Konstanty Korniakt of Białobok
Portrait of Konstanty Korniakt of Białobok
Portrait Konstanty Korniakt of Białobok
Coat of armsKrucina
Born1582
Died1624
Białobok
BuriedPrzemyśl
Noble familyKorniakt
Spouse(s)Elżbieta Ossolińska
IssueAnna, Karol Franciszek, Aleksander Zbigniew
FatherKonstanty Korniakt
MotherAnna Dzieduszycki

Konstanty Korniakt of Białobok or Konstantyn Franciszek Korniakt (1582-1624) was a Polish nobleman and soldier, the son of the noble Polish merchant Konstanty Korniakt (1520-1603) of Crete.[1]

Biography

Early life

Konstantyn Franciszek Korniakt was born in Sośnica[2] in 1582, the son of the noble Polish merchant Konstanty Korniakt (the elder, b. 1520, h. Krucina) and Ruthenian noblewoman Anna Dzieduszycki h. Sas.[1]

Konstanty Korniakt (the elder) had moved to Lviv in 1554, inheriting the property of his elder brother Michael Kornakt. By 1566 the Polish king Sigismund II Augustus had granted him the privilege to import and sell Greek wines, cotton, Moldavian honey, cowhides and furs, and Western cloths.[1] On 12 February 1571 the king ennobled Konstanty Korniakt (the elder) granting him the Krucina coat of arms.[1][3][4][5] by which time he was the wealthiest inhabitant of Lviv, and one of the greatest patrons of Lviv Renaissance architecture.[6][1]

Konstantyn Franciszek had five siblings: Aleksander, Michal, Anna (m. Jan Tarnowski), Zofia (m. Abraham Herburt), and Katarzyna (m. Aleksander Chodkiewicz).[1] Konstanty (the elder) was a ardent follower of the Eastern Orthodox Church but had good relations with the Jesuits.[1][6] However the children became polonized, converted to Catholicism, and the sons studied at the University of Padua in Italy.[7][1]

By the time of his death Konstanty (the elder) had accumulated about 40 villages, 2 towns, and crown lands including estates in Lwów Land and Przemyśl Land.[1]

Establishment at Bialoboki

After his father's death on 1 August 1603, Korniakt sold his inherited Lwów Land estates, including some left to his brother Aleksander. Konstantyn then consolidated and moved to the Przemyśl Land of the Ruthenian Voivodeship where he owned three fortified estates at Sośnica, Złotowice and Białoboki.[6][4]

Korniakt's large estate at Sośnica in the county of Jarosław included a manor built around 1580 which was able to repel the frequent attacks of large bands which were common in the area. Korniakt added a residential wing with an entrance gate from the west to the old north wing. Security was improved by a 140 cm thick wall and vertical escarpment.[8] Until 1605 the family kept their valuable items at this castle.[9]

Korniakt established his residence and family stronghold in the village of Bialoboki near Przeworsk. He assumed the name "Konstanty Korniakt of Białobok" and by 1608 had built a small castle on a hill on the site of a former stronghold. The new castle was constructed of brick on a rectangular plan and was surrounded by a moat and swamps and could only be accessed via a drawbridge. The interiors were beautifully decorated and equally well equipped. The floors were made of white stone, as were the sides of the castle.[8]

Dispute with Stadnicki

Korniakt had inherited a mortgage of the town of Lancut which had been issued by his late uncle Michael Korniakt for 17,000 zlotys.[2] This mortgage had been assumed by Stanisław Stadnicki, "the devil of Łańcut", who had long contested the debt in the royal court.[2][10] Stadnicki's debt had increased by another 30,000 zlotys for bail after he was sentenced for failure to appear in royal court.[2]

After the death of Konstanty Korniakt's father Stadnicki seized his opportunity and invaded the villages of Krzemienica, Czarna and Albigowa where he robbed the peasants and burned the farm estate.[2] Stadnicki threatened the heirs if they didn't forgive the 47,000 zloty debt. So Korniakt transported the family treasury with a reserve of money and his mother's jewelry to his more fortified but unfinished castle in Sośnica.[2] On the evening of 29 July 1605 this castle was attacked by Stadnicki with 1500 attackers who over two days captured and plundered the castle, kidnapping Konstanty, his wife and daughters.[2] The building had been stripped of everything, including doors and windows.[2]

