Early years

Parry was born in Merthyr Tydfil in 1841, the seventh of eight children of Daniel (1800–1866) and Elizabeth Parry (née Richards, 1806–1886).^{[1][2][3][lower-alpha 1]} The family was musically inclined, with all family members singing in the chapel choir.^[5] Parry's mother, who performed at church functions, was remembered for her fine voice; two of Parry's sisters, Elizabeth and Jane, and a brother, Henry, gained some prominence in the United States as vocalists.^[6][7] He left school at age nine to work in the mines as the family needed the income. Young Parry worked a 56-hour week for twelve and a half pence while at the mine.^[2][8][9] By age 12, Parry was working at the puddling furnaces of the Cyfarthfa Ironworks, where his father also worked.^[1][6][5]

Parry's father, Daniel, emigrated to the United States in 1853; the rest of the family followed in 1854.^[5] Like his father and brother, Parry became a worker at the Rough and Ready Iron Works in Danville, Pennsylvania.^{[2][5][1][8][10]} Danville had a large Welsh community and he became involved in strengthening Welsh culture locally, attending the Congregational Chapel and the Sunday school.^[11][12] Parry also served as the organist for the Mahoning Presbyterian Church in Danville; the organ he played is still in service.^[13] Although he had sung in church choirs in Wales and the United States, Parry received no formal music lessons until he was 17 and living in Danville.^{[1][lower-alpha 2]}

Parry's opportunity to study music came in the form of a temporary closure of the iron works where he was employed. Parry had the good fortune to become friendly with three fellow workers who were also musicians. During rest periods, the three often would sing. Parry listened with interest at first, later joining in.^[10] One of the men started a music sight-reading class while the iron works was closed; Parry joined this class and became a fine sight-reader. His interest in harmony made him want to study that also. One of his other co-workers agreed to take Parry as a pupil.^[10][14] Young Parry was unable to read or write at the time he began harmony studies. The teacher patiently blended reading lessons with principles of harmony, and Parry quickly became skilled at both; the teacher often found it hard to keep up with his pupil.^[14] During this time, Parry also learned to play the harmonium.^[5]

Return to Wales

Mahoning Presbyterian Church in Danville, where Parry played the organ

Parry competed in the eisteddfod at Utica in 1861, and took first prize for Temperance Vocal March.^[1] Curious as to how his music would be received in his native Wales, in 1864, he sent an anthem to the National Eisteddfod of Wales at Llandudno. The adjudicators awarded him first prize, believing he was a professional musician. In 1865, Parry again prepared an entry, but this time he travelled to the contest in Aberystwyth. Parry's anthem entry was lost in the post, so it could not be judged. Instead, he was given a seat in the Gorsedd and the title "Pencerdd America" ("Chief Musician of America").^[7]

During this visit, Parry and his friends who had accompanied him to Wales travelled the country giving concerts of Parry's own works. They were well received throughout the land.^[7][15] Parry was offered the opportunity to study for a year under Dr Davies of Swansea, followed by a one-year scholarship at the Royal Academy of Music.^[7] He had to refuse both offers since he had a wife and child in the United States dependent on him for support.^[7] By 1865, Parry's musical ability had become well known in Wales and in the United States. A fund was established to support Parry and his family while he studied music; donations were received from both countries.^[7][1] Parry aided his own cause by giving concerts in Pennsylvania, New York and Ohio.^{[6][lower-alpha 3]}

In August 1868 Parry and his family arrived in England, where he began a three-year study at the Royal Academy of Music under William Sterndale Bennett and Manuel Garcia.^[7] During his last year of study at the Royal Academy, Parry appeared before Queen Victoria three times, each time by her special request. The Queen made another request of Parry each time he appeared: that he perform only works he had composed.^[10] In 1871, Bennett convinced Parry to enter University of Cambridge for a degree in music.^{[7][17][lower-alpha 4]} While at Cambridge, Parry became the first Welshman to take both the MusB and MusD there.^[1] After earning his bachelor's degree, Parry and his family returned to Danville, where he operated a school of music for the next three years.^[7][18] When Aberystwyth University established a chair for music, it was offered to Parry; he moved his family back to Wales, becoming the university's first professor of music.^{[7][19][1][lower-alpha 5]}

