John T. Drew
Born
John Thompson Drew

1796
Cherokee Nation East
DiedAugust 25, 1865(1865-08-25) (aged 68–69)
Fort Gibson, Cherokee Nation, Indian Territory
NationalityCherokee
Other namesJohn Drew
Occupation(s)soldier, plantation owner
Known forOrganized and led 1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles (Confederate Army)

John Thompson Drew (1796 – August 25, 1865) was a mixed blood military and political leader of the Cherokee Nation. Born in 1796, there is little written about his life until he led a company of Cherokee emigrants from Georgia to Indian Territory.[1] The Cherokee Encyclopedia states that he was a participant in the Battle of Claremore Mound in 1818.[2] He is best known for joining the Confederate Army at the outbreak of the American Civil War, when he raised, organized and led the 1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles. He moved his home from the Cherokee Nation to the Chickasaw Nation near the end of the war to escape intra-tribal bloodshed.

Emigration to Indian Territory

The last of thirteen groups to embark from the Southeast for Indian Territory was led by John Drew. This group, which included Chief John Ross and his family, traveled by flatboat down the Hiwassee and the Tennessee Rivers. They departed from the Cherokee Agency on December 7, 1838. The trip was especially difficult because extreme drought in that year had caused a major drop in water level along the Tennessee.[3][lower-alpha 1]

Slave revolt of 1842

By November, 1842, he had become a captain in the Cherokee Militia. On November 15, 1842, a group of at least 25 black slaves escaped from the plantation of Joseph Vann near Webbers Falls and fled in the direction of Mexico, where slavery had already been outlawed. The Cherokee National Council resolved, and Chief John Ross approved that the Cherokee Militia, commanded by Drew, pursue the fleeing slaves. Drew raised a company of 100 men to arrest the fugitive slaves and return them to Fort Gibson. The militia left Talequah on November 21. By November 28, the militiamen caught up with the runaways about 7 miles (11 km) north of the Red River. The runaways were starving and submitted to Drew and his men, who returned them to Fort Gibson on December 7.[5]

Civil War service

Drew may be best known for his founding of the 1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles, a military unit that fought on the side of the Confederate States of America (CSA) in the American Civil War. The unit was composed of full-blood Cherokees, who typically owned no slaves and had little sympathy for Southern white people.[6] Drew, however, did own enslaved people and Drew's command included many enslaved people.[7]

Drew's unit, under the command of Colonel Douglas Cooper was ordered to attack a large party of pro-Union Creeks, led by their chief, Opothleyahola, who were encamped on Bird Creek, near the present city of Tulsa. However, most of Drew's soldiers did not want to fight their former friends. Instead of preparing to charge the Creek camp, the majority of Cherokees simply deserted.[lower-alpha 2] Only Drew and 28 of his men remained with Cooper and the Confederates.[9] Drew remained loyal to the Confederate cause. Principal Chief John Ross pardoned and promised amnesty to those who had deserted.[10]

Personal

In 1864, when it was apparent that the Confederate cause would be defeated by the Union, Drew moved into the Chickasaw Nation, closer to the northern border of Texas.[1] He moved back to his former plantation only after the Confederate surrender. John Drew contracted lung fever[lower-alpha 3] near the end of the Civil War and died of the disease at Fort Gibson on August 25, 1865. He was buried on his estate at Bayou Menard, in present-day Muskogee County, Oklahoma.

Notes

  1. ↑ According to one source, when John Ross' wife Quatie and several other passengers became ill during the trip, Ross purchased the steamboat Victoria at Tuscumbia, Alabama to carry the sick people.[4]
  2. ↑ Harris reports that 400 of Drew's Cherokees deserted after the battle.[8]
  3. ↑ Lung fever was an old name for pneumonia.

References

  1. 1 2 Hughes, Michael A. "Drew, John Thompson," Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Accessed January 10, 2016.
  2. ↑ Conley, Robert. "Drew, John." Cherokee Encyclopedia. Available on Google Books. Accessed January 10, 2016.
  3. ↑ Metrailer, Jaime C., "Gunter's Landing, Alabama, on the Trail of Tears National Historic Trail: A Site Report." University of Arkansas at Little Rock. September 19, 2016. Accessed January 10, 2016.
  4. ↑ Fehr, Erin. "Steamboats And Their Role In Indian Removal," UALR Center for Arkansas History and Culture. Accessed January 11, 2016.
  5. ↑ Burton, Art T, "Cherokee Slave Revolt of 1842." Accessed January 10, 2016.
  6. ↑ "Trans-Mississippi Theater:Virtual Museum." 2011. Accessed January 10, 2016.
  7. ↑ "The Keetoowah Society and the Avocation of Religious Nationalism in the Cherokee Nation, 1855-1867". U.S. Date Repository. Retrieved 2021-10-01.
  8. ↑ Jason T. Harris (2008). Combat, Supply, and the Influence of Logistics During the Civil War in Indian Territory. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-549-51337-7. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
  9. ↑ "Clash at Chusto-Talasah; Hundreds of Rebel Indians Defect." Civil War Daily Gazette". Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine Accessed January 10, 2016.
  10. ↑ Gaines, W. Craig. The Confederate Cherokees:John Drew's Regiment of Mounted Rifles. Louisiana State University Press. 1989. p. 56. Accessed February 25, 2016


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