The foreign relations of Ireland are substantially influenced by its membership of the European Union, although bilateral relations with the United States and United Kingdom are also important to the state. It is one of the group of smaller nations in the EU and has traditionally followed a non-aligned foreign policy. Ireland has historically tended towards independence in foreign military policy, thus it is not a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation and has a longstanding policy of military neutrality. According to the Irish Defence Forces, the neutrality policy has helped them to be successful in their contributions to United Nations peace-keeping missions since 1960 (in the Congo Crisis) and subsequently in Cyprus, Lebanon and Bosnia and Herzegovina.[1]

Main relationships

Ireland was not invited to join the United Nations when it was formed in 1945. Both Washington and London were opposed because of Ireland's neutrality during the war. Ireland applied in 1946 and the US and UK voted approval, but the Soviet Union vetoed it. Ireland was finally admitted to the UN in 1955.[2] It joined the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1973; it is now known as the European Union (EU). In 1974 it began the Irish Aid programme to provide assistance to developing countries. In 1991 it established the Irish Institute of International and European Affairs to conduct research and analysis on international and European affairs. In 1992 the Irish Refugee Council began as a humanitarian advocate for the rights of refugees and asylum seekers in Ireland.[3]

United Kingdom

Embassy of Ireland in London

Since at least the 1100s Ireland, as a result of military conquest, has had political connections with the United Kingdom and its predecessor states, with the whole island becoming a part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 1801 to 1922. From the time Ireland became independent from the United Kingdom in 1922, the two countries have been involved in a dispute over the status of Northern Ireland. Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland formerly claimed Northern Ireland as a part of the "national territory", though in practice the Irish government did recognise the UK's jurisdiction over the region.
From the onset of the Troubles in 1969, the two governments sought to bring the violence to an end. The Sunningdale Agreement of 1973 and the Anglo-Irish Agreement of 1985 were important steps in this process. In 1998, both states signed the Good Friday Agreement and now co-operate closely to find a solution to the region's problems. Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland were amended as part of this agreement, the territorial claim being replaced with a statement of aspiration to unite the people of the island of Ireland. As part of the Good Friday Agreement, the states also ended their dispute over their respective names: Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Each agreed to accept and use the others' correct name.

When the Troubles were raging in Northern Ireland, the Irish Government sought, with mixed success, to prevent the import of weapons and ammunition through its territory by illegal paramilitary organisations for use in their conflict with the security forces in Northern Ireland. In 1973 three ships of the Irish Naval Service intercepted a ship carrying weapons from Libya which were probably destined for Irish Republican paramilitaries.[4] Law enforcement acts such as these additionally improved relations with the government of the United Kingdom. However, the independent judiciary blocked a number of attempts to extradite suspects between 1970 and 1998 on the basis that their crime might have been 'political' and thus contrary to international law at the time.

Ireland is one of the parties to the Rockall continental shelf dispute that also involves Denmark, Iceland, and the United Kingdom. Ireland and the United Kingdom have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area. However, neither has concluded similar agreements with Iceland or Denmark (on behalf of the Faroe Islands) and the matter remains under negotiation. Iceland now claims[5] a substantial area of the continental shelf to the west of Ireland, to a point 49°48'N 19°00'W, which is further south than Ireland.

The controversial Sellafield nuclear fuel reprocessing plant in north-western England has also been a contentious issue between the two governments. The Irish government has sought the closure of the plant, taking a case against the UK government under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. However, the European Court of Justice found that the case should have been dealt with under EU law.[6] In 2006, however, both countries came to a friendly agreement which enabled both the Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland and the Garda Síochána (Irish Police Force) access to the site to conduct investigations.[7]

United States

Embassy of Ireland to the US, in Washington, D.C.

The United States recognised the Irish Free State on 28 June 1924 with diplomatic relations being established on 7 October 1924. In 1927, the United States opened an American Legation in Dublin.[8] Due to the ancestral ties between the two countries, Ireland and the US have a strong relationship, both politically and economically, with the US being Ireland's biggest trading partner since 2000.[9] Ireland also receives more foreign direct investment from the US than many larger nations, with investments in Ireland equal to France and Germany combined and, in 2012, more than all of developing Asia put together.[10]

The use of Shannon Airport as a stop-over point for US forces en route to Iraq has caused domestic controversy in Ireland. Opponents of this policy brought an unsuccessful High Court case against the government in 2003, arguing that this use of Irish airspace violated Irish neutrality.[11] Restrictions such as carrying no arms, ammunition, or explosives, and that the flights in question did not form part of military exercises or operations were put in place to defend Irish neutrality, however, allegations have been made against the Central Intelligence Agency that the airport has been used between 30 and 50 times for illegal extraordinary rendition flights to the U.S. without the knowledge of the Irish Government, despite diplomatic assurances by the US that Irish airspace would not be used for transport of detainees.[12][13]

In July 2006, the former Irish Minister for Foreign Affairs, Dermot Ahern voiced concern over the 2006 Lebanon War.[14] A shipment of bombs being sent to Israel by the United States was banned using Irish airspace or airfields.[15]

In 1995 a decision was made by the U.S. government to appoint a Special Envoy to Northern Ireland to help with the Northern Ireland peace process. During the 2008 presidential campaign in the United States, however, Democratic Party candidate Barack Obama was reported as having questioned the necessity to keep a US Special Envoy for Northern Ireland. His remarks caused an uproar within the Republican Party, with Senator John McCain questioning his leadership abilities and his commitment to the ongoing peace process in Northern Ireland.[16]

As of 2023, Geraldine Byrne Nason is the Irish ambassador to the United States while the position of U.S. ambassador to Ireland is held by Claire D. Cronin.