Professor and doctor of music

Joseph Parry around 1878

Parry worked at Aberystwyth from 1874 to 1881. In addition to his university duties, Parry frequently travelled as an adjudicator and conducting concerts of his compositions.^{[5][lower-alpha 6][lower-alpha 7]} He received his doctorate from Cambridge in 1878. At the time a candidate was required to compose a short oratorio and to have the work publicly performed; the normal method was to have one of the college Chapel Choirs perform the oratorio. But Parry obtained the services of many Welsh singers; 100 made the trip to Cambridge to perform Parry's oratorio.^[7][8][22] When Parry resigned his position at Aberystwyth University in 1880, he opened his own academy of music in the town.^[23][24]

In 1881, the Parry family left Aberystwyth for Swansea, where Parry became the organist at Ebenezer Chapel and was head of a musical college he founded.^{[7][8][25][26]} When he was offered a chair at Cardiff University in 1888, Parry and his family moved to the nearby town of Penarth. He lectured and taught at the university and was known as "Y Doctor Mawr" ("The Great Doctor").^[27][7][8] Parry also accepted a position as the organist at Christ Church Congregational Church in Penarth.^[28][29]

Parry became a candidate for principal of the Guildhall School of Music in 1896; the vacancy was due to the death of Sir Joseph Barnby.^[30] Officials of the city of Cardiff, colleagues and students at Cardiff University, as well as Parry's former teachers wrote letters to the School of Music Committee in support of his election to the position.^[31] There were 38 applicants for the position; the field was reduced to two candidates through a series of ballots by the Court of Common Council. Parry was no longer under consideration after the first round of reductions.^[32] He remained at the university and continued his work as an eisteddfod adjudicator, a conductor at Cymanfaoedd Canu, and as a performer and lecturer throughout Wales and the United States until the time of his death.^[5]

Personal life and characteristics

Parry and his family in front of their Penarth home

In 1861 in Danville, Pennsylvania Parry married Jane Thomas (1844–1918).^{[lower-alpha 8]} She was the daughter of Welsh immigrants and the sister of Gomer Thomas, who published many of Parry's early compositions.^{[5][10][33][34]} The couple had three sons and two daughters. The older children were born when the family was still living in Danville; only Parry's youngest child was born in Wales.^[23][35][36] Two of Parry's three sons died after the family moved to Penarth. Parry's youngest son, William, died in 1892; his oldest son, Joseph Haydn, died two years later.^[37][38][39] While all of Parry's children are said to have had musical talent, his eldest, Joseph Haydn, followed in his father's footsteps as a composer and teacher.^{[39][40][lower-alpha 9]}

Later in 1894, Parry and his wife hoped a trip to the US would help ease some of the sadness over the deaths of their two sons.^[43] Parry had last visited the United States on a vocal concert tour in 1880.^[44][45] Though the Parrys would be visiting family, he believed he should be available to the public during the visit since many people in the US had helped him financially when he was studying music in England.^[43]

Parry asked an old friend to notify the Welsh community in the United States that he would be visiting and would adjudicate at eisteddfodau, lecture or lead cymanfaoedd canu if desired. The community could arrange for Parry to visit by contacting Rev. Thomas Edwards of Edwardsville, Pennsylvania. Parry and his family visited many cities and towns in the eastern US and were warmly received wherever they went. He kept those back in Cardiff advised of his travels through letters to the Western Mail which were printed by the newspaper.^[43] Parry's last journey to the United States in 1898 included a visit to Salt Lake City, where he adjudicated at the third Salt Lake eisteddfod which was held in the Mormon Tabernacle.^[46][47][48] His last major work, an opera entitled The Maid of Cefn Ydfa, premiered at the Grand Theatre in Cardiff in late December 1902.^[49][7]

