The International Affective Picture System (IAPS) is a database of pictures designed to provide a standardized set of pictures for studying emotion and attention[1] that has been widely used in psychological research.[2] The IAPS was developed by the National Institute of Mental Health Center for Emotion and Attention at the University of Florida. In 2005, the IAPS comprised 956 color photographs ranging from everyday objects and scenes − such as household furniture and landscapes − to extremely rare or exciting scenes − such as mutilated bodies and erotic nudes.

Normative Ratings

It is the essential property of the IAPS that the stimulus set is accompanied by a detailed list of average ratings of the emotions elicited by each picture. This shall enable other researchers to select stimuli eliciting a specific range of emotions for their experiments when using the IAPS. The process of establishing such average ratings for a stimulus set is also referred to as standardization by psychologists.

The normative rating procedure for the IAPS is based on the assumption that emotional assessments can be accounted for by the three dimensions of valence, arousal and dominance.[3] Thus, participants taking part in the studies that are conducted to standardize the IAPS are asked to rate how pleasant/unpleasant, how calm/excited and how controlled/in-control they felt when looking at each picture. A graphic rating scale, the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM),[4] is used for this rating procedure.

Original norms

The official normative ratings for the IAPS pictures were obtained from a sample of 100 college students (50 women, 50 men, presumably predominantly US-American) who each rated 16 sets of 60 pictures. The rating was carried out in groups using paper-and-pencil versions of the SAMs. Pictures were presented for 6 seconds each; 15 seconds were given to rate the picture. /dominance.[1] Average valence, arousal and dominance ratings are available for the overall sample, men, and women.

Normative ratings were also obtained from children ages 7–9 years, 10-12, and 13-14. The rating procedure for children was mildly adapted; among other modifications, children were tested in classrooms, given instructions in a more child-friendly language, and they were allotted 20 seconds to rate each picture instead of 15.[1]

Norms from further studies

Researchers from institutes other than the National Institute of Mental Health have also conducted studies to establish normative ratings for the IAPS in languages other than English and cultures other than US-American culture including Hungarian,[5] German,[6] Portuguese,[7] Indian,[8] and Spanish.[9] One of these studies also included older participants (63–77 years).[6]

Use of the IAPS pictures

IAPS pictures have been used in studies using a variety of psychophysiological measurements such as fMRI, [10] EEG,[11] magnetoencephalography,[12] skin conductance,[13] heart rate,[14] and electromyography.[15]

The IAPS has also been used in the psychology laboratory to experimentally manipulate anxiety and induce negative affect, enabling researchers to investigate the impacts of negative affect on cognitive performance.[16][17]

Access

To maintain novelty and efficacy of the stimulus set, the IAPS images themselves are typically not shown in any media outlet or publications. The IAPS may be received and used upon request by members of recognized, degree-granting, academic, not-for-profit research or educational institutions.[18]

Alternatives

Image sets

A group of researchers at Harvard University has published an alternative set of images that they claim to be comparable to the IAPS in 2016.[19] The OASIS image database consists of 900 images that have been rated on valence and arousal by a sample of US-Americans recruited via amazon mechanical Turk. As opposed to the IAPS, all OASIS images are in the public domain. A detailed description is provided on the first author's homepage.

Other alternative databases of photographic images of scenes with various kinds of affective content include:

  • Besançon Affective Picture Set-adult (BAPS-Adult)[20]
  • Categorized Affective Pictures Database (CAP-D)[21]
  • Complex Affective Scene Set (COMPASS)[22]
  • DIsgust-RelaTed-Images (DIRTI) database[23]
  • EmoMadrid[24]
  • Geneva Affective Picture Database (GAPED)[25]
  • Image Stimuli for Emotion Elicitation (ISEE)[26]
  • Natural Disasters Picture System (NDPS)[27]
  • Nencki Affective Picture System (NAPS)[28]
  • Set of Fear Inducing Pictures (SFIP)[29]
  • Socio-Moral Image Database (SMID)[30]

