Kobe
神戸市
Designated city
Kobe City
Port of Kobe
Old Kobe Residency 15th Hall (The Former American Consulate in Kobe)
Hyogo Prefectural Museum of Art
Nankin-machi
Ikuta Shrine
The Former Thomas House
From top left: Kobe Port Tower and Kobe Maritime Museum of the Meriken Park, Old Kobe Residency 15th Hall (The Former American Consulate in Kobe) of Kobe foreign settlement, Hyogo Prefectural Museum of Art, the Chinatown of Nankin-machi, Ikuta Shrine and a view from The Former Thomas House of Kitano-cho
Flag of Kobe
Flag
Official seal of Kobe
Seal
Interactive map outlining Kobe
  Location of Kobe in Hyōgo Prefecture
Kobe is located in Japan
Kobe
Kobe
Coordinates: 34°41′24″N 135°11′44″E / 34.69000°N 135.19556°E / 34.69000; 135.19556
CountryJapan
RegionKansai
PrefectureHyōgo Prefecture
First official record201 AD
City StatusApril 1, 1889
Government
 • MayorKizō Hisamoto
Area
 • Designated city557.02 km2 (215.07 sq mi)
Population
 (June 1, 2021)
 • Designated city1,522,188 (7th)
 • Metro
[1] (2015)
2,419,973 (6th)
Time zoneUTC+9 (Japan Standard Time)
Phone number078-331-8181
Address6-5-1 Kano-chō, Chūō-ku, Kōbe-shi, Hyōgo-ken
650-8570
ClimateCfa
WebsiteCity of Kobe
Symbols
FlowerHydrangea
TreeCamellia sasanqua
Kobe
"Kobe" in new-style (shinjitai) kanji
Japanese name
Hiraganaこうべ
Kyūjitai神戶
Shinjitai神戸

Kobe (/ˈkoʊbeɪ/ KOH-bay, [koꜜːbe] ⓘ; officially 神戸市, Kōbe-shi) is the capital city of Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. With a population around 1.5 million, Kobe is Japan's seventh-largest city and the third-largest port city after Tokyo and Yokohama. It is located in the Kansai region, which makes up the southern side of the main island of Honshū, on the north shore of Osaka Bay. It is part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kyoto.[2] The Kobe city centre is located about 35 km (22 mi) west of Osaka and 70 km (43 mi) southwest of Kyoto.

The earliest written records regarding the region come from the Nihon Shoki, which describes the founding of the Ikuta Shrine by Empress Jingū in AD 201.[3][4] For most of its history, the area was never a single political entity, even during the Tokugawa period, when the port was controlled directly by the Tokugawa shogunate. Kobe did not exist in its current form until its founding in 1889. Its name comes from Kanbe (神戸, an archaic title for supporters of the city's Ikuta Shrine).[5][6] Kobe became one of Japan's designated cities in 1956.

Kobe was one of the cities to open for trade with the West following the 1853 end of the policy of seclusion and has retained its cosmopolitan character ever since with a rich architectural heritage dating back to the Meiji era. While the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake diminished some of Kobe's prominence as a port city, it remains Japan's fourth-busiest container port.[7] Companies headquartered in Kobe include ASICS, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, and Kobe Steel, while over 100 international corporations have their Asian or Japanese headquarters in the city, including Eli Lilly and Company, Procter & Gamble, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Nestlé.[8][9] The city is the point of origin and namesake of Kobe beef, the home of Kobe University, and the site of one of Japan's most famous hot spring resorts, Arima Onsen.

History

Origins

Tools found in western Kobe demonstrate the area was populated at least from the Jōmon period.[10]

The natural geography of the area, particularly of Wada Cape in Hyōgo-ku, led to the development of a port, which would remain the economic center of the city.[11] Some of the earliest written documents mentioning the region include the Nihon Shoki, which describes the founding of the Ikuta Shrine by Empress Jingū in AD 201.[3]

Nara and Heian periods

During the Nara and Heian periods, the port was known by the name Ōwada Anchorage (Ōwada-no-tomari) and was one of the ports from which imperial embassies to China were dispatched.[4][10] The city was briefly the capital of Japan in 1180, when Taira no Kiyomori moved his grandson Emperor Antoku to Fukuhara-kyō in present-day Hyōgo-ku.[10] The Emperor returned to Kyoto after about five months.[4] Shortly thereafter in 1184, the Taira fortress in Hyōgo-ku and the nearby Ikuta Shrine became the sites of the Genpei War battle of Ichi-no-Tani between the Taira and Minamoto clans. The Minamoto prevailed, pushing the Taira further.

