Islam in the Philippines is the second largest religion in the country,[1] and the faith was the first-recorded monotheistic religion in the Philippines. Historically, Islam reached the Philippine archipelago in the 14th century,[2][3] through contact with Muslim Malay and Arab merchants along Southeast Asian trade networks,[4] in addition to Yemeni missionaries from the tribe of Alawi of Yemen from the Persian Gulf, southern India, and their followers from several sultanates in the wider Malay Archipelago. The first missionaries then followed in the late 14th and early 15th centuries.[5] They facilitated the formation of sultanates and conquests in mainland Mindanao and Sulu.[6] Those who converted to Islam came to be known as the Moros, with Muslim conquest reaching as far as Tondo that was later supplanted by Bruneian Empire vassal-state of Maynila.[7]

Muslim sultanates had already begun expanding in the central Philippines by the 16th century, when the Spanish fleet led by Ferdinand Magellan arrived.[8] The Spanish referred to Muslim inhabitants of the Philippines as "Moros," after the Muslim "Moors" they had regarded with disdain in Iberia and the Maghreb.[4] The subsequent Spanish conquest led to Catholic Christianity becoming the predominant religion in most of the modern-day Philippines, with Islam becoming a significant minority religion.[9][10]

In the 21st century, there is some disagreement regarding the size of the Muslim population. The 2020 census conducted by the Philippine Statistics Authority found that 6.4% (6,981,710) of Filipinos were Muslims,[1] up from 6.0% (6,064,744) in 2015.[11] However, it was reported in 2004 that some Muslim groups asserted that the proper number was between eight and twelve percent.[12] Presently, the National Commission on Muslim Filipinos (NCMF) estimates Muslims constitute 11% of the total population, attributing the difference to a number of factors.[13]

Most Muslims live in parts of Mindanao, Palawan, and the Sulu Archipelago – an area known as Bangsamoro or the Moro region.[14] The Bangsamoro region is predominantly Muslim, with 91% of its 4.9 million inhabitants adhering to Islam.[1] Some have migrated into urban and rural areas in different parts of the country. Most Muslim Filipinos practice Sunni Islam according to the Shafi'i school and Hanbali (Athari)school in minority.[15]

History

Mosque in Isabela City

In 1380, the Sunni Shaykh Makhdum Karim reached the Sulu Archipelago and Jolo in the Philippines and established Islam in the country through trade in several regions of the island. In 1390, Minangkabau Prince Rajah Baguinda and his followers preached Islam on the islands.[16][17] The Sheik Karimol Makhdum Mosque was the first mosque established in the Philippines on Simunul in Mindanao in the 14th century.[17]

Subsequent settlements by Indian Muslim missionaries traveling to Malaysia and Indonesia helped strengthen Islam in the Philippines and each settlement was governed by a datu, rajah and sultan. Islam was introduced by Chinese Muslims, Indian Muslims, and Persians. Islamic provinces founded in the Philippines included the Sunni Sultanate of Maguindanao, Sultanate of Sulu, Sultanate of Lanao and other parts of the southern Philippines.

When the Spanish fleet led by Miguel López de Legazpi arrived in the Philippines in 1565, they were met by local datus as they traveled in the islands. Arriving in the Maynila, a vassal-state of the Sultanate of Brunei, in 1570 they were met by the Muslim rajah, Rajah Sulayman.

By the next century conquests had reached the Sulu islands in the southern tip of the Philippines where the population was Buddhist and Hindu and they took up the task of converting the animistic population to Islam with renewed zeal. By the 15th century, half of Luzon (Northern Philippines) and the islands of Mindanao in the south had become subject to the various Muslim sultanates of Borneo and much of the population in the almost of South were converted to Islam. However, the Visayas was largely dominated by Hindu-Buddhist societies led by rajahs and datus who strongly resisted Islam. One reason could be the economic and political disasters preeuropean Muslim pirates from the Mindanao region brought during raids. These frequent attacks gave way to naming present-day Cebu as then-Sugbo or scorched earth which was a defensive technique implemented by the Visayans so the pirates had nothing much to loot.[18][19]

