Early years

James Crawford was the son of John 'Oakden' Potter, a civil engineer, and Janet Keer, who was originally from the island of Arran. He was born in Manchester, England on 6 December 1908 as John Oakden.^[7] Crawford was the youngest of the family with four other brothers and sisters. Crawford's mother died when he was eleven years old, leaving his eldest sister to run the household, as Crawford's father travelled for work. Whilst attending a school in Manchester, Crawford began to develop an interest in Shakespeare which he was taught to perform instead of reading it out aloud.^[8]

In 1924 Crawford finished up at his grammar school with the intention of traveling.^[9] At the young age of 16 he found himself on a ship destined for Australia, and arrived on its shores in 1924.^[10] Crawford had originally intended to travel to Canada, however, his father suggested Australia because of the warmer climate.^[11] Crawford described his younger self as a "starry eyed idealist". Once in Australia, Crawford worked as a stockman on a cattle station known as 'Kamileroi'.^[12] For the next five years, he worked as a station hand in the Gulf Country. Working in the Gulf Country alongside the Indigenous Australian people and seeing the brutal way in which they were treated spurred Crawford's passion for equal rights.^[13] His empathy for the Indigenous Australians can be seen in this quote taken from an interview, "the Aborigine has always been a very good, humane person".^[14] Crawford's first brush with the law was because he gave meat (intended for white people) to Aboriginal stockmen while he worked as a butcher. He considered himself lucky as he was not thrown in gaol but given a warning by the police. He used this personal experience as inspiration for his plays.^[15] With the intention of travelling around Australia, Crawford undertook menial work to make the necessary money. Although his time working and travelling around Australia was an experience, Crawford stated "you wouldn't get me back there".^[16]

Crawford left for New Zealand in 1929 and stayed there until 1932.^[17] His intention was to travel to South America and then head back to England, but when boarding a ship that was supposedly going to Valparaíso, it landed in Australia. Australia was going through the depression which forced Crawford to join the unemployed bagman.^[18]

Career, writing, associations

During 1932, Crawford joined the Unemployed Workers Movement, which was active in protests in Cairns and participated in riots in Mackay.^[19] While unemployed and living at the 'Bagman's Camp' in Victoria Park, Brisbane, he gave lectures on William Shakespeare to his unemployed acquaintances.^[20] Whilst based at the camp Crawford was introduced to The Communist Manifesto and after reading and agreeing with its political standpoint joined the Communist Party of Australia in 1934. Jim regarded himself as a socialist and was very impressed by Engels' work which was the Origin of the Family and Private Property and the State (1984). These inspirations gave Jim knowledge about Aboriginal law and society. Crawford also studied the science of Marxism and Leninism.^[21]

Jim Crawford helped found the Roving Reds Revue Company with fellow bagmen. The group was also known as The Proletarian Players. The Roving Reds Revue Company was described as the most sectarian group that had ever existed in Australia.^[22] This group was created for two purposes; to raise money for the Unemployed Workers' Movement and also to criticise the Australian establishment in every possible way.^[23] However, this theatrical group only lasted for a short while due to the competition with the Student Theatre.^[24] Crawford originally wanted to become an actor, however, being told he was superior in playwriting he began writing for the company.^[25] Yet, Crawford stated that he was chosen to become the playwright for the Roving Reds as he was known to "quote the second soliloquy of Hamlet" while drunk.^[26] Crawford travelled on his bike around Australia to explain the reason for the Proletarian Revolution.^[27] His travels gained him the nickname the 'Anarchy Bull-Bearing Bum' .^[28] While travelling, he had various jobs such as working on cotton farms in Callide Valley (Queensland), cutting wood for bakers' ovens in New South Wales, milking cows and packing tomatoes.

In 1935, Crawford went to Melbourne where he stayed for eleven years, excluding the five years he spent in war service. He was involved in groups during his time in Melbourne such as the Left Book Club, the Victorian Communist Party, The Unity Theatre and the Worker's Voice, which was the forerunner of the Victorian Guardian.^[29] During pre-war period, the Worker's Voice had the largest circulation of any Communist Party paper in the Southern Hemisphere.^[30] During the years he worked as a journalist, Crawford passionately helped to expose the struggles of the times. For example, he helped to expose the spy mission of the German naval submarine commander, Count von Luckner also known as the 'Yachtsman adventurer'. Luckner was a Nazi who travelled around the world spying for Adolf Hitler.^[31] Due to his participation in the 'No Scrap Iron for Imperialist Japan' demonstrations in Melbourne, Crawford spent two days in the jail cell that Ned Kelly was incarcerated in just before he was hung. Alan Marshall and Crawford interviewed Hewlett Johnson, The Red Dean of Canterbury, together for the Worker's Voice. The Red Dean, also known as Dr Hewlett Johnson, was the dean of Canterbury in 1931 and has been described as "one of the most famous men in the world".^[32] Marshall noted Crawford as being an outstanding journalist and one of the best at the Worker's Voice.^[33]