Kamakura period

As the port grew during the Kamakura period, it became an important hub for trade with China and other countries. In the 13th century, the city came to be known by the name Hyōgo Port (兵庫津, Hyōgo-tsu).[11] During this time, Hyōgo Port, along with northern Osaka, composed the province of Settsu (most of today's Kobe belonged to Settsu except Nishi Ward and Tarumi Ward, which belonged to Harima).

Edo period

Later, during the Edo period, the eastern parts of present-day Kobe came under the jurisdiction of the Amagasaki Domain and the western parts under that of the Akashi Domain, while the center was controlled directly by the Tokugawa shogunate.[12][13] It was not until the abolition of the han system in 1871 and the establishment of the current prefecture system that the area became politically distinct.

Meiji period

Hyōgo Port was opened to foreign trade by the Shogunal government at the same time as Osaka on January 1, 1868, just before the advent of the Boshin War and the Meiji Restoration.[14] At the time of the opening of the city for foreign trade, the area saw intense fighting resulting from the civil war in progress. Shortly after the opening of Kobe to trade, the Kobe Incident occurred, where several western soldiers sustained wounds from gunfire by troops from Bizen. The region has since been identified with the West and many foreign residences from the period remain in Kobe's Kitano area.

Modern era

Kobe, as it is known today, was founded on April 1, 1889, and was designated on September 1, 1956 by government ordinance. The history of the city is closely tied to that of the Ikuta Shrine, and the name "Kobe" derives from kamube (神戸, later kanbe), an archaic name for those who supported the shrine.[5][6]

During World War II, Kobe was lightly bombed in the Doolittle Raid on April 18, 1942, along with Tokyo and a few other cities. Eventually, it was bombed again with incendiary bombs by B-29 Superfortress bombers on March 16 and 17, 1945, causing the death of 8,841 residents and the destruction of 21% of Kobe's urban area. This incident inspired the well-known Studio Ghibli film Grave of the Fireflies and the book by Akiyuki Nosaka on which the film was based. It also features in the motion picture A Boy Called H.

Following continuous pressure from citizens, on March 18, 1975, the Kobe City Council passed an ordinance banning vessels carrying nuclear weapons from Kobe Port. This effectively prevented any U.S. warships from entering the port, policy being not to disclose whether any warship is carrying nuclear weapons. This nonproliferation policy has been termed the "Kobe formula".[16][17]

On January 17, 1995, a magnitude 6.9 earthquake occurred at 5:46 am JST near the city. About 6,434 people in the city were killed, 212,443 were made homeless, and large parts of the port facilities and other parts of the city were destroyed.[18][19] The earthquake destroyed portions of the Hanshin Expressway, an elevated freeway that dramatically toppled over. In Japan, this earthquake is known as the Great Hanshin earthquake (or the Hanshin-Awaji earthquake). To commemorate Kobe's recovery from it, the city holds an event every December called the Luminarie, where the city center is decorated with illuminated metal archways.

The Port of Kobe was Japan's busiest port and one of Asia's top ports until the Great Hanshin earthquake.[20] Kobe has since dropped to fourth in Japan and 49th-busiest container port worldwide (as of 2012).

Geography

View of Kobe from an airplane

Wedged between the coast and the mountains, the city of Kobe is long and narrow. To the east is the city of Ashiya, while the city of Akashi lies to its west. Other adjacent cities include Takarazuka and Nishinomiya to the east and Sanda and Miki to the north.

The landmark of the port area is the red steel Port Tower. A ferris wheel sits in nearby Harborland, a notable tourist promenade. Two artificial islands, Port Island and Rokkō Island, have been constructed to give the city room to expand.

Away from the seaside at the heart of Kobe lie the Motomachi and Sannomiya districts, as well as Kobe's Chinatown, Nankin-machi, all well-known retail areas. A multitude of train lines cross the city from east to west. The main transport hub is Sannomiya Station, with the eponymous Kobe Station located to the west and the Shinkansen Shin-Kobe Station to the north.

Mount Rokkō overlooks Kobe at an elevation of 931 m (3,054 ft). During autumn, it is famous for the rich change in colors of its forests.