Parry was known as a religious man and a hard worker both at the iron works and at his craft. Despite his recognition in Wales and in the United States, he was not a wealthy man. Parry had little aptitude for business. With his permission, a committee of his friends managed his affairs, with Parry creating compositions and his friends tending to the business of publications.^[50] Since his compositions were based primarily on Welsh subjects, many of Parry's friends believed it would have been to his advantage to have settled in London, where there were more cosmopolitan experiences to draw inspiration from.^[51] In 1859, Parry and his family became citizens of the United States; he was equally proud of being a Welshman and a United States citizen.^{[10][12][36][52]}

David Jenkins, who was a student and assistant to Parry at Aberystwyth, described him as impulsive and unable to criticise his own works, too erratic to be a good conductor and too impatient for all but advanced students, but with a boyish enthusiasm, especially for music.^[53][15] Sir Alexander Mackenzie, who also worked with Parry, also noted his great enthusiasm and described him as a man of great musical ability.^[54]

Death

About two weeks before his death, Parry became suddenly ill. The medical condition was serious enough to warrant surgery. An operation was performed and a full recovery was expected. Some days after the surgery, it was necessary to perform a second operation due to complications. Parry developed a high fever from blood poisoning a few days after the second surgery. There was a slight rally, but Parry continued to have relapses and grew steadily weaker.^[55] Parry, who had planned a tour of Australia and the US for 1904, lay in his sick bed when The Maid of Cefn Ydfa was signed for performances by three opera companies; he was never able to be told of the good news.^[7][50][56] Parry died at his Penarth home on 17 February 1903.^[55] His last composition was written during his final illness-a tribute to his wife, Jane, entitled Dear Wife.^[57]

At least 7,000 people from all parts of the country gathered in Penarth for the funeral of Joseph Parry. They lined the route from Parry's home to Christ Church, where the family worshipped and to the churchyard at St Augustine's. His family and friends were joined by officials from the city of Cardiff, faculty and students from Cardiff University, representatives from the National Eisteddfod and many members of various choirs throughout Wales. Ministers of various denominations were also part of those gathered to pay respects to Parry.^[58][59][60] He was buried on the north side of St Augustine's Churchyard, Penarth. Parry's monument is a marble column topped by a lyre with seven strings, with the strings representing the members of Parry's family. Two of the seven strings of the lyre are broken to represent the deaths of his two sons, who died before Parry.^{[60][19][lower-alpha 10]}

Shortly after his death, a national fund was established in Parry's name. This was meant to provide support for his widow, Jane, through an annual annuity; any funds remaining after Jane's death were to be used to provide a national music scholarship named for Parry.^{[62][lower-alpha 11]}

Aberystwyth

The music, written by Parry, was first published in 1879 by Stephen and Jones in Ail Lyfr Tonau ac Emynau (English tr. Second Book of Tunes and Hymns). It was paired with Charles Wesley's words, "Jesus, Lover of My Soul", and first sung at the English Congregational Church in Portland Street in Aberystwyth, where Parry worked as an organist.^{[67][71][lower-alpha 15][lower-alpha 16]}

Blodwen

Blodwen title page

Parry's opera, Blodwen, was first performed in Aberystwyth's Temperance Hall on 21 May 1878, although Parry did not publish it until 1888, while at Swansea.^[23] This was the first opera written by a Welsh composer and also the first opera to be performed in Welsh. The opera, with its libretto written by Richard Davies, is set during the time of the Welsh Revolt—the last attempt by the Welsh to preserve their independence.^{[73][16][23][74]}

The Temperance Hall on Queen's Road in Aberystwyth in about 1900. Parry's opera Blodwen was first performed here in 1878

