The Independent International Commission on Kosovo (IICK)[1] was a commission established in August 1999, in the aftermath of the Kosovo War, by the government of Sweden on the basis of the initiative of its Prime Minister Göran Persson.[2][3] The Commission assessed that NATO bombing of Yugoslavia was "illegal but justified", in order to prevent further atrocities by Yugoslav forces, which intensified during the NATO bombing. The crisis had been caused by ongoing human-rights violations by Yugoslav forces in Kosovo during the 1990s, although when some Kosovar Albanians shifted from unarmed to armed resistance, this exacerbated the Yugoslav response which included many crimes against humanity.[4] The commission also reported that international presence established in Kosovo did not prevent Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) and other Albanians to ethnically cleanse Kosovo ethnic minorities.

The decision of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) not to open an investigation against NATO was widely criticized.

Members

Seven out of eleven members of the commission were from countries which are members of NATO.[5] Richard Goldstone and Carl Tham were appointed as first co-chairmen and other members were chosen for one-year terms.[6] The first eleven members included Anan Ashrawi, Richard A. Falk, Martha Minow,[7] Mary Kaldor, Michael Ignatieff,[8] Grace d'Almeida, Theo Sommer, Jacques Rupnik, Jan Urban, Akiko Domoto, and Oleg Grinevsky.[5] One of the members, Richard A. Falk, later coauthored a work on distinction between legality and legitimacy published in 2012.[9]

Purpose

One of its purposes of the commission was to assess "the adequacy of present norms and institutions in preventing and responding" to ethnic conflict as seen in Kosovo.[3]

Commission's reports

The Commission found that:

[Yugoslav] forces were engaged in a well-planned campaign of terror and expulsion of the Kosovar Albanians. This campaign is most frequently described as one of “ethnic cleansing,” intended to drive many, if not all, Kosovar Albanians from Kosovo, destroy the foundations of their society, and prevent them from returning.

The assessment of the Commission regarding the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia was that it was "illegal but justified;" it had not been authorized by the UN Security Council, but the intervention was beneficial for the Albanian population at direct risk from the government crackdowns.[10][11][12] The commission's finding that the NATO action was illegal may result in determining a responsibility of individuals or state.[13] The decision of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) not to open an investigation against NATO regarding individual responsibility was heavily criticized,[13] as well as the humanitarian interventionism.[14]

The commission criticized NATO's Kosovo Force (KFOR) and the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) for failing to protect minorities in Kosovo and allowing "reverse ethnic cleansing".[15] The commission stated that KFOR was reluctant to and did not have the capability to prevent violence against ethnic minorities and that the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) and other Albanians ethnically cleansed Kosovo after the international presence was established in Kosovo.[16]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Thomas G. G. Weiss (23 April 2012). Thinking about Global Governance: Why People and Ideas Matter. Routledge. p. 293. ISBN 978-0-415-78193-0. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
  2. ↑ Israel Yearbook on Human Rights. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 2002. p. 72. ISBN 978-90-411-1892-9. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
  3. 1 2 Reza Banakar (15 December 2010). Rights in Context: Law and Justice in Late Modern Society. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 267–. ISBN 978-1-4094-9731-8. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
  4. ↑ Independent International Commission on Kosovo. "6". The Kosovo Report.
  5. 1 2 Paul F. J. Aranas (27 February 2012). Smokescreen: The US, Nato and the Illegitimate Use of Force. Algora Publishing. pp. 138–. ISBN 978-0-87586-894-3. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
  6. ↑ Editors: Ramesh Thakur; Andrew Fenton Cooper; John English (1 January 2006). International Commission And The Power Of Ideas. Academic Foundation. p. 296. ISBN 978-81-7188-499-5. Retrieved 25 February 2013. {{cite book}}: |author1= has generic name (help)
  7. ↑ Martha Minow (10 January 2009). Breaking the Cycles of Hatred: Memory, Law, and Repair. Princeton University Press. pp. 283–. ISBN 978-1-4008-2538-7. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  8. ↑ Denis Smith (15 September 2006). Ignatieff's World: A Liberal Leader for the 21st Century?. James Lorimer & Company. pp. 59–. ISBN 978-1-55028-962-6. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  9. ↑ Richard Falk; Mark Juergensmeyer; Vesselin Popovski (27 March 2012). Legality and Legitimacy in Global Affairs. Oxford University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-19-978158-4. Retrieved 3 March 2013. Reliance on the distinction between legality and legitimacy first achieved prominence in the report of the Independent International Commission on Kosovo, of which Richard Falk was a member.
  10. ↑ Anthony Oberschall (2 March 2007). Conflict and Peace Building in Divided Societies: Responses to Ethnic Violence. Taylor & Francis. pp. 93–. ISBN 978-0-203-94485-1. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
  11. ↑ International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty; International Development Research Centre (Canada) (2001). The Responsibility to Protect: Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. Supplement. IDRC. pp. 114–. ISBN 978-0-88936-963-4. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
  12. ↑ Stuart Allan; Barbie Zelizer (2004). Reporting War: Journalism in Wartime. Taylor & Francis. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-415-33997-1. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
  13. 1 2 Katariina Simonen (27 July 2011). The State Versus the Individual: The Unresolved Dilemma of Humanitarian Intervention. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 213–. ISBN 978-90-04-20291-7. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
  14. ↑ Daniel Levy; Natan Sznaider (30 September 2010). Human Rights and Memory. Penn State Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-271-03738-7. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
  15. ↑ Eyal Benvenisti (23 February 2012). The International Law of Occupation. Oxford University Press. pp. 295–. ISBN 978-0-19-163957-9. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
  16. ↑ Siobhán Wills (26 February 2009). Protecting Civilians: The Obligations of Peacekeepers. Oxford University Press. p. 219. ISBN 978-0-19-953387-9. Retrieved 24 February 2013.

Further reading

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