Jair Bolsonaro 2018 presidential campaign
Campaigned for2018 Brazilian general election
CandidateJair Bolsonaro
Federal Deputy from Rio de Janeiro
(1991–2018)
Hamilton Mourão
Brazilian Army member
(1969–2018)
AffiliationSocial Liberal Party
Coalition partner
Brazilian Labour Renewal Party
StatusAnnounced: 3 March 2016
Presumptive nominee: 12 March 2018
Official nominee: 22 July 2018
Qualified for run-off: 7 October 2018
Won the election: 28 October 2018
Key peoplePaulo Guedes
(Economic advisor)[1]
Gustavo Bebianno
(Legal advisor)[2]
ReceiptsBRL 4.150.097,17 [3]
SloganBrasil acima de tudo, Deus acima de todos
(Brazil above everything, God above everyone)[4][5]
Websitewww.bolsonaro.com.br

The 2018 presidential campaign of Jair Bolsonaro was announced on 3 March 2016. Brazilian federal deputy and former military officer Jair Bolsonaro became the official nominee of the Social Liberal Party during their convention on 22 July 2018. The running mate decision came later on 8 August, when General Hamilton Mourão was chosen to compose the ticket with Bolsonaro. By choosing Mourão as running mate Bolsonaro secured a coalition with the Brazilian Labour Renewal Party.

Jair Bolsonaro was the first candidate for the presidency that was able to raise over $1 million reais in donations from the public during the 2018 campaign. In the first 59 days, he amassed an average of $17,000 reais per day in donations.[6]

Bolsonaro was stabbed on 6 September while he was campaigning in Juiz de Fora. He recovered, and was the leading candidate in the first round on 7 October, with 46% of the vote. On 28 October, Bolsonaro won the general election with 55.13% of the popular vote.

Presidential ticket

Social Liberal Party (Brazil)
Social Liberal Party (Brazil)
Social Liberal Party ticket, 2018
Jair Messias Bolsonaro Antônio Hamilton Mourão
for President for Vice President
Federal Deputy
from Rio de Janeiro
(1991–2019)		 Brazilian Army General
(1969–2018)
[7][8][9]

Running mate selection process

Numerous politicians were mentioned as potential vice presidential running mates for Bolsonaro. In addition to General Hamilton Mourão, who was eventually chosen, figures mentioned as possible running mates for Bolsonaro included:

Primary elections

The National Executive Committee of Social Liberal Party, and the National Executive Committee of the Brazilian Labour Renewal Party, elected the candidate for office of vice-president and the National Directory of PSL, elected the candidate to President of republic. Karina Rodrigues Fidelix da Cruz (PRTB), appointed by PRTB, and Gulliem Charles Bezerra Lemos (PSL), appointed by PSL, were the delegates of the coalition. Gustavo Bebiano Rocha was the representative of the slate for the Supreme Electoral Court. Janaína Paschoal refused to be the vice-president candidate together Bolsonaro.

Office Date Candidate Number of Votes % Notes
PSL primaries
President July 22 Jair Bolsonaro 96[16] 100%
Vice-president August 4 Luiz Philippe of Orléans-Braganza 11[17] 100% Aborted result
PRTB primaries
Vice-president August 5 Hamilton Mourão 26[18] 100%

Campaign background

Before his campaign, Bolsonaro desired that the senator Magno Malta (from the Party of Republic) or Augusto Heleno,(from the Progressive Republican Party) become the vice-president in his slate,[13] but their parties did not allow the two of them to compete together.