A panorama of Kobe, its harbor, and Port Island from Kobe Port Tower

Wards

Kobe has nine wards (ku):

  1. Nishi-ku: The westernmost area of Kobe, Nishi-ku overlooks the city of Akashi and is the site of Kobe Gakuin University. This ward has the largest population, with 247,000 residents.[21]
  2. Kita-ku: Kita-ku is the largest ward by area and contains the Rokko Mountain Range, including Mount Rokkō and Mount Maya. The area is well known for its rugged landscape and hiking trails. The onsen resort town of Arima also lies within Kita-ku.
  3. Tarumi-ku: Tarumi-ku is a mostly residential area. The longest suspension bridge in the world, the Akashi Kaikyō Bridge, extends from Maiko in Tarumi-ku to Awaji Island to the south. A relatively new addition to Kobe, Tarumi-ku was not a part of the city until 1946.
  4. Suma-ku: Suma-ku is the site of Suma beach, attracting visitors during the summer months.
  5. Nagata-ku: Nagata-ku is the site of Nagata Shrine, one of the three "Great Shrines" in Kobe.
  6. Hyōgo-ku: At various times known as Ōwada Anchorage or Hyōgo Port, this area is the historical heart of the city. Shinkaichi in Hyogo-ku was once the commercial center of Kobe, but was heavily damaged during World War II, and since, Hyogo-ku has lost much of its former prominence.
  7. Chūō-ku: Chūō (中央) literally means "central" and, as such, Chūō-ku is the commercial and entertainment center of Kobe. Sannomiya, Motomachi and Harborland make up the main entertainment areas in Kobe. Chūō-ku includes the city hall and Hyōgo prefectural government offices. Port Island and Kobe Airport lie in the southern part of this ward.
  8. Nada-ku: The site of Oji Zoo and Kobe University, Nada is known for its sake. Along with Fushimi in Kyoto, it accounts for 45% of Japan's sake production.[22]
  9. Higashinada-ku: The easternmost area of Kobe, Higashinada-ku borders the city of Ashiya. The man-made island of Rokko makes up the southern part of this ward.
Wards of Kobe
Place Name Map of Kobe
Rōmaji Kanji Population Land area in km2 Pop. density

per km2
1 Nishi-ku 西区 240,386 138.01 1,742
A map of Kobe's Wards
2 Kita-ku 北区 212,211 240.29 883
3 Tarumi-ku 垂水区 216,337 28.11 7,696
4 Suma-ku 須磨区 158,196 28.93 5,468
5 Nagata-ku 長田区 95,155 11.36 8,376
6 Hyōgo-ku 兵庫区 107,307 14.68 7,310
7 Chūō-ku 中央区 142,232 28.97 4,910
8 Nada-ku 灘区 136,865 32.66 4,191
9 Higashinada-ku 東灘区 214,255 34.02 6,298

Cityscape

Climate

Kobe has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with hot summers and cool to cold winters. Precipitation is significantly higher in summer than in winter, though on the whole lower than most parts of Honshū, and there is no significant snowfall. The average annual temperature in Kobe is 17.0 °C (62.6 °F). The average annual rainfall is 1,277.8 mm (50.31 in) with July as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 28.6 °C (83.5 °F), and lowest in January, at around 6.2 °C (43.2 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in Kobe was 38.8 °C (101.8 °F) on August 5, 1994; the coldest temperature ever recorded was −7.2 °C (19.0 °F) on February 27, 1981.


