congress worked for the LTRA as a financial agent.[23]

Notes

  1. ↑ Eugenio F. Biagini (3 May 2004). Liberty, Retrenchment and Reform: Popular Liberalism in the Age of Gladstone, 1860–1880. Cambridge University Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-521-54886-1.
  2. ↑ Edward Royle (1980). Radicals, Secularists, and Republicans: Popular Freethought in Britain, 1866–1915. Manchester University Press. p. 795. ISBN 978-0-7190-0783-5.
  3. ↑ James Vernon (2 September 1993). Politics and the People: A Study in English Political Culture, 1815–1867. Cambridge University Press. p. 316. ISBN 978-0-521-42090-7.
  4. ↑ Nationalization in British Politics: The Historical Background. Stanford University Press. p. 72 note 25. ISBN 978-0-8047-0197-6.
  5. ↑ Richard Reeves (9 February 2015). John Stuart Mill: Victorian Firebrand. Atlantic Books, Limited. pp. 1876 note 36. ISBN 978-1-78239-713-7.
  6. ↑ Samuel Hollander (13 March 2015). John Stuart Mill: Political Economist. World Scientific. p. 272. ISBN 978-981-4663-99-1.
  7. ↑ Donald Read (17 June 2014). The Age of Urban Democracy: England 1868–1914. Routledge. p. 292. ISBN 978-1-317-89591-6.
  8. ↑ Spain, Jonathan. "Arnold, Sir (Robert) Arthur". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/30454. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  9. ↑ F. M. L. Thompson, "Land and Politics in England in the Nineteenth Century", Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Vol. 15 (1965), pp. 23–44, at p. 40. Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Royal Historical Society. doi:10.2307/3678815. JSTOR 3678815.
  10. ↑ Humphrey Southall, "Agitate! Agitate! Organize! Political Travellers and the Construction of a National Politics, 1839–1880", Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers Vol. 21, No. 1 (1996), pp. 177–193, at p. 184. Published by: Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers). doi:10.2307/622932. JSTOR 622932.
  11. ↑ Trish Ferguson (2013). Thomas Hardy's Legal Fictions. Edinburgh University Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-7486-7324-7.
  12. ↑ Smith, Charles H. "Wallace, Alfred Russel". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/36700. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  13. ↑ Margot C. Finn (2003). After Chartism: Class and Nation in English Radical Politics 1848–1874. Cambridge University Press. p. 301. ISBN 978-0-521-52598-5.
  14. ↑ David Nicholls, "The New Liberalism: After Chartism?", Social History Vol. 21, No. 3 (Oct., 1996), pp. 330–342, at p. 334. Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. JSTOR 4286364.
  15. ↑ Bernard Newton, "The Impact of Henry George on British Economists, I: The First Phase of Response, 1879–82; Leslie, Wicksteed and Hobson". The American Journal of Economics and Sociology 30.2 (1971): 179–186, at p. 182. JSTOR 3485386.
  16. ↑ Frederick Augustus Maxse, The French Press and Ireland: five letters on the Irish question addressed to La Justice, 1888, at p. 39, LSE Selected Pamphlets, JSTOR 60216679.
  17. ↑ Frederick Augustus Maxse, The Causes of Social Revolt: a lecture delivered in London, Portsmouth, Bradford, Nottingham, Derby, and Greenwich (1872), p. 32. Bristol Selected Pamphlets. JSTOR 60243276.
  18. 1 2 David Nicholls (1995). The Lost Prime Minister: A Life of Sir Charles Dilke. A&C Black. pp. 43–4. ISBN 978-1-85285-125-5.
  19. ↑ Paul Readman (2008). Land and Nation in England: Patriotism, National Identity, and the Politics of Land, 1880–1914. Boydell Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-86193-297-9.
  20. ↑ William Morris (14 July 2014). The Collected Letters of William Morris, Volume II, Part A: 1881–1884. Princeton University Press. p. 302 note 7. ISBN 978-1-4008-5867-5.
  21. ↑ G. D. H. Cole (18 October 2001). A Short History of the British Working Class Movement: 1848–1900. Psychology Press. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-415-26565-2.
  22. ↑ Nationalization in British Politics: The Historical Background. Stanford University Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-8047-0197-6.
  23. ↑ A. T. Lane (December 1995). Biographical Dictionary of European Labor Leaders. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 430. ISBN 978-0-313-26456-6.
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