Countries with which Ireland has diplomatic relations

China

Embassy of Ireland in Beijing

Ireland's official relationship with the People's Republic of China began on 22 June 1979.[17] Following his visit to China in 1999, former Taoiseach Bertie Ahern authorised the establishment of an Asia Strategy.[18] This Strategy aimed to ensure that the Irish Government and Irish enterprise work coherently to enhance the important relationships between Ireland and Asia.[18] In recent years due to the rapid expansion of the Chinese economy, China is becoming a key trade partner of Ireland, with over $6bn worth of bilateral trade between the two countries in 2010. In July 2013, the Tánaiste and Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade were invited to China by the Chinese foreign minister Wang Yi on a trade mission to boost both investment and political ties between the two countries.[19]

Ireland has raised its concerns in the area of human rights with China on several occasions. On 12 May 2007, during a visit to Beijing, former Taoiseach Brian Cowen (then Minister for Finance) discussed human rights issues with Chinese Foreign Minister Li Zhaoxing.[20] Former Tánaiste Mary Coughlan also raised human rights issues and concerns with visiting Chinese Vice-Premier Zeng Peiyan.[20] Ireland also participates in the EU-China Human Rights Dialogue.

Concerning the Taiwan issue, Ireland follows a One-China policy and emphasizes the Taiwan issue being best settled through dialogue "between the parties concerned". Ireland does not maintain official diplomatic ties with Taiwan although there is a Taipei Representative Office that has a representative function about economic and cultural promotion.

In July 2019, the UN ambassadors from 22 nations, including Ireland, signed a joint letter to the UNHRC condemning China's mistreatment of the Uyghurs as well as its mistreatment of other minority groups, urging the Chinese government to close the Xinjiang re-education camps.[21][22]

Africa

Country Formal relations began Notes
 AlgeriaJanuary 1975[23]
  • Ireland is represented in Algeria through its embassy in Bern (Switzerland).
  • Algeria has an embassy in Dublin.
  • There are 1,047 Algerians living in Ireland.[24]
 Angola24 January 2001[25]
  • Ireland is represented in Angola through its embassy in Maputo (Mozambique).
  • Angola is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom).
  • Between 2006 and 2010 Angola received almost €7.6 million from the government of Ireland through Irish Aid.[26]
 Benin Ireland and Benin maintain diplomatic relations.
  • Ireland is represented in Benin through its embassy in Abuja (Nigeria).
  • Benin is represented in Ireland through its embassy in Paris (France).[27]
 Botswana
 Burkina Faso1 May 2007[29]
 Burundi2004[31]
 Cameroon23 April 2007[33]
  • Ireland is represented in Cameroon through its embassy in Abuja (Nigeria).
  • Cameroon is represented in Ireland through an honorary consulate in Dublin.
 Cape Verde 19 March 2021[34][35]
 Central African Republic 26 June 2018 Ireland and the Central African Republic established diplomatic relations on 26 June 2018.[36]
 Chad30 June 2000[37]
 Comoros 2017[39] Comoros and Ireland established diplomatic relations in 2017.[39]
 Democratic Republic of Congo2000[39]
  • Ireland is represented in the Democratic Republic of Congo through its embassy in Pretoria (South Africa).
  • Democratic Republic of Congo received €7.4 million in aid from Ireland in 2011.[40]
  • There are 1,770 citizens from between both the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of Congo living in Ireland. The exact number from each is uncertain due to the fact Congo with no distinction was used solely in census reports.[24]
 Republic of the Congo
  • Ireland is represented in the Republic of Congo through its permanent mission to the United Nations in New York (United States).
  • There are 1,770 citizens from between both the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of Congo living in Ireland. The exact number from each is uncertain due to the fact Congo with no distinction was used solely in census reports.[24]
 Djibouti6 July 2001[41]
  • Although diplomatic relations with Djibouti are maintained through Ireland's embassy in Paris, (France), Ireland is represented in Djibouti consular through its embassy in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia).[42]
 EgyptDecember 1974[23]
  • Ireland has an embassy in Cairo and an honorary consulate in Alexandria.[43]
  • Egypt has an embassy in Dublin, the first embassy of an Arab country in Ireland.[44]
  • There are 1,055 Egyptians living in Ireland.[24]
 Equatorial Guinea There are no diplomatic relations yet with Equatorial Guinea.
  • Ireland is represented in Equatorial Guinea through its embassy in Madrid (Spain).
  • Equatorial Guinea is represented in Ireland through its embassy in Madrid (Spain).
 Eritrea2002[45]
 Eswatini 2019 Ireland and Eswatini established diplomatic relations in 2019[46]
 Ethiopia1994[47]See Ethiopia–Ireland relations
  • Ireland has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
  • Ethiopia closed its embassy in Dublin in 2021.
  • In 2011, Ethiopia received €36.4 million in aid from Ireland.[40]
  • In November 2014 the President of Ireland Michael D. Higgins visited Ethiopia on a state visit to celebrate 20 years of diplomatic relations between the two countries. During this visit a bilateral transport agreement was signed which paved the way for Ethiopian Airlines to commence direct flights to Dublin from Addis Ababa, the first between Ireland and Sub-Saharan Africa.[48]
 Gabon15 December 2009[49]
 Gambia29 May 2001[50]
 Ghana1990[52]
  • Ireland is represented in Ghana through its embassy in Abuja (Nigeria). Ireland also maintains a visa applications centre in Accra.
  • Ghana is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom).
  • There are 1,158 Ghanaians living in Ireland.[24]
 Guinea30 June 2008[53]
 Guinea Bissau
  • Although diplomatic relations with Guinea Bissau are maintained through Ireland's Embassy in Madrid, (Spain), Ireland is represented in Guinea Bissau consular through its embassy in Abuja (Nigeria).[54]
 Ivory Coast3 May 2000[55]
  • Although diplomatic relations with the Ivory Coast are maintained through Ireland's Embassy in London, (United Kingdom), Ireland is represented in the Ivory Coast consular through its embassy in Monrovia (Liberia).[56]
  • Ivory Coast is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom).
 Kenya4 April 1979[57]
  • Ireland has an embassy in Nairobi.
  • Kenya has an embassy in Dublin.
  • Kenya received €9.3 million in aid from Ireland in 2011.[40]
  • There are approximately 2,000 Irish citizens living in Kenya.[58]
 Lesotho
  • Ireland is represented in Lesotho through its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa after closing its embassy in Maseru in 2014.
  • Lesotho has an embassy in Dublin.
  • In June 2006 the President of Ireland, Mary McAleese made a state visit to the country.[59]
  • Lesotho received €11.3 million in aid from Ireland in 2011.[40]
 Liberia2004[60]
 Libya2 July 1977 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 July 1977[62]
  • Ireland is represented in Libya through its embassy in Rome (Italy).
  • Libya is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom).