Climate data for Kobe (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1896−present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 19.2
(66.6)		 20.8
(69.4)		 23.7
(74.7)		 28.5
(83.3)		 31.9
(89.4)		 36.3
(97.3)		 37.7
(99.9)		 38.8
(101.8)		 35.8
(96.4)		 31.9
(89.4)		 26.2
(79.2)		 23.7
(74.7)		 38.8
(101.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 9.4
(48.9)		 10.1
(50.2)		 13.5
(56.3)		 18.9
(66.0)		 23.6
(74.5)		 26.7
(80.1)		 30.4
(86.7)		 32.2
(90.0)		 28.8
(83.8)		 23.2
(73.8)		 17.5
(63.5)		 12.0
(53.6)		 20.5
(68.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 6.2
(43.2)		 6.5
(43.7)		 9.8
(49.6)		 15.0
(59.0)		 19.8
(67.6)		 23.4
(74.1)		 27.1
(80.8)		 28.6
(83.5)		 25.4
(77.7)		 19.8
(67.6)		 14.2
(57.6)		 8.8
(47.8)		 17.0
(62.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 3.1
(37.6)		 3.4
(38.1)		 6.3
(43.3)		 11.4
(52.5)		 16.5
(61.7)		 20.6
(69.1)		 24.7
(76.5)		 26.1
(79.0)		 22.6
(72.7)		 16.7
(62.1)		 10.9
(51.6)		 5.7
(42.3)		 14.0
(57.2)
Record low °C (°F) −6.4
(20.5)		 −7.2
(19.0)		 −5.0
(23.0)		 −0.6
(30.9)		 3.9
(39.0)		 10.0
(50.0)		 14.5
(58.1)		 16.1
(61.0)		 10.5
(50.9)		 5.3
(41.5)		 −0.2
(31.6)		 −4.3
(24.3)		 −7.2
(19.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 38.4
(1.51)		 55.6
(2.19)		 94.2
(3.71)		 100.6
(3.96)		 134.7
(5.30)		 176.7
(6.96)		 187.9
(7.40)		 103.4
(4.07)		 157.2
(6.19)		 118.0
(4.65)		 62.4
(2.46)		 48.7
(1.92)		 1,277.8
(50.31)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 1
(0.4)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.5 mm) 6.0 7.1 10.0 10.1 10.4 12.1 10.9 7.4 10.3 8.8 6.4 6.8 106.2
Average relative humidity (%) 62 61 61 61 64 72 74 71 67 64 63 62 65
Mean monthly sunshine hours 145.8 142.4 175.8 194.8 202.6 164.0 189.4 229.6 163.9 169.8 152.2 153.2 2,083.7
Source: Japan Meteorological Agency[23]
Climate data for Kobe Airport (2006−2020 normals, extremes 2006−present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 17.2
(63.0)		 19.5
(67.1)		 21.3
(70.3)		 23.9
(75.0)		 30.2
(86.4)		 34.5
(94.1)		 36.2
(97.2)		 36.8
(98.2)		 35.2
(95.4)		 31.5
(88.7)		 24.3
(75.7)		 21.9
(71.4)		 36.8
(98.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 9.3
(48.7)		 9.7
(49.5)		 12.8
(55.0)		 17.3
(63.1)		 22.2
(72.0)		 25.2
(77.4)		 28.6
(83.5)		 31.1
(88.0)		 28.1
(82.6)		 23.0
(73.4)		 17.3
(63.1)		 11.9
(53.4)		 19.7
(67.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 5.9
(42.6)		 6.3
(43.3)		 9.2
(48.6)		 13.7
(56.7)		 18.5
(65.3)		 22.2
(72.0)		 25.9
(78.6)		 27.9
(82.2)		 24.9
(76.8)		 19.7
(67.5)		 14.0
(57.2)		 8.5
(47.3)		 16.4
(61.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.4
(36.3)		 2.6
(36.7)		 5.3
(41.5)		 9.9
(49.8)		 15.1
(59.2)		 19.8
(67.6)		 23.9
(75.0)		 25.6
(78.1)		 22.1
(71.8)		 16.7
(62.1)		 10.7
(51.3)		 5.1
(41.2)		 13.2
(55.8)
Record low °C (°F) −3.6
(25.5)		 −3.4
(25.9)		 −1.5
(29.3)		 1.9
(35.4)		 7.0
(44.6)		 14.2
(57.6)		 19.4
(66.9)		 20.5
(68.9)		 14.7
(58.5)		 8.5
(47.3)		 2.7
(36.9)		 −1.4
(29.5)		 −3.6
(25.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 33.3
(1.31)		 54.3
(2.14)		 83.2
(3.28)		 83.7
(3.30)		 117.6
(4.63)		 164.5
(6.48)		 186.9
(7.36)		 84.7
(3.33)		 135.1
(5.32)		 106.1
(4.18)		 52.8
(2.08)		 49.3
(1.94)		 1,148.4
(45.21)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 4.6 6.6 8.3 8.8 8.6 9.8 10.2 6.0 8.8 7.9 5.7 5.8 91.1
Source: Japan Meteorological Agency[24][25]

Demographics

Foreigners in Kobe[26]
NationalityPopulation (2018)
 South Korea17,175
 Mainland China13,205
 Vietnam5,955
 Taiwan1,309
Others8,974
Historical population
YearPop.±%
187018,650—    
188048,786+161.6%
1890142,965+193.0%
1900283,839+98.5%
1910398,905+40.5%
1920746,500+87.1%
1925818,619+9.7%
1930915,234+11.8%
19351,058,053+15.6%
19401,134,458+7.2%
1945694,000−38.8%
1950821,062+18.3%
1955986,344+20.1%
19601,113,977+12.9%
19651,216,682+9.2%
19701,288,930+5.9%
19751,360,605+5.6%
19801,367,390+0.5%
19851,410,734+3.2%
19901,477,410+4.7%
19951,423,792−3.6%
20001,493,398+4.9%
20051,525,393+2.1%
20101,544,873+1.3%
20151,537,272−0.5%
20201,521,241−1.0%
The Kobe Metropolitan Employment Area