During his campaign, Bolsonaro has praised the two-decade (1964-1985) military dictatorship in Brazil and has praised foreign autocrats such as Alberto Fujimori of Peru and Augusto Pinochet of Chile.[19] Bolsonaro has promised to give police permission to shoot first and ask questions later.[20] His platform also promotes liberalizing gun laws and repressive tactics against urban criminality and drug trafficking, along with the advocation of rolling back affirmative action for black-Brazilians and reversing legislation which increases sentences for murdering women because of their gender (femicide).[21]

Despite earlier calls for massive policy shifts in environmentalism, Bolsonaro backed away from calls to pull Brazil out of the Paris Agreements, and the elimination of Brazil's Environmental Ministry. However he told international non-profit groups such as the World Wildlife Fund, that he would not allow their agendas in Brazil, strongly protested against lands reserved for indigenous tribes, and plans to expand nuclear and hydroelectric power into the Amazon.[22]

Some supporters of Bolsonaro have compared him to US President Donald Trump, and believe that he, like Trump, will bring the radical change that they feel is needed in response to the "lawlessness" of Brazil, with many nicknaming Bolsonaro "the legend."[23] Steve Bannon (chief executive officer of Trump's 2016 presidential bid) has advised Bolsonaro's campaign.[24]

Social media

Social media is believed to have made a large impact on Bolsonaro's campaign and at the time of the election he had over 4.3 million followers and many support pages on Facebook along with over 400 thousand followers on Instagram, making him one of the candidates with the largest support on social media. He made daily posts related to army topics and aimed at the Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT) and also interacted with many supporters through posts, replies, and groups on WhatsApp.[25] During the election Bolsonaro faced allegations that some of his important financial supporters illegally used WhatsApp as means to spread fake news about his opponent Haddad, prompting the company to ban thousands of active accounts during the election period.[26] His supporters have been credited as being extremely active on social media and disseminate most content throughout WhatsApp as almost 93% of them claim to have accounts where almost 43% are politically active in the App.[27]

Voter Demographic

Bolsonaro's supporters were primarily aged between 16 and 34 years old at about 60% of his voters, almost 30% of which were 24 years old or younger.[28]

Endorsements

Click "show" to view the list

Polls

As of late September, Bolsonaro led the polls with 28% of polled voters, with an Ibope poll (22-24 September) stating that 36% of men surveyed said they would vote for him, while only 18% of women backing his policies.[20] A Datafolha poll released on 10 September showed that Bolsonaro was rejected by 49% of female voters, but supported by 17%.[21] In the first round of elections on 7 October, Bolsonaro received 46.03% of the vote, the most of any candidate.[81]

The day before the election, polls gave Bolsonaro an 8-10% advantage over Fernando Haddad.[19]

Attack during campaign event

Bolsonaro being stabbed at a Juiz de Fora rally

Bolsonaro was stabbed on 6 September 2018 while campaigning and interacting with supporters in the city of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais.[82] Bolsonaro's son, Flávio, has stated that his father's wounds were only superficial and he was recovering in hospital.[83] Police arrested and identified the attacker as Adelio Bispo de Oliveira, who claimed that he was "ordered by God to carry out the attack".[84] Flávio Bolsonaro later stated that the wounds inflicted seem worse than initially thought. He tweeted about his father's condition, explaining that the perforation reached part of the liver, the lung and part of the intestine. He also stated that Bolsonaro had lost a large amount of blood, arriving at the hospital with a pressure of 10/3, but had since stabilized.[85][86][82] Most of the other candidates in the presidential race (from both sides of the political spectrum), and the then Brazilian president, Michel Temer, condemned the attack.[87]

After the end of the elections, Bolsonaro decided to donate the rest of the money collected in the campaign, to the Santa Casa de Misericórdia Hospital, where he got hospital treatment after the assassination attempt.

