Kawahíva
Tupi–Guarani subgroup VI
Kawahib
Native toBrazil
RegionMato Grosso and Rondônia
Ethnicity(see varieties below)
Native speakers
870 (2000–2006)[1]
Tupian
Language codes
ISO 639-3Variously:
pah – Tenharim–Parintintín
urz – Uru-eu-wau-wau
kuq – Karipuná (confuses Kawahib with Jau-Navo)
jua – Júma
xmo – Morerebi
tkf – ? Tukumanféd (unattested)
wir – Wiraféd
paf – Paranawát
adw – Amondawa
api – Apiacá
Glottologtupi1280
ELP

Kawahíva (Kawahíb, Kagwahib) is a Tupi–Guarani dialect cluster of Brazil. The major variety is Tenharim.

The Tenharim (self-designation, Pyri 'near, together'), Parintintín, Jiahúi, Amondawa, Karipúna (not to be confused with neither the Panoan group, nor the Carib-based creole spoken in the state of Amapá, which all have the same name), Uru-eu-wau-wau (self-designation, Jupaú), Júma, Piripkúra, and Capivarí all call themselves Kawahíva. Their speech is mutually intelligible, and also similar with other languages now extinct. The closest Tupí-Guaraní language seems to be Apiaká,[2] spoken in Mato Grosso.

Varieties

There are different internal classifications of the pan-Kawahíwa, which differ in, e.g., whether Kayabí and Apiaká should be included as part of the dialectal cluster. The one listed in Aguilar (2013, 2018) follows:[3][4]

Languages spoken in north-central Rondônia are Karipúna, Uru-eu-wau-wau (Jupaú), Amondawa, and unidentified varieties by some isolated groups. Languages spoken in northeastern Mato Grosso and southern Pará are Apiaká, Kayabí, Piripkúra, and unidentified varieties by some isolated groups.

Phonology

Tenharim dialect

Phonemic inventory of the Tenharim/Uruewawau dialect:[5]

Vowels
Front Central Back
High i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ
Mid e ẽ o õ
Low a ã
  • /a, ã/ are heard as [ə, ə̃] in unstressed syllables.
Consonants
Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
plain labial
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ ŋʷ
Stop/Affricate p t t͡ʃ k kʷ ʔ
Fricative β h
Rhotic ɾ
  • /ɲ/ can be heard as [j] when in unstressed positions.
  • /β/ can also be heard as [w] in the Uruewawau dialect.

Júma dialect

Phonemic inventory of the Júma dialect:[6]

Vowels
Front Central Back
High i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ
Mid ɛ ɛ̃ ɔ ɔ̃
Low a ã
Consonants
Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Stop voiceless p t k ʔ
voiced ɡ
Fricative h
Approximant j w
Rhotic ɾ

References

  1. ↑ Tenharim–Parintintín at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Uru-eu-wau-wau at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Karipuná (confuses Kawahib with Jau-Navo) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Júma at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Morerebi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    (Additional references under 'Language codes' in the information box)
  2. ↑ Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices
  3. ↑ Aguilar, Ana Maria Gouveia Cavalcanti (2018). "Kawahíwa como uma unidade linguística". Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica (in Portuguese). 9 (1): 139–161. doi:10.26512/rbla.v9i1.19529.
  4. ↑ Aguilar, A. M. G. C. 2013. Contribuições Etnolinguísticas e Histórico-Comparativas para os estudos sobre os povos e as línguas Kawahíwa. Tese (Exame de Qualificação de Doutorado), PPGL/UnB.
  5. ↑ Sampaio, Wany Bernadete de Araujo (1997). Estudo comparativo sincrônico entre o Parintintin (Tenharim) e o Uru-eu-uau-uau (Amondava): contribuições para uma revisão na classificação das línguas Tupi-Kawahib. Universidade Estadual de Campinas.
  6. ↑ Abrahamson, Arne & Joyce (1984). Os fonemas da língua júma. In Robert A. Dooley (ed.), Estudos sobre línguas tupí do Brasil: Brasília: Summer Institute of Linguistics. pp. 157–174.
  • Lev, Michael; Stark, Tammy; Chang, Will (2012). "Phonological inventory of Tenharim". The South American Phonological Inventory Database (version 1.1.3 ed.). Berkeley: University of California: Survey of California and Other Indian Languages Digital Resource.
  • Lev, Michael; Stark, Tammy; Chang, Will (2012). "Phonological inventory of Júma". The South American Phonological Inventory Database (version 1.1.3 ed.). Berkeley: University of California: Survey of California and Other Indian Languages Digital Resource.
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