Under Muammar Gaddafi, the prime governor of Libya from 1969 to 2011, relations between both countries were strained due to Gaddafi's support of the Irish Republican Army. Gaddafi was sympathetic to their cause and also wanted revenge for the US Air Force's bombing attacks on Tripoli and Benghazi in 1986. Between 1984 and 1987 Libya sent the IRA about 1,000 AK47 assault rifles and six tonnes of Semtex explosive alongside other weapons. This shipment ensured The Troubles could continue for many more years, mainly until the Good Friday Agreement of 1998 ended the conflict.[63]

 Madagascar 2005 Ireland and Madagascar maintain diplomatic relations in 2005.
 Malawi2002
  • Ireland has an embassy in Lilongwe and an honorary consulate in Blantyre.[65]
  • Malawi has an honorary consulate in Dublin.
  • Malawi received €17.5 million in aid from Ireland in 2011.[40]
  • In 2014 the President of Ireland, Michael D. Higgins, made a state visit to Malawi.[66]
 Mali 2010s Ireland maintains diplomatic relations with Mali.[67]
  • Ireland is represented in Mali through its embassy in Dakar (Senegal).
  • Mali is represented in Ireland through its embassy in Madrid (Spain).
 Mauritania 1 December 2022 Ireland and Mauritania established diplomatic relations on 1 December 2022.[68]
 MauritiusAugust 2000[69]
  • Ireland is represented in Mauritius through its embassy in Pretoria, (South Africa).
  • Mauritius is represented in Ireland through its high commission in London (United Kingdom).
  • There are 2,844 citizens of Mauritius living in Ireland.[70]

Following the murder of Irish tourist Michaela McAreavey on the island in January 2011, several Irish businesses proposed a boycott of the island due to the questionable trial in which all 3 suspects were acquitted.[71] Another source of discontent was the investigation by the Mauritian authorities. The Major Crime Investigation Team (MCIT), who was in charge, admitted they failed to interview fellow guests at the hotel who were staying close to the room in which the murder occurred. They also failed to preserve the crime scene and did not provide any solid DNA evidence against the accused.[72] As a result, the Irish ambassador to Mauritius conveyed in person to the Prime Minister of Mauritius, Navin Ramgoolam, a formal government to government protest over what happened.[73][74]

 Morocco19 March 1975[75]
  • Ireland has an embassy in Rabat.[76]
  • Morocco has an embassy in Dublin.

In November 2012 Morocco recalled its ambassador to Ireland temporarily due to the fact the leader of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Mohamed Abdelaziz, met with top Irish officials, including the President of Ireland Michael D. Higgins and the Minister for Foreign Affairs, Eamon Gilmore. The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic claims sovereignty over Western Sahara, a disputed territory that Morocco also claims to own.[77]

 Mozambique13 June 1996[78]
  • Ireland has an embassy in Maputo.[79]
  • Mozambique is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom).
  • Mozambique received €42.2 million in aid from Ireland in 2011.[40]
 Namibia1994[80]

Following Namibia's Independence from South Africa in 1990, Ireland sent 50 Garda officers as well as 20 military observers to the country as part of the United Nations Transition Assistance Group. This group was sent to monitor the peace process and elections taking place there at the time.[81]

 Niger
 Nigeria
 Rwanda
 São Tomé and Príncipe Ireland does not maintain diplomatic relations with São Tomé and Príncipe.
  • Ireland is represented in São Tomé and Príncipe through its embassy in Abuja (Nigeria)
  • São Tomé and Príncipe is represented in Ireland through its embassy in Lisbon (Portugal)
 Senegal
 Seychelles9 October 1999[83]
 Sierra Leone19 January 2000[85]
  • Ireland has an embassy in Freetown since 2014.
  • Sierra Leone is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom) and an honorary consulate in Muine Bheag in County Carlow.
  • Sierra Leone received €9.1 million in aid from Ireland in 2011.[40]
  • Between 2005 and 2014 Ireland provided over €88 million in assistance to projects in Sierra Leone.[86]
 Somalia
 South Africa1993[88]

A principled stand against apartheid by Ireland came to prevent the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries. As a result, Ireland was the only EU country that did not have full diplomatic relations with South Africa until 1993, when an exchange of ambassadors was agreed with the De Klerk administration in anticipation of the ending of apartheid.