On 8 August 1939, Crawford married Ursula Mary Hill using his birth name John Oakden-Potter.^[34]

While working at the Victorian Guardian newspaper, he wrote a weekly column under the name Jim Crawford.^[35] In 1940, he adopted the name 'Jim Crawford' by deed poll as he became well known through his weekly column. In the same year, Crawford had to go underground when the Australian Government outlawed the Communist Party. Because the Victorian Guardian Newspaper wrote about Communist issues, it was also prohibited.^[36] Crawford wrote illegal newspapers in Communist follower's basements.^[37] His friend Cecil Sharpley used to deliver the supplies. As Crawford was still involved with the illegal newspaper he was continuously on the run from the police. Towards the end of the war he discovered that Sharpley was the one who exposed his involvement with the newspaper. It was only when the Soviet Union entered the war that the ban on the Communist Party was lifted and the paper became legalised. However, due to the censorship of the war period, the paper had reduced in size.^[38]

On 21 January 1942, Jim Crawford enlisted in the Australian Army Medical Corps.^[39] Crawford wanted to enlist earlier but he had not been medically fit.^[40] When Crawford grew tired of peeling spuds he was discharged in September and worked as a stoker in the Royal Australian Naval Reserve, serving aboard mine-sweepers guarding the B.H.P steel works at Whyalla.^[41] While working as a stoker, Crawford founded a Worker's study group. Crawford also spoke at War Loan Rallies. At one rally he spoke on a platform with future Australian Prime Minister, Harold Holt, who shouted Crawford to a double whisky after his speech. Jim was charged with mutiny for organising to stop work of naval stokers until they were paid trade union rates. They stood firm and gained the Union rates they were after, however, Crawford was transferred to New Guinea to the Naval Depot HMS Ladava.^[42] In 1944, he experienced the bombing by the Japanese in New Guinea. He also served aboard an Icelandic fishing trawler converted to minesweeper HMS Beryl. While working on the minesweeper Crawford had to shovel coal into the furnace. This coal shovelling had caused permanent damage to Crawford's lungs and he developed emphysema.^[43] In January 1945, he was discharged from the navy with a pension as he was suffering from a duodenal ulcer.^[44] Once discharged from the navy, he arrived back in Melbourne and wrote for large newspapers, such as the Sporting Globe and the Melbourne Guardian.^[45] He worked for the Melbourne Guardian for ten years, writing mostly about political issues.^[46]

The separation of the war had caused damage to his relationship with his wife and he divorced Ursula, in 1946. During the latter part of 1948, Jim worked with the Queensland Guardian in Brisbane on a temporary basis. He lived in Brisbane for the rest of his life.^[47] In 1948, Crawford got a serious case of pneumonia and was given up for dead. However, he managed to pull through and got married six months later to Pamela Mary Seeman on 22 December 1949. Pamela was an artist, and once married they bought several acres of rainforest on Tamborine Mountain and settled on the mountain.

Possible photo of James and Pamela Crawford. Found in Fryer Library Collection UQFL301. Box 9, Folder 4.

It was during this time that Crawford began writing for the theatre. Throughout his lifetime, Crawford wrote around seventeen plays.^[48] In addition to his plays, he wrote several short stories, such as, Pipers All and The Bottle.^[49] He was described as a controversial left-wing journalist with his plays being described as propagandist.^[50] His first play was a one-act called Welcome Home.^[51]

His second play was Rocket Range which explored the unfair treatment of Aboriginals in Central Australia.^[52] Rocket Range was first produced in Melbourne in 1947 and afterwards the Sydney New Theatre.^[53] This play received awards and entered the British Drama League Festival in 1947.^[54] Crawford wrote several plays in support for Aboriginal Rights but Rocket Range would become the most well known and the most controversial. The play was entered into the British Drama League Festival in 1947 and although the play received a score of 75 out of a possible 100 it was thrown out for being 'ideological propaganda'. The play received 10/10 for Stage Presentation, 40/40 for Acting and 25/30 for Overall Production. However, the play received no marks under the section 'Choice of Play' and festival adjudicator Mr Harvey Adams had the following comments to make about the reasons behind the plays zero score:

'From the point of view of 'theatre' there was no reason either to write or produce this play. As Adjudicator I am not concerned with either the authors or the society's object in presenting it. It was obviously designed to 'tilt at the windmill' and it falls very short of its mark. The authors intentions appear to advocate that Australian civilisation is not only wrong but in extremely bad taste.'