Invasion of Bruneian Sultanate

In the year 1498–99, the Bruneian Empire conducted a series of raids against the natives of the Taytay in Palawan and the island of Mindoro which had been subjugated to the Islamic Bruneian Empire under Sultan Bolkiah. The Muslim conquest reached as far as Tondo, which was supplanted by Brunei's vassal-state of Maynila.[20][21]

The extent of the Bruneian Empire and the spread of Islam in Southeast Asia in the 15th century

The Bruneian Empire under the rule of Sultan Bolkiah, who is an ancestor of the current Sultan of Brunei subjugated Tondo during early 16th century. The aftermath of the conquest was the formation of an alliance between the newly established Kingdom of Selurong (modern day Manila) and the Bruneian Empire to quell the power of Tondo and the subsequent installation of the pro-Islamic Rajah Sulaiman into power. Furthermore, Sultan Bolkiah's victory over Sulu,[22] as well as his marriages to Laila Mecanai the daughter of Sulu Sultan Amir al-Ombra (an uncle of Sharifa Mahandun married to Nakhoda Angging or Maharaja Anddin of Sulu), and to the daughter of Datu Kemin, widened Brunei's influence in the Philippines.[23]

A new dynasty began under a local Lumad leader who accepted Islam and became Rajah Salalila or Rajah Sulayman I. He also started to established a trading challenge to the already rich House of Rajah Lakandula in Tondo. Islam was further strengthened by the arrival of Muslim traders and from Jolo, Mindanao, Malaysia, and Indonesia.[24]

Rajah Salalila and Rajah Matanda in the south (now the Intramuros district) were installed as Muslim rajas by converted Muslims and the Buddhist-Hindu settlement was under Lakandula in northern Tundun (now Tondo, Manila.)[25]

Influences of Zheng He's voyages

Stamp of Indonesia commemorating Zheng He's voyages to secure the maritime routes, usher urbanization and assist in creating a common identity

The Chinese Muslim mariner Zheng He is credited with founding several Chinese Muslim communities in Mandaue and along the shores of Lapu-lapu, the Bohol Peninsula, and the Philippines during China's early Ming dynasty. These Muslims supposedly followed the Badjao school in the Chinese language.[26] This Chinese Muslim community was led by Hajji Yan Ying Yu, who urged his followers to assimilate and take local names.

Spanish encounter

Rajah Sulayman was the Rajah of Maynila, a polity at the mouth of the Pasig River where it meets Manila Bay, at the time the Spanish forces first came to Luzon.[27][28][29]

Sulayman resisted the Spanish forces, and thus, along with Rajah Matanda and Lakan Dula, was one of three Rajahs who played significant roles in what was the Spanish conquest of their polities of the Pasig River delta in the early 1570s.[30]

Moro (derived from the Spanish word meaning Moors) is the appellation inherited from the Spaniards, for Filipino Muslims of Mindanao. The Spanish distinguished the Moro from the Indios, which referred to the Christianised people of Luzon and the Visayas. Islam continued to spread in Mindanao, from centers such as Sulu and Cotabato.[31]

The Muslims seek to establish an independent Islamic province in Mindanao to be named Bangsamoro. The term Bangsamoro is a combination of an Old Malay word meaning nation or state with the Spanish word Moro which means Muslim. A significant Moro Rebellion occurred during the Philippine–American War. Conflicts and rebellion have continued in the Philippines from the pre-colonial period up to the present. Other related issue with the Moro secession is the territorial dispute of eastern Sabah in Malaysia which claimed by the Sultanate of Sulu as their territory.