As of September 2007, Kobe had an estimated population of 1,530,295 making up 658,876 households. This was an increase of 1,347 persons or approximately 0.1% over the previous year. The population density was approximately 2,768 persons per square kilometre, while there are about 90.2 males to every 100 females.[27] About thirteen percent of the population are between the ages of 0 and 14, sixty-seven percent are between 15 and 64, and twenty percent are over the age of 65.[28]

Approximately 44,000 registered foreign nationals live in Kobe. The four most common nationalities are Korean (22,237), Chinese (12,516), Vietnamese (1,301), and American (1,280).[28]

Economy

Kobe is the busiest port in the Kansai region.

The Port of Kobe is both an important port and manufacturing center within the Hanshin Industrial Region. Kobe is the busiest container port in the region, surpassing even Osaka, and the fourth-busiest in Japan.[29]

As of 2004, the city's total real GDP was ¥6.3 trillion, which amounts to thirty-four percent of the GDP for Hyōgo Prefecture and approximately eight percent for the whole Kansai region.[30][31] Per capita income for the year was approximately ¥2.7 million.[30] Broken down by sector, about one percent of those employed work in the primary sector (agriculture, fishing and mining), twenty-one percent work in the secondary sector (manufacturing and industry), and seventy-eight percent work in the service sector.[28]

The value of manufactured goods produced and exported from Kobe for 2004 was ¥2.5 trillion. The four largest sectors in terms of value of goods produced are small appliances, food products, transportation equipment, and communication equipment making up over fifty percent of Kobe's manufactured goods. In terms of numbers of employees, food products, small appliances, and transportation equipment make up the three largest sectors.[32]

The GDP in Kobe Metropolitan Employment Area (2.4 million people) is US$96.0 billion in 2010.[33][34]

Major companies and institutes

Japanese companies which have their headquarters in Kobe include ASICS, a shoe manufacturer; Daiei, a department store chain; Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Kawasaki Shipbuilding Co., Kinki Sharyo, Mitsubishi Motors, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (ship manufacturer), Mitsubishi Electric, Kobe Steel, Sumitomo Rubber Industries,[35] Sysmex Corporation (medical devices manufacturer)[36] and TOA Corporation. Other companies include the confectionery manufacturers Konigs-Krone and Morozoff Ltd., Sun Television Japan and UCC Ueshima Coffee Co.

There are over 100 international corporations that have their East Asian or Japanese headquarters in Kobe. Of these, twenty-four are from China, eighteen from the United States, and nine from Switzerland.[8] Some prominent corporations include Eli Lilly and Company, Nestlé, Procter & Gamble,[37] Tempur-Pedic, Boehringer-Ingelheim, and Toys "R" Us. In 2018, April, Swift Engineering USA, an American aerospace engineering firm established their joint venture in Kobe called Swift Xi Inc.

Kobe is the site of a number of research institutes, such as the RIKEN Kobe Institute Center for developmental biology and medical imaging techniques,[38] and Advanced Institute for Computational Science (AICS, home of the K supercomputer), the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) Advanced ICT Research Institute,[39][40] the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention,[41] and the Asian Disaster Reduction Center.[42]

International organizations include the WHO Centre for Health Development, an intergovernmental agency forming part of the World Health Organization. The Consulate-General of Panama in Kobe is located on the eighth floor of the Moriyama Building in Chūō-ku, Kobe.[43]

Transportation

Kobe Airport
Shin-Kobe Station
Kobe Municipal Subway
The Akashi Kaikyō Bridge extends from Kobe to Awaji Island.

Airways

Airport

Itami Airport, in nearby Itami, serves mainly domestic flights throughout Japan, Kobe Airport, built on a reclaimed island south of Port Island, also offers mainly domestic flights, while Kansai International Airport in Osaka mainly serves international flights in the area.

Railways

High-speed rail

JR west

Rapid Railway

Sannomiya Station is the main commuter hub in Kobe, serving as the transfer point for the three major intercity rail lines (see external map). The JR Kobe Line connects Kobe to Osaka and Himeji while both the Hankyū Kobe Line and the Hanshin Main Line run from Kobe to Umeda Station in Osaka.

Sanyō Electric Railway trains from Himeji reach Sannomiya via the Kobe Rapid Railway.

Subway

In addition, Kobe Municipal Subway provides access to the Sanyō Shinkansen at Shin-Kobe Station.