The Adjudicator then goes on to compare the intentions of the play to that of 'the spirit of the Chartist Riots Chartism and continued,

'Just as looms came to take their rightful place in modern advancement, so will all future inventions and developments in science, and no puny, pinchbeck efforts, having their roots bugged in the swamps of sentimental ignorance will be able to item their advance toward the betterment of mankind. I cannot but feel that this play has been chosen for presentation for not other reason than ideological propaganda and as such, I have no opinion but to throw it out of what is designed as a 'Theatrical' Festival.'

Despite this, the play was well received later in 1953 in the Ipswich Play Festival.^[55] In 1957, the Rocket Range was banned at a play reading held at the Municipal Library Hall (Brisbane) for being too 'political'.^[56]

In 1947, Jim Crawford also wrote a play Refugee which addressed the issues around antisemitism. During the late 1940s Crawford wrote Uneasy Stages, Miner's Right, and Frame-Up.^[57] Crawford wrote another three-act play called Governor's Stables which was entered into the Theatre Council of West Australia's playwriting competition in 1951. It won the first prize which was one hundred and fifty pounds.^[58] Of all the Australian male playwrights produced at the New Theatre only Jim Crawford and another playwright, Dick Diamond, author of Reedy River had their plays performed in Sydney and more than one production.^[59]

Jim Crawford wrote for the Junior Youth League of Queensland to perform at a Youth Carnival in Sydney.^[60] He wrote a one-act play called Bushland Picnic, in 1952, and afterwards, he wrote another one-act children's play called The Man-eating Clock. In March 1953, Crawford wrote a one-act play the People's Paper for the Land Guardian Festival. This play contrasted the reporting of events in Progressive newspapers and the capitalist press.^[61]

At the end of 1953, Crawford went to Townsville for several months to assist in reporting for the Guardian newspaper on the very successful North QLD Rank and File Worker's convention. The Playwrights Advisory Board sponsored a playwriting competition in 1955 and Crawford entered a three-act play. This play was titled The Wit to Woo and was about a hospitalised patient who had a dream of finding a hard working life.^[62] Crawford wrote another play for the Ipswich Drama Festival of 1956 called They Passed this Way. It was about the old Windmill cum Observatory on Wickham Terrace, Brisbane and was performed in Brisbane by New Theatre. Jim wrote several radio features about this time, The Avenging Ghost of Campbell Town and The Celebrated Mr Barrington with various successes.^[63]

Later years and death

In Crawford's later years he continued to write plays. For the Queensland Peace Committee, Crawford wrote A Most Important Letter!, in 1962.^[64] In the same year, he wrote a three-act play called The Colour of His Money. In 1963, he wrote three plays, Shakespeare at Cedar Creek and A Little Bird Told Me for the Junior Youth League and Under the Bunya for the Wattle Dance Group. In 1969, Crawford created a play titled the Billets or Badges for the Queensland Centenary celebrations.^[65] This play was about the famous Tramways Strike in Brisbane during 1912 and made quite an impact among the audience. The last full-length play that Jim Crawford wrote was The Cavern and the Tavern. Jim Crawford died on 11 November 1973 of myocardial infarction in the Greenslopes Respiration Hospital.^[66] He had no children but was survived by his wife, Pamela. Crawford was known for his good humour which was aimed at the enemies of the workers.^[67]