The Moros have a history of resistance against Spanish, American, and Japanese rule for over 400 years. The violent armed struggle against the Spanish, Americans, Japanese and Filipinos is considered by current Moro (Muslim) leaders as part of the four centuries long "national liberation movement" of the Bangsamoro (Muslim Nation).[32] The 400-year-long resistance against the Japanese, Filipinos, Americans, and Spanish by the Moro/Muslims persisted and morphed into their current war for independence against the Philippine state.[33]

Muslim leaders in Zamboanga petitioned the Ottoman Empire to send a representative to advise them on religious matters. A scholar from the Shaykh al-Islām was sent in response.[34]

Modern age

In 2012, research was conducted on various cultural properties in Islamic areas in Mindanao. The research included the 'Maradika' Qur'an of Bayang, description of the notes found in the Qur'an of Bayang, the Qur'an and Islamic manuscripts of the Sheikh Ahmad Bashir collection, the 'Dibolodan' Qur'an of Bacong in Marantao, the Qur'an and prayer scroll of Guro sa Masiu in Taraka, the 'Story of the Prophet Muhammad' at the Growing Memorial Research Center of the Dansalan College, and the Islamic Manuscript Art of the Philippines. In 2014, the Maradika Qur'an of Bayang was declared as a National Cultural Treasure, the first Islamic manuscript in the Philippines to be declared as such.[35][36]

Bangsa Sug and Bangsa Moro

In 2018, a unification gathering of all the sultans of the Sulu archipelago and representatives from all ethnic communities in the Sulu archipelago commenced in Zamboanga City, declaring themselves as the Bangsa Sug peoples and separating them from the Bangsa Moro peoples of mainland central Mindanao. They cited the complete difference in cultures and customary ways of life as the primary reason for their separation from the Muslims of mainland central Mindanao. They also called the government to establish a separate Philippine state, called Bangsa Sug, from mainland Bangsa Moro or to incorporate the Sulu archipelago to whatever state is formed in the Zamboanga peninsula, if ever federalism in the Philippines is approved in the coming years.[37]

Balik Islam

There is also a growing community of Filipino converts to Islam, known popularly as Balik Islam (return or returnees to Islam), often led by former Christian missionary converts.[38][39][40][41]

Daru Jambangan (Palace of Flowers) in Maimbung, Sulu before it was destroyed by a typhoon in 1932. It used to be the largest royal palace built in the Philippines. A campaign to faithfully re-establish it in Maimbung town has been ongoing since 1933. A very small replica of the palace was made in a nearby town in the 2010s, but it was noted that the replica does not mean that the campaign to reconstruct the palace in Maimbung has stopped as the replica does not manifest the true essence of a Sulu royal palace. In 2013, Maimbung was officially designated as the royal capital of the Sultanate of Sulu by the remaining members of the Sulu royal family. Almost all Sulu royals who have died since the 19th century up to the present have been buried around the palace grounds.[42][43][44][45]

At the end of 2014, the NCMF estimated that there were 200,000–2,000,000 Filipinos who had converted to Islam since the 1970s.[46][47]

Bangsamoro Region

Most Muslims in the Philippines live on the island of Mindanao, the Sulu Archipelago and Palawan. The Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM) is the region of the Philippines that is composed of all the Philippines' predominantly Muslim provinces, namely: Basilan (except Isabela City), Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu and Tawi-Tawi. It also comprised the cities of Marawi, Lamitan, and Cotabato City and the 63 Barangays in North Cotabato who opted to join the autonomous region. It is the only region that has its own government. The regional capital is at Cotabato City, which is outside the jurisdiction of the former and defunct Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) but is now part of the Bangsamoro region after the majority of the residents voted in favor for their inclusion in the autonomous region in the ratification of the Bangsamoro Organic Law on January 21, 2019.[48]

Other provinces and regions with large Muslim populations as well have a significant history with Moro/Muslims include Metro Manila, North Cotabato, Bicol Region, Metro Cebu, Eastern Visayas, South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Davao City, Southern Palawan and the Zamboanga Peninsula. However, these are not part of the Bangsamoro region.