 South Sudan 4 May 2012[91] First Irish ambassador presented their credentials to the South Sudanese government in May 2012.[91]
 Sudan28 March 1984[92]
  • Ireland closed its embassy in Sudan in 2003. Ireland is represented in Sudan through its embassy in Cairo (Egypt) and an honorary consulate in Khartoum.[79]
  • Sudan has an embassy in Dublin.
  • Sudan received €9.6 million in aid from Ireland in 2011.[40]
  • There are 1,470 Sudanese living in Ireland.[24]
 Tanzania1979[93]
 Togo 27 June 2018 Ireland and Togo established diplomatic relations on 27 June 2018.[95]
 Tunisia16 January 1975[96]
  • Ireland is represented in Tunisia through its embassy in Rabat (Morocco) and an honorary consulate in Tunis.
  • Tunisia is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom) and an honorary consulate in Dublin.
 Uganda1994
  • Ireland has an embassy in Kampala.
  • Uganda is represented in Ireland through its high commission in London (United Kingdom) and an honorary consulate in Dublin.
  • In 2011 Uganda received €42.7 million from Ireland through a variety of aid programmes.[40]
  • Irish people are one of the few citizens that do not need a visa to travel to Uganda.[97]

It was found in November 2012 that €4 million worth of Irish foreign aid was misappropriated by senior officials of the country. Instead of going towards aiding the development of the country, this money was redirected into the personal account of the prime minister of Uganda. The Irish government then halted all aid payments towards Uganda until the money was recouped, which eventually occurred in January 2013.[98]

 Zambia1965[99]
  • In 1980 Ireland has an embassy in Lusaka.
  • Zambia is represented in Ireland through its High Commission in London (United Kingdom).
  • Zambia benefits greatly from Irish Aid programmes; In 2010, the country received €20.58 million in total from the country.[40]
 Zimbabwe1984
  • Ireland is represented in Zimbabwe through an honorary consulate in Harare.[100]
  • Zimbabwe is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom).
  • Zimbabwe received €7.6 million in aid from Ireland in 2011.[40]
  • There are 1,537 Zimbabweans living in Ireland.[24]

Americas

Country Formal relations began Notes
 Antigua and Barbuda19 May 2000[101]
 Argentina21 July 1947[103] See Argentina-Ireland relations
  • Ireland has an embassy in Buenos Aires.
  • Argentina has an embassy in Dublin.
  • In 2012 the Irish president Michael D. Higgins became the third Irish President in succession to visit Argentina on a state visit.
  • In March 2008, a new visa programme between the two countries allowing young people from each country to work in the other for up to 9 months was announced.[104]
  • See Also: Irish Argentine
 Bahamas23 April 2007[105]
  • Ireland is represented in The Bahamas through its embassy in Ottawa (Canada) and an honorary consulate in Nassau.[106]
  • The Bahamas are represented in Ireland through their High Commission in London, (United Kingdom).
 Barbados3 May 2001[107]
 Belize21 July 2000[109]
 Bolivia1999[111]
 Brazil19 September 1975[113] See Brazil–Ireland relations
  • Ireland has an embassy in Brasília and consulate general in São Paulo.
  • Brazil has an embassy in Dublin and an honorary consulate in Cork.
  • There are 8,704 Brazilians living in Ireland.[70]
  • Ireland is the fourth most popular country in the world for Brazilian students studying abroad.[114]
  • See also: Irish Brazilian
 Canada11 September 1939[115]See Canada–Ireland relations
  • Ireland has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Toronto and Vancouver.[116]
  • Canada has an embassy in Dublin.
  • There are 2,384 Canadian citizens residing in Ireland.[70]
  • Canada and Ireland enjoy friendly relations, the importance of these relations centres on the history of Irish migration to Canada. Approximately 4 million Canadians have Irish ancestors, or approximately 14% of Canada's population.
 Chile1 June 1992[117] See also: Chile–Ireland relations
  • Chile has an embassy in Dublin.[118]
  • Ireland has an embassy in Santiago de Chile.[119]
  • A special visa programme allowing young people from both countries to work in the other country for up to a year was announced in 2016.[120]
  • See also: Irish Chilean
 Colombia10 November 1999[121] See Colombia–Ireland relations
  • Ireland has an embassy in Bogotá.[122]
  • Colombia has an embassy in Dublin.[123]
  • Colombia received over €1 million in aid from Ireland in 2011.[40]
 Costa Rica15 September 2000[124]
 Cuba27 October 1999[127]
  • Ireland has an honorary consulate in Havana.
  • Cuba has an embassy in Dublin.
  • A large number of Irish people migrated to Cuba in the 19th century.
  • The Irish Republican political party, Sinn Féin is also known to have close political links to the Cuban government. In 2015 Sinn Féin party leader, Gerry Adams made an official visit to the country.[128]
 Dominica6 July 2001[129]
  • Although diplomatic relations with Dominica are maintained through Ireland's Embassy in Havana, (Cuba), Ireland is represented in Dominica consularly through its embassy in Washington, D.C., (United States).
 Dominican Republic13 July 2000[130]
  • Ireland is represented in the Dominican Republic through its embassy in Bogota, Colombia
  • The Dominican Republic is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London, United Kingdom.
 Ecuador20 October 1999[131]
 El Salvador13 July 2000[132]
 Grenada 21 September 2023[134]
  • Ireland is represented to Grenada through its embassy in Havana, Cuba.
  • Grenada is represented to Ireland through its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
 Guatemala
  • Ireland is accredited to Guatemala through its embassy in Mexico City, Mexico and through its honorary consulate in Guatemala City.
  • Guatemala is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London, United Kingdom.
 Guyana2 February 2000[135]
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 February 2000.[136]
  • Ireland has an honorary consulate in Georgetown, Guyana.
  • Guyana is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London, United Kingdom.
 Haiti26 January 2012[137]
  • Ireland is represented in Haiti through Ireland's embassy in Mexico City, (Mexico).
  • In 2014 Haiti received €2.1m from Ireland in development aid.[138]
  • Following the devastating 2010 Haiti earthquake, Ireland donated €37.3m to the country in response through governmental bodies such as Irish Aid and through donations to NGO'S from the public.[139]
 Honduras11 December 1999[140]
  • Although diplomatic relations with Honduras are maintained through Ireland's Embassy in Madrid Spain, Ireland is represented in Honduras consularly through its embassy in Mexico City (Mexico).[141]
  • Honduras is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom).
 Jamaica7 December 1997[142]
 Mexico10 January 1974[143]See Ireland–Mexico relations
 Nicaragua9 September 2003[147]
 Panama14 February 2001[148]
  • Although diplomatic relations with Panama are maintained through Ireland's embassy in Bogotá, (Colombia), Ireland is represented in Panama consularly through its embassy in Mexico City (Mexico) and through an honorary consulate in Panama City.[149]
 Paraguay15 January 2001[150]
 Peru27 June 1999[151]
  • Ireland is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Santiago, Chile and maintains an honorary consulate in Lima.
  • Peru has an embassy in Dublin.
 Saint Kitts and Nevis June 2023[152][153] Ireland Maintains diplomatic relations with Saint Kitts and Nevis
 Saint Lucia2000[154]
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines10 December 2013[156]
  • Ireland is represented in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines through its embassy in Brasilia (Brazil).
  • Saint Vincent and the Grenadines are represented in Ireland through its High Commission in London (United Kingdom).[157]
 Suriname 19 November 2019[158]
 Trinidad and Tobago13 December 2000[160]
  • Ireland is represented in Trinidad & Tobago through its embassy is in Havana (Cuba) and an honorary consulate in Port of Spain, Trinidad.
  • Trinidad & Tobago is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London, United Kingdom.
 United States7 October 1924[161]See above and Ireland–United States relations
 Uruguay19 January 1955[164]
 Venezuela26 September 1980[165]
  • Ireland is accredited to Venezuela through its embassy in Bogota (Colombia).[125]
  • Venezuela is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom) after closing embassy in Dublin in December 2007.