Other rail lines

Other rail lines in Kobe include Kōbe Electric Railway which runs north to Sanda and Arima Onsen. Hokushin Kyūkō Railway connects Shin-Kobe Station to Tanigami Station on the Kobe Electric Railway. Kobe New Transit runs two lines, the Port Island Line from Sannomiya to Kobe Airport and the Rokko Island Line from JR Sumiyoshi Station to Rokko Island.

Ropeway

Over Mount Rokkō, the city has two funicular lines and three aerial lifts as well, namely Maya Cablecar, Rokkō Cable Line, Rokkō Arima Ropeway, Maya Ropeway, and Shin-Kobe Ropeway.

Road

Kobe is a transportation hub for a number of expressways, including the Meishin Expressway (Nagoya – Kobe) and the Hanshin Expressway (Osaka – Kobe).[44] Other expressways include the Sanyō Expressway (Kobe – Yamaguchi) and the Chūgoku Expressway (Osaka – Yamaguchi). The Kobe-Awaji-Naruto Expressway runs from Kobe to Naruto via Awaji Island and includes the Akashi Kaikyō Bridge, the longest suspension bridge in the world.

Port

Sub Area Activity Hanshin is one of the Japan Maritime-Self Defense Force facility which provide monitoring across Osaka Bay and Harima-nada Sea.

Education

Kobe University main building

The city of Kobe directly administers 169 elementary and 81 middle schools, with enrollments of approximately 80,200 and 36,000 students, respectively.[45] If the city's four private elementary schools and fourteen private middle schools are included, these figures jump to a total 82,000 elementary school students and 42,300 junior high students enrolled for the 2006 school year.[28][46][47]

Kobe also directly controls six of the city's twenty-five full-time public high schools including Fukiai High School and Rokkō Island High School. The remainder are administered by the Hyogo Prefectural Board of Education.[45][48] In addition, twenty-five high schools are run privately within the city.[49] The total enrollment for high schools in 2006 was 43,400.[28]

Kobe is home to eighteen public and private universities, including Kobe University, Kobe Institute of Computing and Konan University, and eight junior colleges. Students enrolled for 2006 reached 67,000 and 4,100, respectively.[28] Kobe is also home to 17 Japanese language schools for international students, including the international training group Lexis Japan.

International schools serve both long-term foreign residents and expatriates living in Kobe and the Kansai region. The schools offer instruction in English, German, Chinese, and Korean. There are three English-language international schools: Canadian Academy, Marist Brothers International School, and St. Michael's International School.

Culture

Weathercock House, one of the many foreign residences of the Kitano area of Kobe

Kobe is most famous for its Kobe beef (which is raised in the surrounding Hyōgo Prefecture) and Arima Onsen (hot springs). Notable buildings include the Ikuta Shrine as well as the Kobe Port Tower. Nearby mountains such as Mount Rokkō and Mount Maya overlook the city.

The city is widely associated with cosmopolitanism and fashion, encapsulated in the Japanese saying, "If you can't go to Paris, go to Kobe."[50] The biannual fashion event Kobe Fashion Week, featuring the Kobe Collection, is held in Kobe.[51] The jazz festival "Kobe Jazz Street" has been held every October at jazz clubs and hotels since 1981.[52] It also hosts both a Festival, as well as a statue of Elvis Presley, the unveiling of which was heralded by the presence of former Prime Minister of Japan Junichiro Koizumi. Kobe is well-known in Japan as being a city for the affluent, as many high-end stores and mansions line its streets.

Kobe is the site of Japan's first golf course, Kobe Golf Club, established by Arthur Hesketh Groom in 1903,[53] and Japan's first mosque, Kobe Mosque, built in 1935.[54] The city hosts the Kobe Regatta & Athletic Club, founded in 1870 by Alexander Cameron Sim,[55] and a prominent foreign cemetery. A number of Western-style residences – ijinkan (異人館) – from the 19th century still stand in Kitano and elsewhere in Kobe. Museums include the Kobe City Museum and Museum of Literature.

The city headquarters the professional wrestling promotion Dragongate, established in 2004 as an offshoot of Último Dragón's original Toryumon system.[56]

The dialect spoken in Kobe is called Kobe-ben, a sub-dialect of Kansai dialect.