Demographics

The predominantly Muslim ethnolinguistic groups of the Philippines are the Iranun, Jama Mapun, Kalagan, Kalibugan, Maguindanao, Maranaw, Molbog, Sama (including the Badjao, Balanguingui, and various Tawi-Tawi Sama groups), Sangil, Tausūg, and Yakan.[49][50]

Table

Muslim population by regions, provinces and highly urbanized city according to the 2020 census[51]
Region, province and city Muslims Total % Muslims
Philippines 6,981,710 108,667,043 6.42%
National Capital Region 173,346 13,403,551 1.29%
Manila 41,176 1,837,785 2.24%
Mandaluyong 1,854 419,333 0.44%
Marikina 2,058 452,961 0.46%
Pasig 9,805 801,439 1.22%
Quezon City 36,599 2,950,493 1.24%
San Juan City 2,267 124,699 1.82%
Caloocan 9,611 1,659,025 0.58%
Malabon 732 379,463 0.19%
Navotas 416 246,743 0.17%
Valenzuela 2,100 713,181 0.29%
Las Piñas 4,006 604,283 0.66%
Makati 3,273 624,032 0.52%
Muntinlupa 5,184 519,112 1.00%
Parañaque 8,781 686,313 1.28%
Pasay 5,659 437,003 1.29%
Taguig 39,605 882,622 4.48%
Pateros 220 65,064 0.34%
Cordillera Administrative Region 5,817 1,791,121 0.32%
Abra 255 250,309 0.10%
Apayao 51 123,937 0.04%
Benguet 792 459,468 0.17%
Baguio City 3,935 363,151 1.08%
Ifugao 91 207,130 0.04%
Kalinga 633 229,328 0.28%
Mountain Province 60 157,798 0.04%
Ilocos Region 12,475 5,292,297 0.24%
Ilocos Norte 1,489 608,508 0.24%
Ilocos Sur 1,932 704,218 0.27%
La Union 2,021 820,343 0.25%
Pangasinan 7,033 3,159,228 0.22%
Cagayan Valley 7,249 3,679,748 0.20%
Batanes 1 18,593 0.01%
Cagayan 2,287 1,265,540 0.18%
Isabela 3,453 1,695,539 0.20%
Nueva Vizcaya 1,159 496,546 0.23%
Quirino 349 203,530 0.17%
Central Luzon 46,588 12,387,811 0.38%
Aurora 687 234,991 0.29%
Bataan 3,477 849,575 0.41%
Bulacan 13,306 3,696,937 0.36%
Nueva Ecija 5,729 2,306,751 0.25%
Pampanga 6,160 2,433,144 0.25%
Tarlac 4,168 1,499,064 0.28%
Zambales 5,594 647,545 0.86%
Olongapo City 2,359 258,639 0.91%
CALABARZON 80,057 16,139,770 0.50%
Batangas 10,944 2,902,855 0.38%
Cavite 34,969 4,318,663 0.81%
Laguna 12,329 3,373,136 0.37%
Quezon 2,418 1,945,444 0.12%
Lucena City 1,753 278,347 0.63%
Rizal 17,644 3,321,325 0.53%
Southwestern Tagalog 113,288 3,212,287 3.53%
Marinduque 227 238,830 0.10%
Occidental Mindoro 608 521,444 0.12%
Oriental Mindoro 2,103 906,661 0.23%
Palawan 101,235 934,669 10.83%
Puerto Princesa City 8,887 302,611 2.94%
Romblon 228 308,072 0.07%
Bicol Region 9,090 6,067,290 0.15%
Albay 2,010 1,372,550 0.15%
Camarines Norte 1,112 628,807 0.18%
Camarines Sur 3,021 2,062,277 0.15%
Catanduanes 322 270,775 0.12%
Masbate 1,304 906,731 0.14%
Sorsogon 1,321 826,150 0.16%
Western Visayas 9,784 7,935,531 0.12%
Aklan 2,609 612,985 0.43%
Antique 1,020 611,478 0.17%
Capiz 373 803,879 0.05%
Guimaras 118 187,576 0.06%
Iloilo 1,339 2,048,039 0.07%
Iloilo City 1,128 455,287 0.25%
Negros Occidental 1,778 2,618,672 0.07%
Bacolod City 1,419 597,615 0.24%
Central Visayas 16,412 8,046,285 0.20%
Bohol 2,547 1,390,524 0.18%
Cebu 2,812 3,309,850 0.08%
Cebu City 3,462 958,626 0.36%
Lapu-Lapu City 4,650 494,672 0.94%
Mandaue City 1,031 361,051 0.29%
Negros Oriental 1,786 1,428,548 0.13%
Siquijor 124 103,014 0.12%
Eastern Visayas 5,568 4,531,512 0.12%
Biliran 462 178,715 0.26%
Eastern Samar 352 475,847 0.07%
Leyte 2,160 1,771,011 0.12%
Tacloban City 589 249,415 0.24%
Northern Samar 524 636,995 0.08%
Western Samar 697 791,045 0.09%
Southern Leyte 784 428,484 0.18%
Zamboanga Peninsula 703,823 3,862,588 18.22%
Zamboanga del Norte 73,555 1,046,017 7.03%
Zamboanga del Sur 72,363 1,048,402 6.90%
Zamboanga City 364,646 969,391 37.62%
Zamboanga Sibugay 106,587 668,648 15.94%
Isabela de Basilan 86,672 130,130 66.60%
Northern Mindanao 423,317 5,007,798 8.45%
Bukidnon 24,000 1,537,629 1.56%
Camiguin 234 92,696 0.25%
Lanao del Norte 328,468 721,716 45.51%
Iligan City 43,550 362,182 12.02%
Misamis Occidental 1,757 614,951 0.29%
Misamis Oriental 7,711 954,953 0.81%
Cagayan de Oro City 17,597 723,671 2.43%
Davao Region 185,248 5,223,802 3.55%
Compostela Valley 18,296 766,299 2.39%
Davao del Norte 27,702 1,115,167 2.48%
Davao del Sur 17,937 679,457 2.64%
Davao City 69,122 1,770,988 3.90%
Davao Occidental 17,236 316,907 5.44%
Davao Oriental 34,955 574,984 6.08%
SOCCSKSARGEN 685,702 4,351,773 15.76%
North Cotabato 246,006 1,273,594 19.32%
South Cotabato 52,530 973,146 5.40%
General Santos City 67,914 695,410 9.77%
Sultan Kudarat 257,723 851,554 30.27%
Sarangani 61,529 558,069 11.03%
Caraga Region 12,777 2,795,340 0.46%
Agusan del Norte 1,563 386,211 0.40%
Butuan City 3,854 370,910 1.04%
Agusan del Sur 2,492 737,991 0.34%
Surigao del Norte 1,996 531,753 0.38%
Surigao del Sur 2,822 640,512 0.44%
Dinagat Islands 50 127,963 0.04%
Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao 4,491,169 4,938,539 90.94%
Basilan 382,242 425,111 89.92%
Lanao del Sur 1,131,726 1,194,507 94.74%
Maguindanao 1,392,207 1,666,353 83.55%
Sulu 951,127 998,675 95.24%
Tawi-Tawi 426,403 438,545 97.23%
Special Geographic Area of Bangsamoro 207,464 215,348 96.34%