Asia

  No formal diplomatic relations
Country Formal relations began Notes
 Afghanistan19 September 2002[166]
 Armenia28 June 1996[167]
  • Ireland recognised Armenia's independence in December 1991.
  • Armenia is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom) and an honorary consulate in Dublin.[168]
  • Ireland is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Sofia (Bulgaria) and through an honorary consulate in Yerevan.[169]
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
 Azerbaijan1 July 1996[170]
 Bahrain18 May 1974[172]
 Bangladesh
 Bhutan N/A Ireland does not maintain diplomatic relations with Bhutan.
 Brunei
 Cambodia30 October 1999[173]
  • Ireland is represented in Cambodia through its embassy in Singapore.
  • Cambodia is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom).
 China22 June 1979[174] See above and China–Ireland relations
 East Timor31 January 2003[177]
  • Ireland is represented in East Timor through its embassy in Singapore.
  • East Timor has an honorary consulate in Dublin.
  • East Timor received €3.4 million in aid from Ireland in 2011.[40]
  • Since 2003 East Timor is one of 9 priority countries receiving Irish Aid assistance.[178]
 Georgia12 September 1996[179]
  • Ireland is represented in Georgia through its embassy in Kyiv (Ukraine).
  • Georgia has an embassy in Dublin.

Ireland supports EU initiatives to promote peace between Georgia and Russia. Ireland recognises Georgian sovereignty over the separatist regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Ireland condemned the decision of Russia to recognise South Ossetia and Abkhazia as independent states.[180]

The parallel the Abkhaz Parliament referred to stems from the fact that the breakaway and largely unrecognised Irish Republic (1919–22), enjoyed some form of recognition from the RSFSR.

 India1947[181] See India–Ireland relations
 Indonesia4 September 1984[182] See Indonesia–Ireland relations
 Iran17 February 1976[183]
 Iraq1979[190]
 IsraelJanuary 1975[191]See Ireland–Israel relations

In 2010, the Israel Defense Forces forcibly boarded an Irish aid ship destined for the Gaza Strip which resulted in worsened relations, Israel's Mossad was also involved in the counterfeiting of five Irish passports used in an assassination, and 2 members of the Israeli ambassador's security staff in Dublin were subsequently deported.[194] In 2010, there were numerous protests at the Israeli embassy in Ireland over the treatment of Palestinians.[195]

 Japan5 March 1957[196] See Ireland–Japan relations
 Jordan15 May 1984[199]
 Kazakhstan10 April 1992[201]
 Kuwait5 October 1974[202]
 Kyrgyzstan23 June 2000[203]
  • Ireland is represented in Kyrgyzstan through its embassy in Moscow (Russia).
 Laos7 August 1998[204]
 LebanonJanuary 1975[23]
  • Ireland is represented in Lebanon through its embassy in Cairo (Egypt) and an honorary consulate in Beirut.
  • Lebanon is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom).