"Infantry hit the castle gates, the riders launched an attack from the commons where there were neither moats nor walls. At the same time the cannonade was opened and a terrible shout was made in the wake of trumpets and war cauldrons. Soon the gates of the castle were assaulted with cannonballs and assault axes, the infantry invaded the castle and immediately hung its banner on the tower as a sign of triumph. In a moment the castle was full of Stadnicki's soldiers, who rushed to the shops, the caskets, the wardrobes, because the first main goal of such a mercenary party was to rob their own hand. Everything that could be found at home was robbed - says Korniakt - as in ready money, jewels, chains, canoes, crosses, wear, ignites, rings, manels, crowns, pontoons, ferets and various pieces , gemstones as diadems, rubies, sapphires, emeralds, general gold in subtle works made of gold, so in pearls made and not made of considerable size, very costly and expensive, so in portugal, duplon, triplon and other gold coin, also in silver and another coin .... The entire amount of Korniaktów cash was plundered, and the sum was great, which was reported and kept intact during bad adventures, putting a hundred and forty thousand zlotys lightly in hiding"[2]

The women were stripped of what they were wearing, earrings torn off, and two of Konstanty's mother's fingers cut off so they could take expensive rings including her wedding ring and signet ring.

Stadnicki kidnapped and kept Konstanty Korniakt with his wife and daughters in the dungeon of his castle at Łańcut for 8 weeks where they were chained, mistreated and the women were raped. Stadnicki kept the family in the dungeon until Korniakt and his mother signed an agreement for waiver of debts, claims for stolen valuables and damages from the raid on Sosnica.[2]

After his release Korniakt took refuge behind the walls of Lviv and from there he filed new lawsuits for robbery and imprisonment. However this again raised Stadnicki's anger. Korniakt's lawyers Adam Zhidovsky and Andrei Svidnitsky, who were conducting the case, miraculously escaped from the city of Przeworsk with their lives. Then in 1606 Stadnicki, with his armed force of 1200-2000 freely entered Lviv and forced Korniakt to re-sign the waiver.[2]

In 1608 Korniakt built the brick castle at Bialoboki. Stadnicki attacked the castle[2] and there is a legend that after a long fight broke through. But Korniakt managed to escape through a tunnel leading from the castle to the village of Gać. There, a peasant helped him and in disguise he took him to a safe castle in Chodakówka.

Stadnicki became involved in wars with other neighbors and during this time the Kornyakts managed to win four court cases against him.[2] Stadnicki's debt to Korniakt grew to 212 thousand zlotys, but the court reduced the amount of payments by half to encourage a settlement.[2]

After the death of Stanislav Stadnicki in August 1610 Korniakt continued to fight with Stadnicki's three sons[2] and a brother - the Belgian governor Adam Alexander Stadnicki.[2]

Military career and private conflicts

During the Polish-Swedish war in Livonia (1600-1611) he participated in the Siege of Fellin (May 1602, Viljandi, Estonia), fought in the army of field crown hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski at the Battle of Reval (June 1602, Tallinn, Estonia), and with Jan Karol Chodkiewicz at Battle of Weissenstein (September 1604, Paide, Estonia).[4]

Korniakt was also well known for his private wars with neighbors. In 1603 he wounded captain Stanisław Branicki (d.1620) with a saber.[2]

From 1608 he attacked his neighbor Marcina of Goraja Czuryłęj in Ujkowice, seized the estate of Annę Jaksmanicką of Fredrów, imprisoned nobleman Jaczewskiego, captured the marketplace Przemysl and with the help of Adam Żydowskiego, killed Marcina Sadowskiego.[2] In 1609 he attacked and killed the chorąży of Rudnitsky with his 16 servants, taking their property.[8][2]

Marriage and Children

Konstantyn Franciszek Korniakt married Elżbieta Ossolińska (d. 1646), the daughter of Jan Zbigniew Ossoliński - the voivode of Sandomierz.[4] Konstantyn and Elżbieta had the following children:

Death and afterward

In June of 1624 the Tatars invaded the Przemysl region. As they destroyed the villages they established themselves in a ravine that would someday be called Wolica.[13][14] Konstantyn Korniakt of Białoboki died from wounds during this invasion as a defender of the Polish lands. He was buried in the Dominican church in Przemyśl.[4] Although the Tatars captured most of the local population as jasyr, they were later intercepted and dealt a crushing defeat at the Battle of Martynów.[14]

When he died Konstanty Korniakt of Białobok left the majority of his estates in the Przemyśl region to his daughter Anna and son-in-law Mikołaj Ossoliński. This included 29 villages and one city including the key of Rybotycze, the castle near Przemyśl, and the properties of Husaków and Miźnice. Rybotycze became the main residence from which Mikołaj made trips to the surrounding area and maintained a regular army there, recruited from the surrounding villages.[11]