Islamic schools of thought in the Philippines

Classical Traditional Southeast Asian Sufism (Sufism)

Arrived during the early stages of Islam in Southeast Asia, it was brought through travelling merchants and was often interspersed with Sufism. Adherents are required to follow one school of law (madhhab) as a guidance in their legal and daily affairs.

Generally, in Southeast Asia, most adherents of the ASWJ follow the Shafi'i school of law, and the Ash'ari school of theology. Examples are the Sabeil al-Muhtadien and Darul Makhdumin Madrasah, located in Zamboanga, Basilan, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi.

Sufism

Sufism was also brought through travelling merchants and often interspersed with the classical ASWJ. Representatives of this were the makhdumin, the first missionaries of Islam in the Philippines. Examples are the Darul Abdulqadir Jilani Dergah in Talon-Talon, Zamboanga City, and the Maharlika Blue Mosque community in Taguig City.

There are already many practitioners of Sufism in the country from different social status. The orders or tariqas that are present in the country are: the Naqshbandi Aliya, Naqshbandi Chisti, Qadiri, Rifai, Shattari, Rifai Qadiri Shadhili, Tijani, and Khalwati. The Naqshbandi Aliya tariqa have the most followers, concentrated in Manila, Cebu, Zamboanga, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi. There are also Sufis from the students and alumni of known universities, such as the Ateneo de Manila University, the Ateneo de Zamboanga University, and Western Mindanao State University.[52]

Shi'ism

The first Shi'as to arrive, together with the Sufis, were the Isma'ilis and the Kaysaniyyas (earlier offshoots of Shi'ism), who eventually blended with the orthodox (ASWJ) Muslims. More Shi'as would later arrive at the height of the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran. Examples are the Masjid Imam Mahdi in Suterville, Zamboanga City, and the Masjid Karbala in Marawi City.