From 1978 to 2001, a battalion of 580 Irish troops was deployed in Lebanon, rotating every 6 months, as part of the United Nations led force UNIFIL. In all, 30,000 Irish soldiers served in Lebanon over the 23 years. Over the course of this mission 48 Irish soldiers died in Lebanon.[205]

 Malaysia1974[206]
 Maldives7 December 1999[207]
 Mongolia22 December 1998[209]
 Myanmar10 February 2004[210]
   Nepal19 August 1999[211]
 North Korea 10 December 2003[213]
 OmanJuly 1987[215]
 PakistanSee Ireland–Pakistan relations
  • Ireland is represented in Pakistan through its embassy in Riyadh (Saudi Arabia) and an consulate general in Karachi and is planning to open in Islamabad.
  • Pakistan has an embassy in Dublin.
  • There are 6,847 Pakistanis living in Ireland.[90]
  • Pakistan received over €1.5 million in aid from Ireland in 2011.[40]
 Palestine 2000[216] See Ireland-Palestine relations
 Philippines1984[220]See Ireland–Philippines relations
  • Diplomatic relations officially began in 1984 and have become more intense over the years as increasing numbers of Filipinos have migrated to Ireland.
  • Ireland has an embassy in Manila.
  • The Philippines is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom) and an honorary consulate in Dublin.
  • There are 12,791 Filipinos living in Ireland.[90]
 QatarSeptember 1974[221]
 Saudi ArabiaSeptember 1974[222]
 Singapore2 December 1974[223]
  • Ireland is represented in Singapore through its embassy in Singapore.
  • Singapore is represented in Ireland through its honorary consulate in Dublin.
 South Korea4 October 1983[224] The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Korea and Ireland started on 4 October 1983.[225]
 Sri Lanka1996[228]
  • Ireland is represented in Sri Lanka through its embassy in New Delhi (India) and an honorary consulate in Colombo.
  • Sri Lanka is represented in Ireland through an honorary consulate in Dublin.
 Syria18 July 1975[229]
 Tajikistan18 July 2000[230]
  • Ireland is represented in Tajikistan through its embassy in Moscow (Russia).
 Thailand27 January 1975[231]
 Turkey2 October 1951[232]See Ireland–Turkey relations
 Turkmenistan16 October 2007[234]
  • Ireland is represented in Turkmenistan through its embassy in Moscow (Russia).
 United Arab Emirates1974[235]
 Uzbekistan7 November 1997[237]
  • Ireland is represented in Uzbekistan through its embassy in Moscow (Russia).
  • Uzbekistan is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom).
 Vietnam5 April 1996[238]
 Yemen25 July 2000[241]

Europe

Ireland is consistently the most pro-European of EU member states, with 88% of the population approving of EU membership according to a poll in 2022. Ireland was a founding member of the euro single currency. In May 2004, Ireland was one of only three countries to open its borders to workers from the 10 new member states. EU issues important to Ireland include the Common Agricultural Policy, corporation tax harmonisation and the EU Constitution. The Irish electorate declined to ratify the Treaty of Lisbon in 2008. A second referendum in October 2009 passed the bill, allowing the treaty to be ratified. Before it was ratified Ireland required legal guarantees on issues such as the right of Ireland to remain militarily neutral (and not engage in any kind of "European army"), the right of the state to maintain its low levels of corporation tax and that the treaty would not change the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland making abortion illegal (since deleted). Ireland has held the Presidency of the Council of the European Union on seven occasions (in 1975, 1979, 1984, 1990, 1996, 2004 and 2013).