Protests and rallies

Protests

#EleNão (Not him) protest in São Paulo

Hundreds of thousands of women across Brazil staged protests on September 29, against Bolsonaro's candidacy. One protester told reporters "I'm part of a portion of society that is greatly affected by the types of things [Bolsonaro] says and thinks. This conservative wave, which has really always existed in Brazil, needs to come to an end."[88] Protesters in São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Brasilia chanted "Ele Não (Not him!)" which has become a slogan to protest Bolsonaro, emphasizing that the groups aims are for the undecided voters to vote "for anyone else, but not him."[20] Many protesters have expressed outrage over past statements by Bolsonaro that homosexuality was equated with paedophilia, and that he once told Congresswoman Maria do Rosario that she wasn't worth raping, citing these events as reasons to protest his campaign.[89]

Bolsomito

Bolsomito 2K18 (later renamed Bolsomito), is a 2D beat 'em up video game by Brazilian developer BS Studios, released for Microsoft Windows in October 2018. The game reportedly promotes the ideology of Brazilian politician Jair Bolsonaro (who is also referred to as "Bolsomito"). The game and Bolsonaro's ideology have been criticized by the press for being racist, misogynistic and homophobic.[90][91] The game's availability on Steam caused Brazil's Public Ministry of Federal Districts and Territories to investigate BS Studios and Valve for potentially harming the 2018 general election.[90][92]

Rallies

Pro-Bolsonaro demonstration in London

There were also rallies in support of the candidate in sixteen states.[93]

Election result

Presidential elections

Election year Candidate First round Second round
# of overall votes  % of overall vote # of overall votes  % of overall vote
2018 Jair Bolsonaro 49,276,990 46.0 #1 57,774,302 55.15 #1

Achievements

The campaign receipts were R$4.001.413,01 while the costs summed R$2.456.215,03.[94] Bolsonaro had the cheapest campaign among the main candidates.[94] The cost per vote was R$0,03 against R$0,73 of his opponent Haddad.[95] At the end, he tried to donate the remaining value to Santa Casa de Misericórdia Hospital[96] but was not possible according to the election laws.[97] About R$1.300.000,00 was raised by people in social medias to thanks Santa Casa Hospital.[98]