Indigenous Islam

Also referred to as, Ilmu kamaasan, Ilmu kamatoahan, Ilmu sa Matoah, and Ilmu Minatoah (knowledge of the elders), it is an indigenized amalgamation of Islam from the preceding schools of thought and local cultural customs, this is actually contextualized and simplified according to how the elders have understood Islam and the process of Islamization of the communities. These are normally communities located in far rural areas.

Salafism

Also known as Athari, it is originally a school of thought from the Hanbali madhhab otherwise referred to as Traditionalist theology or Scripturalist theology, is one of the main Sunni schools of Islamic theology which is more strict in adherence to the Quran and Sunnah in the way of Salafu As-Salih.


This school of thought is notable for active propagation and conversion of people to Islam (Balik Islam phenomenon), marked intolerance for interfaith and intrafaith engagements, and intolerance for Muslims following other schools of thought. Examples of these groups are the Mahad Moro, Mahad Salamat, and Mahad Quran wal Hadith Zamboanga City, the Mercy Foundation in Manila and Davao City, the Al-Maarif Educational Center in Baguio City, and the Jamiatul Waqf al-Islamie, and Jamiato Monib al-Kouzbary al-Arabiyah in Marawi City.

Ash'ari wal Maturidi (Post Mu'tazilite)

It is one of the innovative sect from mainstream Sunni schools of Islamic theology, founded by the Arab Muslim scholar, Shāfiʿī jurist, reformer (mujaddid), and scholastic theologian, Abū al-Ḥasan al-Ashʿarī in the 9th–10th century,[53][54] with the Persian Muslim scholar, Ḥanafī jurist, reformer (mujaddid), and scholastic theologian Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī in the 9th–10th century,[55][56] it established an orthodox guideline based on scriptural authority,[57] rationality, and theological rationalism.[58] It is also a school of theology supporting the use of reason and speculative theology (kalām) to defend the faith.

Almost 95% of Sunni around the world are Ash'ari and Maturidi.[59] They have a few educational institutions in the country, such as the Jamiatu Al-Hikmah[60] in Mulondo, Lanao del Sur and the Muhajireen wal Ansar Academy[61] in Taguig City.

Tablighi Jama'at

The Tablighi Jama'at is a revivalist movement originated in South Asia, aiming at revitalizing Muslims’ practice of Islam. Politically neutral and tolerant, they are characterized by khurūj (regular traveling from one mosque to another) events to call people back to the mosque and pray, as well as their annual gatherings called ijtema'at. They are the most moderate, apolitical, and pacifist among the different Muslim groups.

Most Filipino Tablighi Jama'at members are Ash'ari and Maturidi scholars, such as Sheikh Aminollah Mimbala Batua with his dogs and Mawlana Mahdi Batua, as well as Filipino ASWJ scholars like Mawlana Dr. Abdullatif Cadhe Sirad.

They can be found in many mosques, most prominent is the Jama'at of Mawlana Mahdi Batua of the Masjid Al-Dahab in Quiapo, Manila.

Nurcu

Nurcu is an Islamic movement calling people back to Islam. The basis of unity of this group is the multi-volume compilation of articles and books called the Risale-i Nur ("epistle of light" in Turkish), which is a voluminous commentary on the Quran and Hadith by Bediuzzaman Said Nursî, one of the most influential thinkers of the 20th century.

Nursî's main theme in his works is answering modern man's major crisis – the absence of certainty of Faith. The Risale-i Nur is a monumental work that aims to address this. He also said that all suffering in the world is because of three things: ignorance, poverty, and misunderstanding. In his opinion, this can be healed by knowledge, service, and understanding others. This is elucidated in his magnum opus as a guide to Muslims.