Other mediums

The authors of the IAPS have developed a number of non-image alternatives for eliciting emotion such as the Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW)[31] and International Affective Digitized Sounds (IADS).[32]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Lang, P.J., Bradley, M.M., & Cuthbert, B.N. (2008). International affective picture System (IAPS): Affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual. Technical Report A-8. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
  2. ↑ Bradley, M. M. & Lang, P. J. (2007). The International Affective Picture System (IAPS) in the study of emotion and attention. In J. A. Coan and J. J. B. Allen (Eds.), Handbook of Emotion Elicitation and Assessment (pp. 29-46). Oxford University Press
  3. ↑ Osgood, Charles E.; Suci, George J.; Tannenbaum, Percy H. (1957). The measurement of meaning. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
  4. ↑ Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., and Cuthbert, B. N. (1997). International affective picture system (IAPS): Technical manual and affective ratings.
  5. ↑ Deak, A.; Csenski, L.; Revesz, G. (2010). "Hungarian ratings for the International Affective Picture System (IAPS): A cross-cultural comparison". Empirical Text and Culture Research. 4: 90–101.
  6. 1 2 Gruehn, D.; Scheibe, S (2008). "Age-related differences in valence and arousal ratings of pictures from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS): Do ratings become more extreme with age?". Behavior Research Methods. 40 (2): 512–521. doi:10.3758/BRM.40.2.512. PMID 18522062.
  7. ↑ Lasaitis, C; Ribeiro, R. L.; Bueno, O. F. A. (2008). "Brazilian norms for the International Affective Picture System (IAPS): comparison of the affective ratings for new stimuli between brazilian and north-american subjects". Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria. 57 (4): 270–275. doi:10.1590/s0047-20852008000400008.
  8. ↑ Lohani, M.; Gupta, R.; Srinivasan, N. (2013). "Cross-Cultural Evaluation of the International Affective Picture System on an Indian Sample". Psychological Studies. 58 (3): 233–241. doi:10.1007/s12646-013-0196-8. S2CID 143322053.
  9. ↑ Dufey Dominguez, M.; Fernandez Tapia, A. M.; Troncoso, R. (2011). "Adding support to cross-cultural emotional assessment: Validation of the international affective picture system in a chilean sample". Universitas Psychologica. 10 (2): 521–533. doi:10.11144/javeriana.upsy10-2.asce.
  10. ↑ Caria, A.; Sitaram, R.; Veit, R.; Begliomini, C.; Birbaumer, N. (2010). "Volitional control of anterior insula activity modulates the response to aversive stimuli. A real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging study". Biological Psychiatry. 68 (5): 425–32. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.04.020. PMID 20570245. S2CID 11086274.
  11. ↑ Hajcak, G.; Dennis, T. A. (2009). "Brain potentials during affective picture processing in children". Biological Psychology. 80 (3): 333–338. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.11.006. PMC 2656402. PMID 19103249.
  12. ↑ Styliadis, C.; Ioannides, A. A.; Bamidis, P. D.; Papadelis, C. (2015). "Distinct cerebellar lobules process arousal, valence and their interaction in parallel following a temporal hierarchy". NeuroImage. 110: 149–161. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.02.006. PMID 25665964. S2CID 6472426.
  13. ↑ D'Hondt, F.; Lassonde, M.; Collignon, O.; Dubarry, A.-S.; Robert, M.; Rigoulot, S.; Sequeira, H. (2010). "Early brain-body impact of emotional arousal". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 4: 33. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2010.00033. PMC 2859881. PMID 20428514.
  14. ↑ Bradley, M. M.; Codispoti, M.; Cuthbert, B. N.; Lang, P. J. (2001). "Emotion and motivation I: defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing". Emotion. 1 (3): 276–298. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.1.3.276. PMID 12934687.
  15. ↑ Baglioni, C.; Lombardo, C.; Bux, E.; Hansen, S.; Salveta, C.; Biello, S.; Espie, C. A. (2010). "Psychophysiological reactivity to sleep-related emotional stimuli in primary insomnia". Behaviour Research and Therapy. 48 (6): 467–475. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.01.008. PMID 20227678.
  16. ↑ Wilson, K. M.; de Joux, N. R.; Finkbeiner, K. M.; Russell, P. N.; Helton, W. S. (2016). "The effect of task-relevant and irrelevant anxiety-provoking stimuli on response inhibition" (PDF). Consciousness and Cognition. 42: 358–365. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2016.04.011. PMID 27149179. S2CID 32158391.
