The International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control (IOBC), is an organization, affiliated with the International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS), organised to promote and study biological pest control, integrated pest management (IPM) and integrated production.

Introduction

The IOBC serves as a resource for international organizations, for example: the European Commission on sustainable use of pesticides[1] and the status of IPM in Europe,[2] the EC Regulation of Biological Control Agents with regard to invertebrate biological control agents,[3] the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research on IPM,[4] the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization on biological control agents[5] and the Food and Agriculture Organization with respect to the Convention on Biological Diversity.[6][7]

History and structure

A complete history of the IOBC was published in 1988.[8] Briefly, in 1948, the idea of an international organization on biological control was conceived. By 1950, the IUBS decided to support the establishment of a "Commission Internationale de Lutte Biologique" (CILB) as part of the IUBS Division of Animal Biology and a committee was established to further this concept. In 1955, the statutes of the new organization were ratified by the IUBS and the first plenary session of the CILB took place at Antibes, France. In 1965, CILB changed its name from "Commission" to "Organization" thus becoming the "International Organization of Biological Control of Noxious Animals and Plants". In 1969, under the auspices of the IUBS, an agreement was reached among organizations to merge IOBC and the "International advisory committee for biological Control" (active in English-speaking countries) into a single international organization under the name IOBC. The scientific journal Entomophaga was the official journal of the organization, until superseded by BioControl. In 1971, Global IOBC was established and the former IOBC became the West Palearctic Regional Section.

There are six regional sections world-wide:

Goals and purpose

The IOBC promotes the development of biological control and its application in integrated pest management and international cooperation to these ends.

The IOBC collects, evaluates and disseminates information about biological control and promotes national and international action concerning research, training of personnel, coordination of large-scale application and public awareness of the economic and social importance of biological control.

The IOBC arranges conferences, meetings and symposia, and takes other actions to implement its general objectives.

Global IOBC

In addition to serving as an umbrella organization for the six regional sections, the global organization publishes proceedings of meetings, a newsletter, books, and has 10 working groups. These groups meet to discuss specific topics, usually agricultural pests which may often have a global impact.

Quality Control Standards

A set of standards were developed for assessing the quality control of commercially produced biological control agents.[15][16] These guidelines have been used.[17][18][19][20][21]

Commission on Biological Control and Access and Benefit Sharing

Under the 1993 Convention on Biological Diversity, countries have sovereign rights over their genetic resources, such as species collected for potential use in biological control. This convention was put in place because the profits from prospecting biodiversity have disproportionately benefited corporations from developed countries. Because researchers and Western businesses complained that giving developing countries such rights is problematic due to the new difficulties in legally acquiring potentially profitable species in several countries,[22] the Commission on Biological Control and Access and Benefit Sharing was established in 2008 to allow such parties access to these resources, with the supposition that any benefits arising from such access should be shared.[23] Parties continue to complain they need more access to the genetic resources of other countries than these standards allow.[24]

West Palaearctic Regional Section

The West Palaearctic Regional Section (i.e. Europe) is the most active of the regional sections with 20 working groups (that focus on crops, agricultural pests, and other topics) and five commissions which usually meet in different locations in member countries. It produces the IOBC/WPRS Bulletin, which in 2007 was listed as one of the top research journals for the organic industry.[25]

Pesticide side-effects standards

The "Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms working group" is made up of scientists from many countries. They establish standards, which are periodically updated, for testing the side effects of pesticides on a large range of natural enemies of crop pests, and rank those effects.[26][27][28][29] The purpose of establishing these standards is to be able to compare pesticides by their effect on beneficial organisms throughout all regions of the world. With the results obtained from these standardized tests, the best pesticides can be identified which enable enhanced survival of non-target organisms and the most biological control due to reduced impact on beneficial organisms.[30] These standards have been adopted a number of scientists worldwide.[31][32][33][34]

Integrated Production

One of the working groups is on Integrated Pest Management and Integrated Production,[35] a concept of agriculture based on the sustainable use of natural resources.[36][37] This group has established crop specific guidelines for pome fruits, stone fruits, grapes, soft fruits, olives, citrus and field grown vegetables in Europe.[38][39]