Party representation

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Veja os principais nomes da campanha de Jair Bolsonaro - Refugo". Archived from the original on 31 October 2018. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
  2. ↑ "Saiba quem é Gustavo Bebianno e entenda a crise gerada no governo de Jair Bolsonaro" (in Portuguese). G1. 17 February 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  3. ↑ "Divulgação de Candidaturas e Contas Eleitorais". divulgacandcontas.tse.jus.br. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
  4. ↑ "Jair Bolsonaro hopes to be Brazil's Donald Trump". The Economist. 9 November 2017.
  5. ↑ Biller, David; Sergio Lima, Mario (22 July 2018). "Brazil's Firebrand Candidate Gets Party Endorsement for Top Job". Bloomberg.
  6. ↑ "Bolsonaro é 1º presidenciável a arrecadar mais de R$ 1 milhão em vaquinha". UOL Eleições (in Portuguese). Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  7. ↑ "Deputado Jair Bolsonaro anuncia candidatura à presidência em 2018" (in Portuguese). Correio24Horas. 3 March 2016. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  8. ↑ "PSL oficializa candidatura de Jair Bolsonaro à Presidência, mas adia definição de vice" (in Portuguese). G1. 22 July 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  9. ↑ "Bolsonaro registra candidatura e diz que seu plano de governo está 'fácil de ler'" (in Portuguese). Estado de Minas. 13 August 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  10. ↑ "Astronauta Marcos Pontes diz que aceita ser vice de Bolsonaro caso seja escolhido". Reuters (in French). 27 July 2018. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  11. ↑ "Janaína Paschoal recusa convite para ser vice de Bolsonaro". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  12. ↑ "Almost Bolsonaro's vice-president, prince says that 1889 was the year of the real military coup | Texto em inglês com áudio". Wise Up News: textos em inglês com áudio da Gazeta do Povo. 9 August 2018. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  13. 1 2 3 "Quem é quem na nova campanha de Jair Bolsonaro. Veja novas e velhas caras". Gazeta do Povo.
  14. ↑ "General Augusto Heleno afirma que não será vice de Bolsonaro". Folha de S.Paulo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 18 July 2018. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  15. ↑ "Vice está entre Janaína, príncipe e deputado mineiro, diz Bolsonaro". Estado de Minas (in Brazilian Portuguese). 31 July 2018. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  16. ↑ "PDF.js viewer".
  17. ↑ "PDF.js viewer".
  18. ↑ "PDF.js viewer".
  19. 1 2 Phillips, Tom; Phillips, Dom (28 October 2018). "Jair Bolsonaro on brink of victory in Brazil as fears for democracy grow". the Guardian. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
  20. 1 2 3 "Tens of thousands of women in Brazil say "not him" in protest against far-right presidential candidate". Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  21. 1 2 Uchoa, Pablo (21 September 2018). "Why Brazilian women are saying #NotHim". BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  22. ↑ Faiola, Anthony (28 October 2018). "Who is Jair Bolsonaro, the man likely to be Brazil's next president?". SFGate. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
  23. ↑ Watson, Katy (28 September 2018). "The Brazilian candidate driving a wedge between friends". BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  24. ↑ Caetano, Maria Joao (9 October 2018). "Depois de Trump, Bannon ajuda na campanha de Bolsonaro". Diario de Noticias. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
  25. ↑ Congresso em Foco, Congresso em Foco (14 December 2017). "Tudo o que você sempre quis saber sobre Bolsonaro, mas tinha medo de perguntar". www.congressoemfoco.uol.com.br. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
  26. ↑ Congresso em Foco, Congresso em Foco (14 December 2017). "Tudo o que você sempre quis saber sobre Bolsonaro, mas tinha medo de perguntar". www.congressoemfoco.uol.co.br. Congresso em Foco. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
  27. ↑ Schreiber, Mariana. "O que pode pesar contra e a favor de Bolsonaro na corrida presidencial". BBC News Brasil. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
  28. ↑ Machado, Leandro. "Por que 60% dos eleitores de Bolsonaro são jovens?". BBC News Brasil.
  29. ↑ "Ronaldinho endorses far-right Brazil presidential candidate". Associated Press. 6 October 2018.
  30. ↑ LTD, Digital Sports Group. "Tottenham star Lucas Moura endorses Brazilian politician Jair Bolsonaro".