Sports

Club Sport League Venue Established
Orix Buffaloes Baseball Pacific League Kobe Sports Park Baseball Stadium
Osaka Dome		 1938
Vissel Kobe Football J. League Noevir Stadium Kobe
Kobe Universiade Memorial Stadium		 1995
INAC Kobe Leonessa Football L. League Noevir Stadium Kobe
Kobe Universiade Memorial Stadium		 2001
Deução Kobe Futsal F. League World Hall 1993
Kobelco Steelers Rugby Top League Noevir Stadium Kobe
Kobe Universiade Memorial Stadium		 1928
Hisamitsu Springs Volleyball V.Premier League 1948

Kobe hosted the 1985 Summer Universiade,the 1991 Men's Asian Basketball Championship, which was the qualifier for the 1992 Summer Olympics Basketball Tournament. Kobe was one of the host cities of the 2002 FIFA World Cup, hosting matches at Noevir Stadium Kobe (then known as Wing Stadium Kobe), which was renovated to increase its capacity to 40,000 for the event. Kobe was one of the host cities for the official 2006 Women's Volleyball World Championship.

Kobe also hosted the World Darts Federation World Cup in October 2017. The event was held in the Exhibition Hall in Port Island with over 50 countries competing.

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

Kobe's sister cities are:[57]

Friendship and cooperation cities

Kobe also cooperates with:[57]

A memorandum of understanding on the possible establishment of sister city relations in the future was concluded in 2019 with Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.[59]

Sister ports

Kobe's sister ports are:[57]