Communist Party

With a strong belief in supporting the needs of the working class, Crawford was actively involved in the Communist Party of Australia (CPA). The party was formed in Sydney in October 1920, following the Russian Revolution. While the CPA never made a significant political challenge to the social order already established in Australia, it did however make an imprint on the trade unions, and help to establish and pioneer social movements. Crawford also contributed to the Eureka Youth League (EYL), which is an organisation associated with the CPA. According to the EYL constitution its objective was to unite all young fighters for socialism, to work and fight for a socialist Australia.^[81] Crawford also wrote the play called Refugee, which the EYL held a production for.^[82] The production was reported on in an article published on 11 November 1949.^[83] Crawford's participation in the CPA is highlighted by his invitation to the party's 40th anniversary celebration. Furthermore, the invitation reveals the ideology of the CPA where it says, "The Communist Party of Australia is a working class Party, having no interests separate and apart from those of the working class".^[84] Crawford also wrote a short sketch titled "The Remedy" in 1961, which was to be performed by New Theatre Club at their rallies, as a part of their election campaign.^[85]

Union of Australian Women

The Union of Australian Women was first started in Sydney in August 1950 and spread to other states quite quickly. In 1956 it was decided that a national organisation would be formed uniting each state branch. Many of the founding members included those who were communists, Australian Labor Party supporters, Christian activists and Members of the New Housewives Association. The main goals of the Union of Australian Women included "improving the status of women and children, disarmament and a halt to nuclear testing and mining, equal distribution of wealth, increased welfare services, equal pay for Indigenous Australians, abortion law reform, and opposition to the White Australia policy."^[86] Crawford also wrote the sketch titled "Bus Stop Sketch" for the Union of Australian Women, which is a discussion between three women about unequal pay.^[87]

Brisbane Realist Writers Group

The Realist Writers Group was a collective of writers, usually communists but also composed of left wing supporters and established in Australia in 1944. The first collective began in Melbourne and the movement spread to Brisbane in 1950, then to Sydney in 1952, Perth in 1960 and Newcastle in 1963. In 1960 a National Council of Groups was established to internationally link the branches with groups in New Zealand, Canada, the US and countries under communist rule. The Realist Writers intentions were defined by their constitution as 'literary organizations of the working class movement... to carry forward the revolutionary and democratic traditions of Australian literature'. The first published journal came from the Melbourne branch titled Realist Writer and appeared quarterly from March 1952 to April 1954 when it was incorporated into Overland. The first two issues were edited by Bill Wannan and by Stephen Murray-Smith for the next seven. Noteworthy contributors included David Martin, Frank Hardy, Laurence Collinson, John Manifold, John Morrison, Eric Lambert and Katharine Susannah Prichard. A version of the Realist Writer appeared from the Sydney branch in renewed form in 1958 edited by Frank Hardy and from 1960 appeared three times a year until the groups began to disintegrate in the 1970s. When the National Council of Groups was formed in 1960 the Realist Writer came under its responsibility. In 1964 the name was changed to The Realist! and from 1962 to 1970 was edited by Ray Williams. Its contributors included Len Fox, Wilma Hedley and Ron Tullipan.^[88]

Jim Crawford became a councillor for the National Council of Groups. On 2 February 1965 Ray Williams wrote to Crawford that after having conversations with Bill Sutton and Wilma and Lauria Hedley he had become aware of Crawford's career as a playwright and to his knowledge had already written 25 plays. Mr Williams invited Crawford to contribute to The Realist! as both a journalist and a playwright. "We should be most grateful if you should write an article for us – on any topic that suits you... Furthermore, I see no reason why we could not publish a portion of one of your plays, say an Act or a few scenes, at least." Crawford agreed to this and went on to also write reviews for other playwrights such as Mary Gilmore as well as write as a freelance journalist.^[89] Crawford was also chosen as one of the Queensland representations on the editorial board and the list was published in the Realist Writers magazine, issues 8 - March 1962.^[90]

Aboriginal rights

Crawford experienced first hand the working conditions of the Aboriginal people during the time he lived in Western Queensland, the gulf country and the Northern Territory. Lowenstein recalls an interview held with Crawford in which he describes working on cattle stations in Australia. He described to the interviewer the how the cattle industry is built upon the torment and cruelty towards millions of animals, and of the exploitation of Aboriginal labour. However without the Aboriginal labour they would not have been able to run the stations. The Government had control over the Aboriginal people and forced them to work for free as well as forcing them to remain on the stations.^[91] After witnessing such injustice first hand, Crawford became involved in movements defending the rights of Aboriginal people. He wrote a number of articles predominantly for the Queensland Guardian regarding the rights of Indigenous Australians. His articles focused on a conference in Cairns on 1–2 December 1962, which Crawford attended. The conference was called together by the Cairns branch of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island Advancement League in order to create equal working conditions for Aboriginals.^[92]