  31. ↑ "Brazil backlash as footballers back far-right poll candidate". Archived from the original on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
  32. ↑ Marshall, Euan. "Ronaldinho and the Right-Winger". Jacobin. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
  33. ↑ "Bolsonaro celebra apoio do pentacampeão Rivaldo - Renova Mídia". 3 October 2018.
  34. ↑ "Kaká marca encontro com Jair Bolsonaro - Radar".
  35. ↑ "Capitão do penta, Cafu declara que votará em Jair Bolsonaro" (in Portuguese). Yahoo Esportes. 15 August 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
  36. 1 2 "Após suposto apoio a Bolsonaro, jogadores da seleção de vôlei ganham seguidores e são atacados". 15 September 2018.
  37. ↑ "Em meio a protestos, Gusttavo Lima defende Bolsonaro em show e divide opiniões – TV Foco". 22 September 2018.
  38. ↑ "Zezé Di Camargo declara apoio a Bolsonaro: "Bandeira é verde e amarela"".
  39. ↑ "Bolsonaro recebe cantor sertanejo e chora ao falar de facada - Notícias - UOL Eleições 2018".
  40. ↑ "Maestro de Roberto Carlos declara apoio a Jair Bolsonaro: 'Esse cara é você!'; veja vídeo". www.folhapolitica.org.
  41. ↑ "Quem são os famosos que apoiam Bolsonaro". Diário Online - Fama. 24 September 2018.
  42. ↑ "Bolsonaro é quem mais defende penas severas contra estupro ! À esquerda vive no mundo da mentira! Mais não nos enganam mais ! Pra vcs acabou". Wanderlei Silva - Twitter Account (in Portuguese). 21 June 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  43. ↑ "Eduardo Bolsonaro e Anderson Silva falando sobre desarmamento". YouTube (in Portuguese). 10 July 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  44. ↑ Zidan, Karim (24 October 2018). "Why are MMA fighters endorsing Brazil's far-right presidential candidate?". Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  45. ↑ "Jair Bolsonaro assiste stand-up de Danilo Gentili na hora do debate da Globo". 5 October 2018.
  46. ↑ "Bolsonaro faz reunião em casa com Ratinho e senadores chilenos - Notícias - UOL Eleições 2018".
  47. ↑ "Alexandre Frota se filia ao PSL com a bênção de Bolsonaro". Archived from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
  48. ↑ Minervino, Tiago. "Gay assumido e influenciador, Agustin Fernandez declara apoio a Bolsonaro". Observatório G.
  49. ↑ Minas, Estado de (14 October 2018). "Maquiador Lili Ferraz declara apoio a Bolsonaro: 'Ele pensa igual a mim, tá bom?'".
  50. ↑ Minas, Estado de (24 September 2018). "De hospital, Bolsonaro divulga vídeo ao lado de ator".
  51. ↑ "Ator Mário Gomes declara total apoio a Bolsonaro e faz discurso veemente contra o PT; veja vídeo". www.folhapolitica.org.
  52. ↑ "Bolsonaro recebe visita de Regina Duarte". Metrópoles. 12 October 2018.
  53. ↑ Redação (10 October 2018). "Jair Bolsonaro participará de transmissão ao vivo com Luciano Hang".
  54. ↑ "Roberto Justus grava vídeo em apoio a Bolsonaro". Metrópoles. 25 October 2018.
  55. ↑ "Bolsonaro e Olavo de Carvalho fazem alertas importantes - Terça Livre TV". www.tercalivre.com.br. 25 September 2018.
  56. ↑ "Com Alckmin, PSDB perde apoio de artistas na internet". 19 September 2018.
  57. ↑ "Onyx Lorenzoni, astronauta Marcos Pontes e bancada ruralista: Bolsonaro já indica possíveis ministros - Sul 21". 11 October 2018.
  58. ↑ "Emerson Fittipaldi faz visita a Jair Bolsonaro em hospital".
  59. ↑ Araujo, Pedro Zambarda de (5 September 2018). "VÍDEO - pastor André Valadão, amigo de Aécio e Dallagnol, vai de Bolsonaro". Diário do Centro do Mundo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  60. ↑ Silas Malafaia Oficial (28 September 2018), Pastor Silas Malafaia comenta: VERGONHA! A imprensa desrespeita a recuperação de Bolsonaro., retrieved 1 October 2018
  61. ↑ Notícia, J. M. (1 October 2018). "Pastor Cláudio Duarte reafirma apoio a Jair Bolsonaro".
  62. ↑ "Contra 'ideologia de gênero', R.R. Soares declara apoio a Jair Bolsonaro - Notícias - UOL Eleições 2018".
  63. ↑ "Edir Macedo declara apoio a Bolsonaro - Notícias - UOL Eleições 2018". UOL Eleições 2018 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  64. ↑ Boadle, Anthony (2 October 2018). "Brazil's powerful farm lobby endorses far-right presidential candidate Bolsonaro". Reuters.
  65. 1 2 "Vice de Alckmin declara apoio a Bolsonaro no segundo turno". 8 October 2018.
  66. ↑ Sperb, Paula (8 October 2018). "Sartori (MDB) declara apoio a Jair Bolsonaro (PSL) no segundo turno" (in Portuguese). Veja. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  67. ↑ "Candidato que apoiou Bolsonaro, Witzel dispara e vai para 1º lugar na disputa ao governo do Rio, diz boca de urna". 7 October 2018.