At the time, very few people in Wales had seen an opera, and they had no idea what it was like. The opera programmes provided explanations, especially that the singers would wear costumes but would not be acting. Those who were members of Welsh nonconformist churches needed reassurance that this was not a theatrical performance, as acting and theatres were held in as much contempt as taverns.^{[5][7][lower-alpha 17]} Parry was raised in the nonconformist Annibynwyr Chapel and adhered to the tenets of his faith for his entire life. The majority of participants in the first performance of Blodwen were music students of Parry; his two older sons were also part of the production, playing piano and harmonium. Before the performance, Parry spoke to the audience. He repeated what had been printed in the programmes: that the participants were not acting and explained to those gathered what an opera was.^{[5][7][73][75]} Despite this, there were some clergymen who were not pleased.^[76][77]

Soon after the first performance of Blodwen, a local couple named their baby daughter after the opera's heroine. There were no recorded instances of any children being named Blodwen until after the premiere of Parry's opera. Records show the great popularity of the name for girls and also the popularity of Howell, the name of the hero, for boys.^[9] The opera was successful, with a further 500 performances worldwide by 1896.^[23][28] Despite the success of Aberystwyth and Myfanwy, Blodwen seems to have been Parry's most popular work while he was living.^[28]

Myfanwy

While Parry is most often thought of as the sole creator of the ballad, it was actually the work of three men. At some point, Thomas Walter Price, a poet and journalist, published a poem in English called "Arabella".^{[78][lower-alpha 18]} It is believed that Parry wrote the music before the Welsh words of Myfanwy were written by Richard Davies.^{[78][lower-alpha 19]} Parry's work was published in 1875, with Parry selling all rights to the song to a publisher for £12.^[78][5] The song was first performed at the first concert of the Aberystwyth and University Musical Society on 28 May 1875, with Parry as the conductor.^[80] It remains a standard in repertoires of Welsh male choirs today.^[28]

Te Deum

Edward-Rhys Harry reconstructed Parry's setting of the Te Deum taken from the text of The Book of Common Prayer. The manuscript was discovered in the National Library of Wales archives. Parry wrote the manuscript in 1863, while living in Danville. Harry uncovered the manuscript while researching choral traditions at the library. He worked a year at transcribing the original Parry manuscript. The London Welsh Chorale gave the work its world première performance under Harry at St Giles Cripplegate, Barbican, London on 14 July 2012.^[64][67][81]

Other works

Parry was also involved in music-related publishing. Beginning in 1861, he was a regular contributor of Tonic sol-fa material to the Welsh music journal, Y cerddor Cymreig.^[82] Parry's work with making Tonic sol-fa accessible allowed everyone with an interest in choral work to participate.^[83] He edited Cambrian Minstrelsie (A National Collection of Welsh Songs) in 1893.^[84] He also compiled Dr Parry's Book of Songs, which was a collection of his own works, and wrote Elfenau Cerddoriaeth ("Elements of Music"), a Welsh handbook on theory, in 1888.^[23][85][86] In 1895, Parry entered into an agreement with an American music publishing firm, the John Church Company. The company published some of Parry's songs along with English translations of poems by Heinrich Heine. The translations were done by poets of note, including James Thomson. Since it is doubtful that Parry was familiar with Heine's work, there is the possibility that Parry was commissioned by the company to write the songs during an extensive US trip he had made the year before.^[40]

After his move to Penarth, Parry became involved in journalism, writing regular columns for both The Cardiff Times and The South Wales Weekly News. He also did some writing for the Western Mail.^[5] In his later years, Parry wrote an autobiography which has been described as inaccurate; he never published the information. The National Library of Wales acquired this manuscript in 1935 from Edna Parry Waite, Parry's daughter and his last surviving child.^[70] The National Library published Parry's writings as a bilingual book, The Little Hero-the Autobiography of Joseph Parry, in 2004.^[35][87]

Additionally Parry wrote what might very well be the first original work for brass band by an established composer, his "Tydfil Overture" (c. 1874-80 – i.e. pace Percy Fletcher's tone poem Labour and Love of 1913). It has been recorded by the John Wallace Collection.