Official languages

The Organization's official languages are English and French, although other languages may be spoken in some regional meetings.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Sustainable use of Pesticides".
  2. ↑ Agra CEAS (2002). "Integrated crop management systems in the EU" (PDF).
  3. ↑ "Regulation if invertebrate biological control agents in Europe: review and recommendations in its pursuit of a harmonised regulatory system" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
  4. ↑ "CGIAR Systemwide Program on Integrated Pest Management (SP-IPM)". Archived from the original on 2017-05-10. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
  5. ↑ "2nd Joint EPPO/IOBC Panel Meeting on Biological Control Agents". 2009. Archived from the original on 2012-02-23. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
  6. ↑ Haas, F., van Lenteren, J.C., Cock, M.J.W.; et al. "Is the Convention on Biological Diversity promoting environmentally friendly solutions to pest control?". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2010-05-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ↑ Cock, M.J.W., van Lenteren, J.C., Brodeur, J.; et al. (2010). "The use and exchange of biological control agents for food and agriculture" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ↑ Franz, J.M. (1988). "Highlights in the development of the International Organization for Biological Contreol of noxious animals and plants". BioControl. 33 (2): 131–134. doi:10.1007/bf02372647. S2CID 31264269.
  9. ↑ "ATRS | Afrotropical Regional Section of IOBC-Global, International Organisation for Biological Control".
  10. ↑ "APRS | Asia and the Pacific Regional Section of IOBC-Global, International Organisation for Biological Control".
  11. ↑ "EPRS | East Palearctic Regional Section of IOBC-Global, International Organisation for Biological Control".
  12. ↑ "Home". iobcnrs.com.
  13. ↑ "NTRS | Neotropical Regional Section of IOBC-Global, International Organisation for Biological Control".
  14. ↑ "Home". iobc-wprs.org.
  15. ↑ Bigler, F. (1992). Report of the sixth workshop of the IOBC global working group "Quality control of mass reared arthropods". pp. 1–26.
  16. ↑ van Lenteren, J.C., Hale, A., Klapwijk, J.N.; et al. (2003). "Guidelines for quality control of commercially produced natural enemies". In van Lenteren, J.C. (ed.). Quality Control and Production of Biological Control Agents: Theory and Testing Procedures. CABI publishing.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ↑ Hassan S.A.; Zhang, W.Q. (2001). "Variability in Quality of Trichogramma brassicae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) from Commercial Suppliers in Germany". Biological Control. 22 (2): 115–121. doi:10.1006/bcon.2001.0962.
  18. ↑ Fernandez, C.; Nentwig, W. "Quality control of the parasitoid Aphidius colemani (Hy., Aphidiidae) used for biological control in greenhouses". Journal of Applied Entomology. 121: 1–5.
  19. ↑ Prezotti, L.R., Parra, J.R.P., Vencovsky, R.; et al. (2002). "Flight Test as Evaluation Criterion for the Quality of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae): Adaptation of the Methodology". Neotropical Entomology. 31 (3): 411–417. doi:10.1590/S1519-566X2002000300010.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ↑ Vasquez, G.M, Orr D.B. and Baker, J.R. (2004). "Quality assessment of selected commercially available whitefly and aphid biological control agents in the United States". Journal of Economic Entomology. 97 (3): 781–788. doi:10.1603/0022-0493(2004)097[0781:QAOSCA]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-0493. PMID 15279253. S2CID 32152359.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ↑ Luczynski, A., Nyrop, J.P., and Shi, A. (2008). "Pattern of female reproductive age classes in mass-reared populations of Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and its influence on population characteristics and quality of predators following cold storage". Biological Control. 47 (2): 159–166. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2008.07.014.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ↑ Cock, M.J.W., van Lenteren, J.C., Brodeur, J.; et al. (2010). "Do new Access and Benefit Sharing procedures under the convention on Biological Diversity threaten the future of biological control?". BioControl. 55 (2): 199–218. doi:10.1007/s10526-009-9234-9. S2CID 30735425.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ↑ Barratt, B.I.P. (2009). "A review of access and benefit-sharing for biological control: What does it mean for New Zealand?". New Zealand Plant Protection. 62: 152–155. doi:10.30843/nzpp.2009.62.4770.