Country Formal relations began Notes
 AlbaniaJanuary 1995[242]
 Andorra18 January 1995[245]
  • Although Ireland is accredited to Andorra from its embassy in Madrid, (Spain) all consular queries are with regard to Andorra are dealt with through Ireland's consulate-general in Barcelona.[246]
  • Andorra does not have an accreditation to Ireland.[247]
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
 Austria1 March 1952[248]
 Belarus27 March 1992[252]
 Belgium7 September 1932[254]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina27 September 1995[258]
 Bulgaria11 January 1990[259]
 Croatia27 January 1995[262]See Croatia–Ireland relations
 Cyprus23 November 1984[263]See Cyprus-Ireland relations
 Czech Republic1 January 1993[266]
 DenmarkJanuary 1962[269]See Denmark–Ireland relations
 Estonia10 September 1991[270]
 Finland2 November 1961[271]
 France19 October 1929[274][275]See France–Ireland relations
 Germany27 October 1929[278]See Germany–Ireland relations
 Greece22 January 1975[281]See Greece–Ireland relations
 Guernsey
  • Ireland has signed several tax treaties with the Guernsey.[284] The treaties provide a mechanism for inter-governmental sharing of information about offshore assets, and avoidance of dual-taxation.[285]
 Holy See27 November 1929[286]See Holy See–Ireland relations
  • Ireland has an embassy in Rome to the Holy See.
  • The Holy See has an apostolic nunciature in Dublin.
  • In November 2011 Ireland closed its embassy in the Vatican over the Irish Church's handling of sex abuse cases and accusations that the Vatican had encouraged secrecy and obstructed investigations into these matters.[287] The embassy was reopened in January 2014, a sign of thawing relations between the two jurisdictions.[288]
  • The majority of Irish people are Roman Catholic.
 Hungary1 October 1976[289]
 Iceland3 July 1951[292] See Iceland–Ireland relations
 Italy27 September 1937[295]
 Jersey
  • Ireland has signed several tax treaties with Jersey.[284] The treaties provide a mechanism for inter-governmental sharing of information about offshore assets, and avoidance of dual-taxation.[285]
 Kosovo11 November 2008[298]See Ireland–Kosovo relations
 Latvia9 October 1991[302]
 Liechtenstein1992
 Lithuania2 September 1991[305]
 Luxembourg20 December 1961[307]
 Malta13 June 1990[309]
 Isle of ManSee Ireland-Isle of Man relations
  • Ireland has signed several tax agreements with the Isle of Man.[312] The agreements provide a mechanism for inter-governmental sharing of information about offshore assets, and avoidance of dual-taxation.
  • Ireland and the Isle of Man have collaborated on preparing reports and jointly opposing the Sellafield nuclear plant to the UK government.[313]
 Moldova13 July 1999[314]
 Monaco14 December 2006[316]
  • Although Ireland has an honorary consulate in Monaco, Ireland is represented through its embassy in Paris (France).
  • Monaco has an honorary consulate in Dublin.
 Montenegro20 June 2006[317]
  • Ireland is represented in Montenegro through its embassy in Budapest (Hungary).
  • Montenegro declared its independence from Serbia on 3 June 2006 and Ireland recognised it on 20 June 2006.
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
 Netherlands1945[318]
 North Macedonia13 December 1994[320]
 Norway17 February 1950[321]
 Poland30 September 1976[324] See Ireland–Poland relations
 Portugal26 February 1942[327][328]
 Romania18 April 1990[330]
 Russia29 September 1973[333]See Ireland–Russia relations
  • Ireland has an embassy in Moscow. and an honorary consulate in St. Petersburg.[334]
  • Russia has an embassy Dublin and two honorary consulates (Limerick and Thurles, County Tipperary).[335]
  • There are 3,896 Russians living in Ireland.[70]
  • The Russian SFSR drafted a treaty which would have made it the first country to recognise the independence of Ireland in 1920, however, the Russian SFSR failed to ratify it.[336][337]
  • Cooperation between both countries has been more active since the end of the Cold War. Many bilateral treaties exist between both nations in various fields (taxation, investment protection, cultural and scientific, aviation, etc.).
 San Marino13 January 1995[338]
  • Ireland is represented in San Marino through its embassy in Rome (Italy).
  • San Marino has an honorary consulate in Limerick.
 Serbia1977[339]
 Slovakia1 January 1993[340]

In 2010 Slovak airport security planted actual explosives in the luggage of unsuspecting passengers as part of a security exercise. As result of additional mistakes, the explosives were flown to Dublin, Ireland causing international controversy.[342] Prime Minister Fico refused to dismiss the interior minister after the incident.

 Slovenia25 January 1996[343]
 Spain3 September 1935[346][347] See Ireland–Spain relations
 Sweden18 July 1946[351] See Ireland–Sweden relations
  Switzerland1939[352]
  • Ireland has an embassy in Bern and an honorary consulate in Zürich.
  • Switzerland has an embassy in Dublin.
  • As of 2010 there are 1,449 Swiss people living in Ireland.[353]
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
 Ukraine1 April 1992[354]
 United Kingdom8 January 1923[357]See above and Ireland–United Kingdom relations

Oceania

  No formal diplomatic relations
Country Formal relations began Notes
 Australia1945[359] See Australia–Ireland relations
 Cook Islands 21 November 2022[361]
 Federated States of Micronesia27 October 2004[362]
 Fiji19 February 2002[364]
 KiribatiSeptember 2000[366]
 Marshall Islands 8 January 2021[368]
 Nauru21 March 2000[369]
 New Zealand1965[371] See Ireland–New Zealand relations
 Palau14 July 2000[375]
 Papua New Guinea26 October 2020[377]
  • Ireland is represented in Papua New Guinea through its embassy in Canberra (Australia).
 Samoa 26 June 2000[378]
 Solomon Islands4 December 2009[379]
  • Ireland is represented in the Solomon Islands through its embassy in Canberra (Australia).
 Tonga 27 July 2021 Ireland and Tonga established diplomatic relations on 27 July 2021.[380]
 TuvaluSeptember 2000[366]
 Vanuatu

United Nations

The United Nations was founded in 1945, but Ireland's membership was blocked by the Soviet Union until 1955,[383] "partly because of Dublin's neutrality" during the Second World War.[384] Since 2017, the Irish ambassador to the UN Office at Geneva has been Michael Gaffey.[385] Ireland has been elected to the UN Security Council as a non-permanent member on four occasions — in 1962, in 1981–1982, in 2001–2002 and most recently in 2021–2022.[386]

Ireland is a member state of the International Criminal Court, having signed the Rome Statute in 1998 and ratified it in 2002.[387]

Irish Aid, the Government of Ireland's programme of assistance to developing countries financed the redesign of the UNV Online Volunteering service website in 2008 and supported its operations from 2007 to 2010, which led to a significant growth in the number of online volunteers and the tasks they completed.[388]

In 2017, Ireland signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.[389]

Peacekeeping missions

Ireland has a long history of participation in UN peacekeeping efforts starting in 1958, just three years after joining the UN. As of August 2018, 90 members of the Irish Defence Forces had been killed on peacekeeping missions.[390]

List of major peacekeeping operations:[391]

As well as these missions, Irish personnel have served as observers in Central America, Russia, Cambodia, Afghanistan, Namibia, Western Sahara, Kuwait and South Africa.[392]

Ireland and the Commonwealth of Nations

Ireland was a member state of the British Commonwealth from 1922 until 1949, initially as a Dominion called the Irish Free State from 1922 until 1937, when Ireland adopted a new constitution and changed the name of the state to "Ireland". Although the king was removed from the Constitution in 1936, a republic was only formally declared from 18 April 1949. Under the rules for membership at the time, a republic could not be a member state of the Commonwealth. This was changed a week later with the adoption of the London Declaration.

