The chalcogens react with each other to form interchalcogen compounds.[1]

Although no chalcogen is extremely electropositive,[note 1] nor quite as electronegative as the halogen fluorine (the most electronegative element), there is a large difference in electronegativity between the top (oxygen = 3.44 — the second most electronegative element after fluorine) and bottom (polonium = 2.0) of the group. Combined with the fact that there is a significant trend towards increasing metallic behaviour while descending the group (oxygen is a gaseous nonmetal, while polonium is a silvery post-transition metal[note 2]), this causes the interchalcogens to display many different kinds of bonding: covalent, ionic, metallic, and semimetallic.[note 3][1]

Known binary interchalcogens

O
O
O2, O3, O4, O8
S
S
Se
Se
SexSy
Te
Te
TeO, TeO2, TeO3, Te2O5
TexSy (many unknown)
TexSey (many unknown)
Po
Po
(many unknown)
PoxSey
(many unknown)
PoxTey
(unknown)
Lv
Lv
LvO, LvO2 (predicted)
LvS
(predicted)
LvSe
(predicted)
LvxTey
(predicted)
LvxPoy
(predicted)		 (predicted)


Bonding in the binary interchalcogens

Going down the above table, there is a transition from covalent bonding (with discrete molecules) to ionic bonding; going across the table, there is a transition from ionic bonding to metallic bonding. (Covalent bonding occurs when both elements have similar high electronegativities; ionic bonding occurs when the two elements have very different electronegativities, one low and the other high; metallic bonding occurs when both elements have similar low electronegativities.) For example, in the leftmost column of the table (with bonds to oxygen), O2 and O3 are purely covalent, SO2 and SO3 are polar molecules, SeO2 forms chained polymers (stretching in one dimension), TeO2 forms layered polymers (stretching in two dimensions), and PoO2 is ionic with the fluorite structure (spatial polymers, stretching in three dimensions); in the bottom row of the table (with bonds to polonium), PoO2 and PoS are ionic, PoxSey and PoxTey are semimetallic, and Po∞ is metallic.[1]

Summary of known binary interchalcogens

Sulfur chalcogenides

Molecular structure of sulfur monoxide.

Selenium chalcogenides

Molecular structure of selenium trioxide.

Tellurium chalcogenides

Crystal structure of tellurium dioxide.

Polonium chalcogenides

Unit cell of polonium dioxide (cubic modification). Po: white; O: yellow.

Livermorium chalcogenides

Due to the short half-life of all known livermorium isotopes, all proposed compounds shown are theoretical.

  • Livermorium(II) oxide, LvO
  • Livermorium(IV) oxide, LvO2
  • Livermorium sulfide, LvS
  • Livermorium selenide, LvSe
  • Many "alloys" of livermorium and tellurium in different concentrations with semimetallic bonding, LvxTey
  • Alloys of livermorium and polonium in different concentrations with metallic bonding, LvxPoy

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ This article uses Pauling electronegativity throughout.
  2. ↑ The classification of polonium as a post-transition metal or a metalloid is disputed.
  3. ↑ The heavier halogens are sufficiently electronegative to prevent ionic or metallic bonding in the interhalogens, and the lighter pnictogens are not sufficiently electronegative to allow ionic or metallic bonding in the interpnictogens.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Holleman, Arnold Frederik; Wiberg, Egon (2001), Wiberg, Nils (ed.), Inorganic Chemistry, translated by Eagleson, Mary; Brewer, William, San Diego/Berlin: Academic Press/De Gruyter, pp. 585–586, ISBN 0-12-352651-5
  2. ↑ Lindqvist, O.; Moret, J. (1973). "The crystal structure of ditellurium pentoxide, Te2O5". Acta Crystallographica Section B: Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry. 29 (4): 643–650. doi:10.1107/S0567740873003092.
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