Konstanty's eldest son, Karol Franciszek Korniakt owned 11 villages in the Przemyśl region with his base at Białoboki. In the summer of 1630 Karol enrolled at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków and traveled extensively (Germany, Italy, France, Spain, England, Belgium, Holland).[4][11] He studied military affairs and languages, notably at the University of Graz in Austria, and at University of Padua in Italy (1639). Karol participated in the Polish campaigns and battles and fought in many wars. He financed companies during the Khmelnytsky Uprising (1648-1657). He commanded his own company at the Siege of Zbarazh in 1649, and the Battle of Berestechko in 1651.[4][1]

Bibliography

  • Michał Proksa: Studia nad zamkami i dworami ziemi przemyskiej od połowy XIV do początków XVIII wieku, Przemyśl 2001 (s. 468)
  • Władysław Łoziński: Prawem i Lewem, tom I i II, Iskry, Warszawa 2005, ISBN 83-207-1769-8
  • Franciszek Młynek i Józef Benbenek: Przeworsk i Okolice, Warszawa 1960
  • Zygmunt Gloger: Encyklopedia Staropolska, 1989, ISBN 83-214-0411-1

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Deluga, Waldemar (2013). Economy and Society in Central and Eastern Europe, Conference Proceedings, Greek Patronage of the Arts in Lviv in the 16th and 17th Centuries. Alba Iulia, Romania. p. 293. ISBN 978-3-643-90445-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Łoziński, Władysław (1904). Prawem i lewem : obyczaje na Czerwonej Rusi w pierwszej połowie XVII.wieku. T. 2, Wojny prywatne (Right and left: customs in Red Ruthenia in the first half of the 17th century. T. 2, Private wars) (in Polish). Lviv: H. Altenberg. pp. 13, 33, 65, 242, 282–292, 343–359, 381, 488, 495–503.
  3. ↑ Szymański, Józef (2001). Herbarz rycerstwa polskiego z XVI wieku (Arms of Polish knights from the 16th century). Warsaw. p. 141. ISBN 83-7181-217-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Urban, Wacław (1968). Korniakt Konstanty h. Crucini // Polski Słownik Biograficzny (Polish Biographical Dictionary). Vol. 11. Warszawa: Polish Academy of Sciences. p. 82.
  5. ↑ Nesetský, Casper (1738). Korona polska przy złotej wolności starożytnemi rycerstwa polskiego i Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego klejnotami ozdobiona (The Polish crown adorned with golden freedom of ancient knights of the Polish and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania) (in Polish). Vol. 2. p. 614.
  6. 1 2 3 Bulzacki, Krzysztof. "Rody Lwowskie - część I. (Lviv families - part I.)". Historia Lwowa (in Polish).
  7. 1 2 Lylo, Ihor (2002). Narysy z istoriji hreckoji hromady Lwowa XVI-XVII stolit (Outline of the history of Hromada in Lviv) (in Ukrainian). Lviv: Wydawnyctwo Lwiwskoji polityechniky. p. 114.
  8. 1 2 3 Proska, Michal (2001). Studia nad zamkami i dworami Ziemi Przemyskiej : od połowy XIV do początków XVIII wieku (Studies on castles and manors of the Przemyśl region: from the mid-fourteenth to the early eighteenth century) (in Polish). Przemyśl: State Archives in Przemyśl: Przemyśl : AP.
  9. ↑ Kisiel, Leszek; Kurasz, Leszek; Wiśniewski, Marek (2006). Guide to Przeworsk and its vicinity (PDF). Przeworsk: Euroregional Tourist Information Center in Przeworsk. p. 16.
  10. ↑ Davies, Norman (2005). God's Playground. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 269, 270. ISBN 9780199253395.
  11. 1 2 3 Herbarz Polski Imionospis zasłużonych w Polsce ludzi wszystkich stanów i czasów (Armorial of Poland Name list of distinguished people of all states and times in Poland) (PDF) (in Polish). Kornela Pillera. 1859. pp. 46, 47.
  12. ↑ Siarczyński, Franciszek (1828). Obraz wieku panowania Zygmunta III. króla polskiego i szwedzkiego (Image of the reign of Sigismund III. Polish and Swedish king) (in Polish). Jozef Schnayder, Printer of Cz. p. 235.
  13. ↑ Gliwa, Andrzej (2005). Najazd tatarski na ziemię przemyską w 1624 r. (Tatar invasion of Przemyśl in 1624) (in Polish).
  14. 1 2 Bogdan, Zając (1962). Chronologia i Zasięg Najazdów Tatarskich Na Ziemie Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w Latach 1600 – 1647 (Chronology and range of Tartar invasions on the lands of the Republic of Poland in the years 1600 - 1647). Warsaw: Ministerstwa Obrony NarodowejWarszawa.
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