Since 1998, some people in Ireland have advocated joining the Commonwealth of Nations, most notably Éamon Ó Cuív, Frank Feighan, and Mary Kenny.[393][394]

International organisations

Ireland is a member of or otherwise participates in the following international organisations:[395]

Foreign aid

Ireland's aid programme was founded in 1974, and in 2017 its budget amounted to €651 million.[396] The government had previously set a target of reaching the Millennium Development Goal of 0.7% of Gross National Product in aid by 2012, which was not met as aid was reduced as a result of the Irish financial crisis.[397] Irish development aid is concentrated on eight priority countries: Lesotho, Mozambique, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Zambia, Uganda, Vietnam and East Timor.[398] In 2006, Malawi was announced as the ninth priority country, with a tenth country to follow.[399]

Human rights

There have been no serious civil, human or social rights abuses/problems in the State, according to Amnesty International and the U.S. State Department.[400][401] The country consistently comes among the top nations in terms of freedom and rights ratings.

Index Ranking (Most Recent) Result
Freedom in the World – Political Rights 1st (Joint) 1 ("Free")
Freedom in the World – Civil Liberties 1st (Joint) 1 ("Free")
Index of Economic Freedom 9th 76.9 ("Mostly Free")
Worldwide Press Freedom Index Ranking 15th −4.00 ("Free")
Global Peace Index 6th (Joint) 1.33 ("More Peaceful")
Democracy Index 12th 8.79 ("Full Democracy")
International Property Rights Index 13th (Joint) 7.9
Corruption Perceptions Index 16th (Joint) 7.7
Fragile States Index 170th (7th from the bottom) 26.5 ("Sustainable")

See also

References

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  2. ↑ Ronan Fanning, "The Anglo-American Alliance and the Irish Application for Membership of the United Nations." Irish Studies in International Affairs 2#2 (1986), pp. 35–61. online
  3. ↑ John Doyle, "100 years of Irish Foreign Policy." Irish Studies in International Affairs 30.1 (2019): 1-5.
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  134. ↑ "Today, Secretary-General Joe Hackett signed a Joint Communiqué with Minister Joseph Andall of Grenada establishing diplomatic relations". 21 September 2023. Retrieved 21 September 2023.
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  380. ↑ "Amb @AdrianGONeill was delighted to welcome H.E. The Hon. Titilupe Fanetupouvava'u Tu'ivakano of the Kingdom of Tonga to the Embassy to sign a note formalising the establishment of diplomatic relations - signifying the strong ties of friendship between our two island nations". Twitter. 27 July 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
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  382. ↑ "Diplomatic and Consular Information for Vanuatu". Department for Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
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Further reading

  • Burgess, Niall. "One hundred years of Irish foreign policy: looking back, looking forwards." Irish Studies in International Affairs 30.1 (2019): 5–11. excerpt
  • Clérigh, Gearóid Ó. "A Changed Approach to Diplomacy: The Department of Foreign Affairs Then and Now." Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review 109.434 (2020): 202–208. online
  • Doyle, John. "100 years of Irish Foreign Policy." Irish Studies in International Affairs 30.1 (2019): 1–5. excerpt
  • Doyle, John. "Irish diplomacy on the UN Security Council 2001–2: foreign policy-making in the light of day." Irish Studies in International Affairs 30.1 (2019) online.
  • Fanning, Ronan. "The Anglo-American Alliance and the Irish Application for Membership of the United Nations." Irish Studies in International Affairs 2#2 (1986), pp. 35–61. online
  • Kennedy, Liam. "From the Good Friday Agreement to Brexit: Irish Diaspora Diplomacy in the United States." Routledge International Handbook of Diaspora Diplomacy (Routledge, 2022). 243–254.
  • O'Brien, Ann Marie. "A century of change: The (in) visibility of women in the Irish Foreign Service, 1919–2019." Irish Studies in International Affairs 30.1 (2019): 73–92. excerpt
  • O'Brien, Ann Marie. "Locating women within the Irish Department of External Affairs: a case study of Irish women at the League of Nations and United Nations, 1923–76." Irish Historical Studies 43.163 (2019): 94–110.
  • O'Brien, Ann Marie. "The revolutionary aims of Ireland's forgotten diplomats, 1919–1922." Historical Journal 64.5 (2021): 1332–1354.
  • Ó'Fathartaigh, Mícheál Ó., and Liam Weeks. Birth of a state: the Anglo-Irish Treaty (Irish Academic Press. 2021). online review
  • Rees, Nicholas, and John O'Brennan. "The dual crisis in Irish foreign policy: the economic crash and Brexit in a volatile European landscape." Irish Political Studies 34.4 (2019): 595–614, on 21st century.
  • Tonra, Ben. The Europeanisation of national foreign policy: Dutch, Danish and Irish foreign policy in the European Union (Routledge, 2018) online.
  • Whelan, Barry. Ireland's revolutionary diplomat: a biography of Leopold Kerney (University of Notre Dame Press, 2019)
  • Whelan, Bernadette. De Valera and Roosevelt: Irish and American diplomacy in times of crisis, 1932–1939 (Cambridge University Press. 2021). online
  • Department of Foreign Affairs official site
    • Irish Treaty Series "All treaties published in the Irish Treaty Series since 2002 are available in pdf format on this site. A limited number of selected treaties published in earlier years is also available"
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