Operas

• Blodwen (1878)
• Virginia (1883)
• Arianwen (1890)
• Sylvia (1895)
• King Arthur (1897)
• Cap and Gown (1898)
• Ceridwen (1900)
• His Worship the Mayor (1900)
• The Maid of Cefn Ydfa (1902)
• Y Ferch o'r Scer (1902)

Choral

• Y mab Afradlon (The Prodigal Son) (1866)
• Yr Adar (1873)
• Jerusalem (1878)
• Emmanuel (1880)
• Joseph (1881)
• Nebuchadnezzar (1884)
• Saul of Tarsus (1892)
• Cambria (1896)
• Various hymns and anthems

Other music

• String Quartet
• Ballade, for Orchestra
• 4 Sonatas for Solo Harp
• Many songs, published individually or in collections

Britain

In 1947, another son of Merthyr Tydfil, Jack Jones, based his novel, Off to Philadelphia in the Morning , on the events in the life of Joseph Parry.^[27][88] The book became a BBC three-part presentation of the same name in 1978 with David Lyn as Parry.^[89][90] Jones never offered the book as anything except a work of fiction; despite this, some aspects of the novel have been misconstrued as fact.^[35]

The centenary of Parry's death was marked by an open air concert in Merthyr Tydfil's Cyfarthfa Park featuring performances of Parry's works.^[91] The concert was recorded on 28 July 2002 by Welsh television production company Avanti Media.^[92] It was broadcast by S4C on 17 February 2003. A great-granddaughter of Parry's, who was a professional opera singer, was present for the event.^{[91][93][lower-alpha 20]}

An anthem Parry composed with the Rev. Robert David Thomas while living in Pennsylvania was performed for the first time in Wales to mark the centenary of the composer's death. There was no record of the anthem, "Cymry Glan Americ", having been performed in Wales; it is not certain if the work, which was written on January 1, 1872 had ever been performed previously. A relative of Rev. Thomas located the composition and shared the information with Geraint Jones, the conductor of the Trefor brass band. Jones and his band performed the anthem on 28 May 2002 in Pwllheli at the centenary of the town hall.^[94]

In 2011 conductor Edward-Rhys Harry^[95] oversaw the total reconstruction of Parry's oratorio Emmanuel, which was performed by Cor Bro Ogwr and The British Sinfonietta, conducted by Harry, in December of that year.^[96][97] In May 2013, Emmanuel was performed in the US for the first time when Harry and Côr Bro Ogwr performed in New York and Philadelphia.^[97][98]

Chapel Row in Merthyr Tydfil. The Parry cottage is the one with a green door and trim.

Parry's cottage

The cottage at 4 Chapel Row, Merthyr Tydfil, where Parry was born, is now open to the public as a museum.^[99] The row of cottages was attached to the Bethesda Chapel, where the family attended services. There are two bedrooms upstairs with the kitchen and another bedroom downstairs. The Parry family lived here with two lodgers until emigrating to the United States in 1854.^[1]

The chapel and its attached cottages were slated for demolition in 1977; efforts by the local council and students from Cyfarthfa High School saved the row of cottages, but not the Bethesda Chapel. In 1979, the Merthyr Tydfil Heritage Trust opened the cottage to the public. Exhibitions were installed upstairs in 1986 and restoration of the ground floor was completed in 1990.^[1] Parry's home was refurbished in 2016 through funds from a local company and was reopened to the public beginning on what would have been the composer's 175th birthday.^[100] The home is now part of the Cyfarthfa Heritage Area.^[101][102]

United States

Parry is warmly remembered, particularly at the Mahoning Presbyterian Church in Danville, where he served as organist and choirmaster. Each time he visited the US, Parry returned to the church to play the organ.^[103][104] The Susquehanna Valley Welsh Society holds an annual Cymanfa Canu in his honour at the church on the Sunday nearest his May 21 birthday.^[33] In 2007, the church's steeple was restored with help from the National Welsh American Foundation. The re-dedication of the church was held on May 21, the birthday of Parry.^[105] A plaque has been placed at one of his homes in Danville; the community marked the centenary of his death at the local Danville Festival by a memorial concert of Parry's works.^[9]