References

  1. ↑ "UEA Code Tables". Center for Spatial Information Science, University of Tokyo. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
  2. ↑ Gabriele Zanatta (April 13, 2016). "Kobe". la Repubblica (in Italian). p. 48.
  3. 1 2 Ikuta Shrine official website Archived April 4, 2008, at the Wayback Machine – "History of Ikuta Shrine" (Japanese)
  4. 1 2 3 Kobe City Info Archived June 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine – "History". Retrieved February 2, 2007.
  5. 1 2 Nagasaki University Archived May 16, 2007, at the Wayback Machine – "Ikuta Shrine". Retrieved February 3, 2007.
  6. 1 2 Entry for 「神戸（かんべ）」. Kōjien, fifth edition, 1998, ISBN 4-00-080111-2
  7. ↑ American Association of Port Authorities Archived December 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine – "World Port Rankings 2006". Retrieved April 15, 2008.
  8. 1 2 "Number of foreign corporations with headquarters in Kobe passes 100." (Japanese) in Nikkei Net, retrieved from NIKKEI.net Archived July 6, 2007, at the Wayback Machine on July 3, 2007.
  9. ↑ Hyogo-Kobe Investment Guide Archived December 8, 2006, at the Wayback Machine – "List of Foreign Enterprises and Examples". Retrieved February 8, 2007.
  10. 1 2 3 City of Kobe Archived September 18, 2007, at the Wayback Machine – "Kobe's History" (Japanese). Retrieved October 22, 2007.
  11. 1 2 Hyogo International Tourism Guide Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine – "Hyogo-tsu". Retrieved February 2, 2007.
  12. ↑ City of Kobe Archived April 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine – "Old Kobe" (Japanese). Retrieved February 16, 2007.
  13. ↑ City of Ashiya Archived June 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine – "An Outline History of Ashiya". Retrieved February 16, 2007.
  14. ↑ John Whitney Hall; Marius B. Jansen (1988). The Cambridge History of Japan. Cambridge University Press. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-521-22356-0.
  15. ↑ From the NYPL Digital Library
  16. ↑ Kobe City Council – "Resolution on the Rejection of the Visit of Nuclear-Armed Warships into Kobe Port", March 18, 1975. Retrieved February 16, 2007.
  17. ↑ Kamimura, Naoki. "Japanese Civil Society and U.S.-Japan Security Relations in the 1990s". retrieved from International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War Archived May 16, 2006, at the Wayback Machine on February 2, 2007
  18. ↑ The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Statistics and Restoration Progress (Jan. 2008). Retrieved April 14, 2008.
  19. ↑ Great Hanshin Earthquake Restoration Archived October 14, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
  20. ↑ Maruhon Business News – Port Conditions in Japan. Retrieved January 23, 2007.
  21. ↑ City of Kobe Archived October 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, "Population by Ward" (Japanese). Retrieved July 25, 2007.
  22. ↑ Kansai Window Archived June 19, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, "Japan's number one sake production". Retrieved February 6, 2007.
  23. ↑ 気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値）. Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
  24. ↑ 観測史上1～10位の値（年間を通じての値）. JMA. Retrieved February 26, 2022.
  25. ↑ 気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値）. JMA. Retrieved February 26, 2022.
  26. ↑ 神戸市統計資料 (PDF) (in Japanese). Kobe Government. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 14, 2018. Retrieved January 9, 2020. 6. 外国人数
  27. ↑ City of Kobe Archived December 25, 2008, at the Wayback Machine – "Estimated Population of Kobe". Retrieved October 2, 2007.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 City of Kobe Archived August 8, 2007, at the Wayback Machine – "Statistical Summary of Kobe". Retrieved July 25, 2007.
  29. ↑ American Association of Port Authorities Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine – "World Port Rankings 2005". Retrieved July 3, 2007.
  30. 1 2 Hyogo Industrial Advancement Center Archived July 4, 2007, at the Wayback Machine – "Industry Tendencies in Various Areas of Hyogo Prefecture" (Japanese). Retrieved July 3, 2007.
  31. ↑ Cabinet Office, Government of Japan Archived July 16, 2007, at the Wayback Machine – "2004 Prefectural Economy Survey" (Japanese). Retrieved July 3, 2007.
  32. ↑ Kobe City Report on Census of Manufacturers, 2004 Archived May 28, 2008, at the Wayback Machine (Japanese). Retrieved March 30, 2007.
  33. ↑ Yoshitsugu Kanemoto. "Metropolitan Employment Area (MEA) Data". Center for Spatial Information Science, The University of Tokyo.
  34. ↑ Conversion rates – Exchange rates – OECD Data
  35. ↑ "Company Outline." Sumitomo Rubber Industries. Retrieved on January 24, 2015.
  36. ↑ "Corporate Profile Archived 2015-01-19 at the Wayback Machine." Sysmex Corporation. Retrieved on January 21, 2015.
  37. ↑ "P&G Locations." Procter & Gamble. Retrieved November 14, 2008.
  38. ↑ RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology RIKEN Kobe Institute Archived April 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 26, 2007.
  39. ↑ National Institute of Information and Communications Technology Kobe Advanced ICT Research Center Archived July 2, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 26, 2007.
  40. ↑ "History of Advanced ICT Research Institute". National Institute of Information and Communications Technology. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
  41. ↑ National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
  42. ↑ Asian Disaster Reduction Center Archived July 2, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
  43. ↑ "List of Consulates in Kansai Area Archived 2008-09-23 at the Wayback Machine." Creation Core Higashi Osaka. Retrieved on January 15, 2009.
  44. ↑ Hyogo-Kobe Investment Guide Archived June 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine – "Domestic Access". Retrieved February 15, 2007.
  45. 1 2 City of Kobe Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine – "Number of municipal schools and students" (Japanese). Retrieved July 2, 2007.
  46. ↑ Hyogo Prefectural Government – "Private elementary schools" (Japanese). Retrieved July 2, 2007.
  47. ↑ Hyogo Prefectural Government – "Private middle schools" (Japanese). Retrieved July 2, 2007.
  48. ↑ City of Kobe – "Municipal high school" (Japanese). Retrieved March 2, 2016.
  49. ↑ Hyogo Prefectural Government – "Private high schools" (Japanese). Retrieved July 2, 2007.
  50. ↑ Hassan, Sally. (April 9, 1989). "Where Japan Opened a Door To the West". The New York Times, retrieved from New York Times website on February 7, 2007.
  51. ↑ Kobe Collection Official Website (Japanese). Retrieved February 27, 2007.
  52. ↑ Kobe Jazz Street Archived February 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 12, 2007.
  53. ↑ Golf Club Atlas Archived February 18, 2007, at the Wayback Machine – "Gliding Past Fuji – C.H. Alison in Japan". Retrieved February 7, 2007.
  54. ↑ Penn, M. "Islam in Japan", Harvard Asia Quarterly Archived February 2, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Vol. 10, No. 1, Winter 2006. Retrieved February 15, 2007.
  55. ↑ Kobe Regatta and Athletic Club Archived March 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine – "a distinguished history". Retrieved February 7, 2007.
  56. ↑ Carroll, John (January 7, 2013). "Dragon Gate 101 – History and Generations". Voices of Wrestling. Retrieved December 21, 2023.
  57. 1 2 3 "About Kobe". Global Kobe Investment. Retrieved March 10, 2022.
  58. ↑ "Hydrogen Twin Cities Award for Aberdeen and Kobe, Japan | Aberdeen City Council". November 16, 2022.
  59. ↑ "Kobe, Ahmedabad to be sister cities". Times of India. June 27, 2019. Retrieved March 10, 2022.

Bibliography

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kobe.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Kobe.
Look up 神戸 or Kōbe in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Kobé.
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