  68. ↑ Paes, Cíntia (10 October 2018). "Candidato ao governo de Minas, Romeu Zema declara apoio a Bolsonaro em rede social". G1 Minas (in Portuguese). Globo. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  69. ↑ "Tucano Eduardo Leite declara apoio a Jair Bolsonaro no segundo turno Estadão" (in Portuguese). 7 October 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  70. ↑ "Eleito deputado federal, Kim Kataguiri declara voto útil em Bolsonaro - Notícias - UOL Eleições 2018".
  71. ↑ "Bolsonaro optou por quem ele já conhece, diz príncipe".
  72. ↑ Barros, Jean. "Magno Malta comanda carreata em apoio a Bolsonaro - Extra MT". Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  73. ↑ "Bolsonaro começa a receber apoio internacional - O Antagonista". 15 October 2018.
  74. ↑ "Parlamentares conservadores do Chile manifestam apoio a Bolsonaro". 17 October 2018.
  75. ↑ Fierro, Camila (19 October 2018). "José Antonio Kast tras reunión con Bolsonaro: "Él definitivamente va ser el próximo Presidente de Brasil"" (in Spanish). Radio Agricultura. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  76. ↑ "Líder italiano saúda êxito de Bolsonaro e diz que Brasil respira "novos ares" - DW - 08.10.2018". DW.COM.
  77. ↑ "Bolsonaro afirma que recebeu ligação do presidente da Argentina - Política - Estadão".
  78. ↑ Biller, David (16 October 2018). "Ex-KKK leader David Duke offers support for Jair Bolsonaro". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  79. ↑ Editorial, Reuters (26 October 2018). "Steve Bannon endorses far-right Brazilian presidential candidate". Reuters. {{cite news}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  80. ↑ "The Economist is wrong, Jair Bolsonaro would be better for Brazil than Fernando Haddad". 22 October 2018.
  81. ↑ "Resultado da apuração de 2º turno para presidente das Eleições 2018". G1.
  82. 1 2 Londoño, Ernesto (6 September 2018). "Brazil Presidential Candidate Jair Bolsonaro Is Stabbed at Campaign Rally". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
  83. ↑ Phillips, Dom (6 September 2018). "Jair Bolsonaro: Brazil's far-right presidential hopeful stabbed at campaign rally". the Guardian. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
  84. ↑ Savarese, Mauricio; Prengaman, Peter (6 September 2018). "Brazil presidential candidate Bolsonaro stabbed during event". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 29 December 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
  85. ↑ Flávio, Bolsonaro (6 September 2018). "Flávio Bolsonaro 177 Senador_RJ Verified account". Twitter. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
  86. ↑ Savarese, Mauricio; Prengaman, Peter (6 September 2018). "Brazilian candidate Jair Bolsonaro stabbed during event". ABC News. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
  87. ↑ "Bolsonaro leva facada em MG: veja repercussão". G1.com (in Portuguese). 6 September 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
  88. ↑ Langlois, Jill (29 September 2018). "Hundreds of thousands of women across Brazil march against far-right presidential candidate - Los Angeles Times". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  89. ↑ "Women rally against Brazil front-runner". BBC News. 30 September 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  90. 1 2 Kent, Emma (11 October 2018). "Valve investigated by Brazilian government over game which incites violence against election candidates". Eurogamer.
  91. ↑ "Brazil election: Far-right Bolsonaro 'will not soften rhetoric'". BBC. 8 October 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
  92. ↑ Kidwell, Emma (12 October 2018). "Valve under investigation by Brazilian government over violent political game". Gamasutra. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
  93. ↑ "Manifestações a favor de Bolsonaro ocorrem em 16 estados". G1. Retrieved 30 September 2018.
  94. 1 2 "Divulgação de Candidaturas e Contas Eleitorais". divulgacandcontas.tse.jus.br. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
  95. ↑ "Campanha de Haddad gasta 20 vezes mais do que a de Bolsonaro". Agência Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). 29 October 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
  96. ↑ "Jair Bolsonaro entrega prestação de contas de campanha ao TSE". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 24 July 2019.
  97. ↑ "Doação de Bolsonaro para hospital deve ser via partido, segundo lei". Correio Braziliense (in Brazilian Portuguese). 30 October 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
  98. ↑ "Eleitores de Bolsonaro doam R$ 1,3 mi para Santa Casa". Terra (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 24 July 2019.
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