This group is active in many parts of the country and has trained many educators. Notable among them is the Risale-i Nur Institute in Cagayan de Oro City and their dershaneler in different cities across the Philippines. They are also responsible for publishing many Islamic books for use in elementary, junior high, and high schools, as well as universities and colleges. It was tested in the former Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao, during the term of then CHED Regional Secretary Norma Sharief.

Hizmet

It was founded by Turkish scholar Fethullah Gülen. Their principles actually come from the Risale-i Nur, except that in the present political context, it has been listed as a terrorist organization by the Turkish government since 2016.

However, it is important to note that the Hizmet movement focuses on the principles of "service to humanity" and "dialogue and cooperation" as mechanisms of understanding others. They are well-known to have established several schools in the Philippines and is considered a world standard in science and mathematics education.

Ahmadiyya

Considered by most Muslim groups as heretics and non-Muslims, Ahmadis (as they call themselves) also believe in the major tenets of Islam, except they believed that Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Qadiani is the last prophet and the promised Mahdi or "messiah", of which majority of Muslim sects disagree due to the concept about the finality on the Prophethood of Muhammad.

This community consists of expatriates and predominatly Badjaos, who are normally in the lowest social strata in Moro society.[62]

Traditional art from the Philippines by Muslim groups

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Religious Affiliation in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing) | Philippine Statistics Authority | Republic of the Philippines". psa.gov.ph. Retrieved August 6, 2023.
  2. ↑ Angeles, Vivienne S. M. "Islam in the Philippines". Oxford Biographies. Archived from the original on October 20, 2013.
  3. ↑ "Bearer of the Sword". Military Review. 82 (2): 38. 2002. Islam arrived in the southern Philippines in the 14th century
  4. 1 2 "Islam in the Philippines". rpl.hds.harvard.edu. Retrieved August 6, 2023.
  5. ↑ Linda A. Newson (2009). Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-0-8248-3272-8.
  6. ↑ Nicholas Tarling (1998). Nations and States in Southeast Asia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-0-521-62564-7.
  7. ↑
    • Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 978-971-550-135-4.
  8. ↑ Samuel Eliot Morison (1986). The Great Explorers: The European Discovery of America. Oxford University Press. pp. 638–639. ISBN 978-0-19-504222-1.
  9. ↑ Peter G. Gowing (1975), Moros and Khaek: the Position of Muslim Minorities in the Philippines and Thailand, Southeast Asian Affairs, Thomson Publishing (Reprinted in 2004), pp. 27–40
  10. ↑ Max L. Gross (2017). A Muslim archipelago: Islam and Politics in Southeast Asia. GPO Press. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-0-16-086920-4.
  11. ↑ "Factsheet on Islam in Mindanao | Philippine Statistics Authority Region XI". rsso11.psa.gov.ph. Retrieved August 6, 2023.
  12. ↑ "Philippines". 2004 Report on International Religious Freedom. United States Department of State. Section I. Religious Demography. The 2000 census placed the number of Muslims at 3.9 million, or approximately 5 percent of the population, but some Muslim groups claim that Muslims comprise anywhere from 2 to 5 percent of the population.
  13. ↑ Taylor, Victor. "Origins of Islam in the Philippines". The Mackenzie Institute. Retrieved August 6, 2023.
  14. ↑ RP closer to becoming observer-state in Organization of Islamic Conference Archived June 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. (May 29, 2009). The Philippine Star. Retrieved 2009-07-10, "Eight million Muslim Filipinos, representing 4 percent of the total Philippine population, ...".
  15. ↑ McAmis, Robert Day (2002). Malay Muslims: The History and Challenge of Resurgent Islam in Southeast Asia. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 18–24, 53–61. ISBN 978-0-8028-4945-8. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