  24. ↑ Haas, F., Lohr, B., Munyi, P.; et al. (2007). "Access to biocontrol agents to combat invasive alien species and the Access and Benefit Sharing regulations" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ↑ http://www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/pubs/ofp/ofpjournals.shtml USDA Journal List
  26. ↑ Hassan, E., Oomen, P.A., Overmeer, P.; et al. (1985). "Standard methods to test the side-effects of pesticides on natural enemies of insects and mites developed by the IOBC/WPRS Working Group 'Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms'". EPPO Bulletin. 15 (2): 214–255. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1985.tb00224.x.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  27. ↑ Hassan, S.A.; Bigler, F.; Bogenschutz, H.; et al. (1994). "Results of the sixth joint pesticide testing programme of the IOBC/WPRS-working group 'Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms'". BioControl. 39: 107–119. doi:10.1007/bf02373500. S2CID 5723268.
  28. ↑ Sterk, G., Hassan, S.A., Baillod, M.; et al. (1999). "Results of the seventh joint pesticide testing programme carried out by the IOBC/WPRS-Working Group 'Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms'". BioControl. 44: 99–117. doi:10.1023/A:1009959009802. S2CID 11648542.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ↑ Candolfi, M.P., Blumel, S., Forester, R.; et al. (2000). "Guidelines to evaluate side-effects of plant protection products to non-target arthropods Joint initiative IOBC, BART and EPPO" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-11-24. Retrieved 2010-05-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ↑ Bellows, T.S.; Fisher, T.W. (1999). Chapter 13 Enhanced Biological Control through Pesticide Selectivity. In: Bellows, T.S.; Fisher, T.W. Handbook of Biological Control. Academic Press.
  31. ↑ Sabahi, Q, Rasekh, A., Sanqaki, A.H., and Garjan, A. (2009). "The persistence toxicity of three insecticides against adult of a thelytokous parasitoid, Lysiphlebus fabarum (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae)". Commun. Agric. Appl. Biol. Sci. 74 (1): 159–164. PMID 20218524.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  32. ↑ Venkatesan, T., Jalali, S.K., Murthy, K.S.; et al. (2009). "Occurrence of insecticide resistance in field populations of Chrysoperla zastrowi arabica (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) in India". Commun. Agric. Appl. Biol. Sci. 79: 910–912.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  33. ↑ Giolo, F.P., Medina, P., Grutzmacher, A.D.; et al. (2009). "Effects of pesticides commonly used in peach orchards in Brazil on predatory lacewing Chrysoperla carnea under laboratory conditions". BioControl. 54 (5): 625–635. doi:10.1007/s10526-008-9197-2. S2CID 11497065.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  34. ↑ Nash, M., Hoffmann, A. & Thomson, L. (2010). "Identifying signatures of pesticide applications on indigenous and invasive non-target arthropod communities from vineyards". Ecological Applications. 20 (6): 1693–1703. doi:10.1890/09-1065. PMID 20945768.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  35. ↑ "IP & IPM: Integrated Production and Integrated Pest Management - IOBC/WPRS, International Organisation for Biological and Integrated Control, West Palaeartic Regional Section". Archived from the original on 2010-11-24. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
  36. ↑ "Washington State University Organic & Integrated Fruit Production". Archived from the original on 2010-05-31. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
  37. ↑ Vereijken (1990). chapter 18 Research on integrated arable farming and organic mixed farming in The Netherlands. In: Edwards, C.A., Lal, R., Madden, P.; et al. (June 1990). Sustainable Agricultural Systems. United States Agency for International Development. ISBN 978-0-935734-21-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  38. ↑ Dickler (1992). "Current situation of integrated plant-protection (IPP) in orchards in IOBC WPRS". ACTA Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica. 27: 23–28.
  39. ↑ Galli (1992). "Present status of guidelines for integrated fruit production and marketing in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG)". ACTA Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica. 27: 251–256.
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