EXPRESS-G

EXPRESS-G is a standard graphical notation for information models.^[4] It is a companion to the EXPRESS language for displaying entity and type definitions, relationships and cardinality.^[5] This graphical notation supports a subset of the EXPRESS language. One of the advantages of using EXPRESS-G over EXPRESS is that the structure of a data model can be presented in a more understandable manner. A disadvantage of EXPRESS-G is that complex constraints cannot be formally specified. Figure 1 is an example. The data model presented in figure could be used to specify the requirements of a database for an audio compact disc (CD) collection.^[2]

Datatypes

EXPRESS offers a series of datatypes, with specific data type symbols of the EXPRESS-G notation:^[2]

• Entity data type: This is the most important datatype in EXPRESS. It is covered below in more detail. Entity datatypes can be related in two ways, in a sub-supertype tree and/or by attributes.
• Enumeration data type: Enumeration values are simple strings such as red, green, and blue for an rgb-enumeration. In the case that an enumeration type is declared extensible it can be extended in other schemas.
• Defined data type: This further specializes other datatypes—e.g., define a datatype positive that is of type integer with a value > 0.
• Select data type: Selects define a choice or an alternative between different options. Most commonly used are selects between different entity_types. More rare are selects that include defined types. In the case that an enumeration type is declared extensible, it can be extended in other schemas.
• Simple data type
  • String: This is the most often used simple type. EXPRESS strings can be of any length and can contain any character (ISO 10646/Unicode).
  • Binary: This data type is only very rarely used. It covers a number of bits (not bytes). For some implementations the size is limited to 32 bit.
  • Logical: Similar to the Boolean datatype a logical has the possible values TRUE and FALSE and in addition UNKNOWN.
  • Boolean: With the Boolean values TRUE and FALSE.
  • Number: The number data type is a supertype of both, integer and real. Most implementations take uses a double type to represent a real_type, even if the actual value is an integer.
  • Integer: EXPRESS integers can have in principle any length, but most implementations restricted them to a signed 32 bit value.
  • Real: Ideally an EXPRESS real value is unlimited in accuracy and size. But in practice a real value is represented by a floating point value of type double.
• Aggregation data type: The possible kinds of aggregation_types are SET, BAG, LIST and ARRAY. While SET and BAG are unordered, LIST and ARRAY are ordered. A BAG may contain a particular value more than once, this is not allowed for SET. An ARRAY is the only aggregate that may contain unset members. This is not possible for SET, LIST, BAG. The members of an aggregate may be of any other data type.

A few general things are to be mentioned for datatypes.

• Constructed datatypes can be defined within an EXPRESS schema. They are mainly used to define entities, and to specify the type of entity attributes and aggregate members.
• Datatypes can be used in a recursive way to build up more and more complex data types. E.g. it is possible to define a LIST of an ARRAY of a SELECT of either some entities or other datatypes. If it makes sense to define such datatypes is a different question.
• EXPRESS defines a couple of rules how a datatype can be further specialized. This is important for re-declared attributes of entities.
• GENERIC data types can be used for procedures, functions and abstract entities.

Entity-Attribute

Entity attributes allow to add "properties" to entities and to relate one entity with another one in a specific role. The name of the attribute specifies the role. Most datatypes can directly serve as type of an attribute. This includes aggregation as well.

There are three different kinds of attributes, explicit, derived and inverse attributes. And all these can be re-declared in a subtype. In addition an explicit attribute can be re-declared as derived in a subtype. No other change of the kind of attributes is possible.

• Explicit attributes are those with direct values visible in a STEP-File.
• Derived attributes get their values from an expression. In most cases the expression refers to other attributes of THIS instance. The expression may also use EXPRESS functions.
• Inverse attributes do not add "information" to an entity, but only name and constrain an explicit attribute to an entity from the other end.

Specific attribute symbols of the EXPRESS-G notation:^[2]

Supertypes and subtypes

An entity can be defined to be a subtype of one or several other entities (multiple inheritance is allowed!). A supertype can have any number of subtypes. It is very common practice in STEP to build very complex sub-supertype graphs. Some graphs relate 100 and more entities with each other.

An entity instance can be constructed for either a single entity (if not abstract) or for a complex combination of entities in such a sub-supertype graph. For the big graphs the number of possible combinations is likely to grow in astronomic ranges. To restrict the possible combinations special supertype constraints got introduced such as ONEOF and TOTALOVER. Furthermore, an entity can be declared to be abstract to enforce that no instance can be constructed of just this entity but only if it contains a non-abstract subtype.

Algorithmic constraints

Entities and defined data types may be further constrained with WHERE rules. WHERE rules are also part of global rules. A WHERE rule is an expression, which must evaluate to TRUE, otherwise a population of an EXPRESS schema, is not valid. Like derived attributes these expression may invoke EXPRESS functions, which may further invoke EXPRESS procedures. The functions and procedures allow formulating complex statements with local variables, parameters and constants - very similar to a programming language.

The EXPRESS language can describe local and global rules. For example:

 ENTITY area_unit
   SUBTYPE OF (named_unit);
 WHERE
   WR1: (SELF\named_unit.dimensions.length_exponent = 2) AND
        (SELF\named_unit.dimensions.mass_exponent = 0) AND
        (SELF\named_unit.dimensions.time_exponent = 0) AND
        (SELF\named_unit.dimensions.electric_current_exponent = 0) AND
        (SELF\named_unit.dimensions.
          thermodynamic_temperature_exponent = 0) AND
        (SELF\named_unit.dimensions.amount_of_substance_exponent = 0) AND
        (SELF\named_unit.dimensions.luminous_intensity_exponent = 0);
 END_ENTITY; -- area_unit

This example describes that area_unit entity must have square value of length. For this the attribute dimensions.length_exponent must be equal to 2 and all other exponents of basic SI units must be 0.

Another example:

 TYPE day_in_week_number = INTEGER;
 WHERE
   WR1: (1 <= SELF) AND (SELF <= 7);
 END_TYPE; -- day_in_week_number

That is, it means that week value cannot exceed 7.

And so, you can describe some rules to your entities. More details on the given examples can be found in ISO 10303-41