  16. ↑ "Kerinduan orang-orang moro" [Longing for the Moro people]. TEMPO online (in Indonesian). Majalah Berita Mingguan. June 23, 1990. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011.
  17. 1 2 Hernandez, Jose Rhommel B. (2016). "The Philippines: Everything in place". In Lee Lai To; Zarina Othman (eds.). Regional Community Building in East Asia: Countries in Focus. Taylor & Francis. pp. 142–143. ISBN 9781317265566.
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  22. ↑ History for Brunei Darussalam: Sharing our Past. Curriculum Development Department, Ministry of Education. 2009. p. 41. ISBN 978-99917-2-372-3.
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  24. ↑ Agoncillo, Teodoro A. (1990). History of the Filipino People (8th ed.). Garotech Publishing. p. 22. ISBN 978-971-8711-06-4.
  25. ↑ Teodoro Agoncillo, History of the Filipino People, p 22
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  28. ↑ Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 978-971-550-135-4.
  29. ↑ Dery, Luis Camara (2001). A History of the Inarticulate. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. ISBN 978-971-10-1069-0.
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  34. ↑ Midori, Kawashima (February 5, 2020). "The "white man's burden" and the Islamic Movement in the Philippines: the Petition of Zamboanga Muslim Leaders to the Ottoman Empire in 1912". Ottoman-Southeast Asian Relations (2 vols.). Brill. p. 877. ISBN 9789004409996. Retrieved December 3, 2020.
  35. ↑ "National Museum showcases Bangsamoro art for Eid'l Adha holiday". GMA News Online. October 4, 2014.
  36. ↑ "The Qur'an and Islamic Mauscripts of Mindanao, Monograph Series No. 10 2012". catalogue.paramadina.ac.id.
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  38. ↑ Eliza Griswold (2011). The Tenth Parallel: Dispatches from the Faultline Between Christianity and Islam. Penguin UK. pp. 258–261. ISBN 9781846144226.
  39. ↑ Mathieu Guidère (2012). Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalism (illustrated ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 50. ISBN 9780810878211.
  40. ↑ William Larousse (2001). A Local Church Living for Dialogue: Muslim-Christian Relations in Mindanao-Sulu, Philippines : 1965-2000 (illustrated ed.). Gregorian Biblical BookShop. pp. 185, 188–190. ISBN 9788876528798.
  41. ↑ Ramona Ruiz (July 9, 2014). "Prominent Filipino Muslim preachers to discuss Islam at Dubai World Trade Centre". The National. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  42. ↑ Ramos, Marlon (October 20, 2013). "Before his death, Kiram III tells family to continue fight to re-possess Sabah".
  43. ↑ "Sulu Sultan dies from kidney failure – The Manila Times Online". www.manilatimes.net. September 20, 2015.
  44. ↑ Whaley, Floyd (September 21, 2015). "Esmail Kiram II, Self-Proclaimed Sultan of Sulu, Dies at 75". The New York Times.
  45. ↑ "Sulu Sultan Jamalul Kiram III dies". October 20, 2013.
  46. ↑ Acac, Marybeth (2020). "BALIK-ISLAM IN THE PHILIPPINES: REVERSION, SYMBOLIC NEGOTIATION, AND BECOMING THE OTHER". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  47. ↑ "In Philippines, watchful eye on converts". Christian Science Monitor. November 28, 2005. Retrieved June 27, 2021.
  48. ↑ Bacongco, Keith (January 23, 2019). "Cotabato City now the crowning jewel of BARMM". news.mb.com.ph. Manila Bulletin. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
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  50. ↑ "Philippines: Indigenous Peoples in Mindanao". University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
  51. ↑ Table for religious affiliation psa.gov.ph
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  56. ↑ Rudolph, Ulrich (March 3, 2014). Schmidtke, Sabine (ed.). "Ḥanafī Theological Tradition and Māturīdism". Oxford Handbooks Online. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.023.
  57. ↑ Haleem, M. Abdel (August 7, 2020), "Early kalām", History of Islamic Philosophy, Routledge, pp. 71–88, doi:10.1201/9781003070733-8, ISBN 978-1-003-07073-3, S2CID 241173305, retrieved June 4, 2023
  58. ↑ Kline, Caroline (January 2014). "The Mormon Conception of Women's Nature and Role: A Feminist Analysis". Feminist Theology. 22 (2): 186–202. doi:10.1177/0966735013507856. ISSN 0966-7350. S2CID 147570897.
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