  17. ↑ Ossowski, U.; Malinen, S.; Helton, W. S. (2011). "The effects of emotional stimuli on target detection: indirect and direct resource costs". Consciousness and Cognition. 20 (4): 1649–1658. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2011.08.015. PMID 21978909. S2CID 21433770.
  18. ↑ Bradley, Margaret M; Lang, Peter J. "IAPS request form". Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  19. ↑ Kurdi, Benedek; Lozano, Shayn; Banaji, Mahzarin R. (2017-04-01). "Introducing the Open Affective Standardized Image Set (OASIS)". Behavior Research Methods. 49 (2): 457–470. doi:10.3758/s13428-016-0715-3. ISSN 1554-3528. PMID 26907748.
  20. ↑ Szymanska, Monika; Comte, Alexandre; Tio, Grégory; Vidal, Chrystelle; Monnin, Julie; Smith, Carmela Chateau; Nezelof, Sylvie; Vulliez-Coady, Lauriane (January 2019). "The Besançon affective picture set-adult (BAPS-Adult): Development and validation". Psychiatry Research. 271: 31–38. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.11.005. PMID 30458318. S2CID 53278185.
  21. ↑ Moyal, Natali; Henik, Avishai; Anholt, Gideon E. (26 September 2018). "Categorized Affective Pictures Database (CAP-D)". Journal of Cognition. 1 (1): 41. doi:10.5334/joc.47. PMC 6634429. PMID 31517214.
  22. ↑ Weierich, Mariann R.; Kleshchova, Olena; Rieder, Jenna K.; Reilly, Danielle M. (12 November 2019). "The Complex Affective Scene Set (COMPASS): Solving the Social Content Problem in Affective Visual Stimulus Sets". Collabra: Psychology. 5 (1): 53. doi:10.1525/collabra.256.
  23. ↑ Haberkamp, Anke; Glombiewski, Julia Anna; Schmidt, Filipp; Barke, Antonia (February 2017). "The DIsgust-RelaTed-Images (DIRTI) database: Validation of a novel standardized set of disgust pictures". Behaviour Research and Therapy. 89: 86–94. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.11.010. PMID 27914317.
  24. ↑ Carretié, L.; Tapia, M.; López-Martín, S.; Albert, J. (1 July 2019). "EmoMadrid: An emotional pictures database for affect research". Motivation and Emotion. 43 (6): 929–939. doi:10.1007/s11031-019-09780-y. S2CID 198616593.
  25. ↑ Dan-Glauser, Elise S.; Scherer, Klaus R. (24 March 2011). "The Geneva affective picture database (GAPED): a new 730-picture database focusing on valence and normative significance". Behavior Research Methods. 43 (2): 468–477. doi:10.3758/s13428-011-0064-1. PMID 21431997.
  26. ↑ Kim, Hanjoo; Lu, Xin; Costa, Michael; Kandemir, Baris; Adams, Reginald B.; Li, Jia; Wang, James Z.; Newman, Michelle G. (March 2018). "Development and validation of Image Stimuli for Emotion Elicitation (ISEE): A novel affective pictorial system with test-retest repeatability". Psychiatry Research. 261: 414–420. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.12.068. PMC 6510029. PMID 29353766.
  27. ↑ Merlhiot, Gaëtan; Mermillod, Martial; Le Pennec, Jean-Luc; Mondillon, Laurie; Gruebner, Oliver (8 August 2018). "Introduction and validation of the Natural Disasters Picture System (NDPS)". PLOS ONE. 13 (8): e0201942. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1301942M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201942. PMC 6082542. PMID 30089170.
  28. ↑ Marchewka, Artur; Żurawski, Łukasz; Jednoróg, Katarzyna; Grabowska, Anna (31 August 2013). "The Nencki Affective Picture System (NAPS): Introduction to a novel, standardized, wide-range, high-quality, realistic picture database". Behavior Research Methods. 46 (2): 596–610. doi:10.3758/s13428-013-0379-1. PMC 4030128. PMID 23996831.
  29. ↑ Michałowski, Jarosław M.; Droździel, Dawid; Matuszewski, Jacek; Koziejowski, Wojtek; Jednoróg, Katarzyna; Marchewka, Artur (9 September 2016). "The Set of Fear Inducing Pictures (SFIP): Development and validation in fearful and nonfearful individuals". Behavior Research Methods. 49 (4): 1407–1419. doi:10.3758/s13428-016-0797-y. PMC 5541104. PMID 27613018.
  30. ↑ Crone, Damien L.; Bode, Stefan; Murawski, Carsten; Laham, Simon M. (24 January 2018). "The Socio-Moral Image Database (SMID): A novel stimulus set for the study of social, moral and affective processes". PLOS ONE. 13 (1): e0190954. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1390954C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0190954. PMC 5783374. PMID 29364985.
  31. ↑ Bradley, M; Lang, P (1999). "Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW): Instruction manual and affective ratings" (PDF). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  32. ↑ Bradley, M; Lang, P (1999). "The International affective digitized sounds (IADS): stimuli, instruction manual and affective ratings". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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