Islamic State – Bengal Province
LeadersAbul Abbas al-Bengali
Dates of operation2016 – Present
HeadquartersNo Headquarter
Active regionsBangladesh
IdeologySalafist Jihadist Islamism
Sizeunknown
Part of Islamic State
AlliesJamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh
Opponents
Battles and warsInternal conflict in Bangladesh

Islamic State – Bengal Province (IS-BP) is an administrative division of the Islamic State, a Salafi jihadist militant group and former unrecognised Quasi-state. The group was announced by ISIL as its province in 2016.[4] The first emir of Wilayat al-Bengal, Abu Ibrahim al-Hanif, is believed to be Mohammad Saifullah Ozaki (born as Sajit Chandra Debnath, 1982) a Bangladeshi Japanese economist who went to Syria in 2015 and joined IS. A Hindu convert to Islam, he reportedly led the 2016 Dhaka attack. He was detained in Iraq in 2019 and Abu Muhammed al-Bengali was announced as the new emir of the province.[5][6]

Neo-Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh, an offshoot of Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh, effectively operates as the main IS branch in Bangladesh.[6]

It has been designated as a Foreign Terrorist Organization under the SDN by the United States Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control, with addresses in Dhaka, Rangpur, Sylhet and Jhenaidah.[7] It has also been designated as a Terrorist Organization by Canada.[8]

Background

IS in South Asia

Black-and-white flag with Arabic writing
ISIL flag

ISIL activity originated in Iraq, and has spread from the Middle East to the African countries of Egypt, Mali and Somalia; South Asian countries such as Bangladesh, Pakistan and India, and southeast Asian countries such as Indonesia and the Philippines. The group aims to retake Greater Khorasan, a historical region which covers Afghanistan and part of Central Asia. The Khorasan branch of ISIL is based in South Asia.[9]

The terrorist organisation has used social unrest, the dissolution of language barriers, and local underground support to recruit South Asian militants for global jihad. The flow of Rohingya Muslim refugees from Myanmar has been targeted for recruitment by ISIL when the refugees enter Bangladesh.[10][11] Some of these refugees are also targeted and supported by Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami (BJeI), the country's largest Islamist political party.

In 2002, the Bangladeshi extremist group Jamatul Mujahideen Bangladesh (JMB) formed a committee in Malda City, India. JMB is the most active extremist group in Bangladesh, and has linked itself to ISIL.[11] The group exploited permeable borders between India and Bangladesh to transport explosives, and are believed to be responsible for the Bardham bombing near the India-Bangladesh border in 2014. JMB, which was funded and militarized by the Taliban in the AfPak region before receiving ISIL support,[12] targets minorities in Bangladesh.[11]

Attacks inspired by ISIL have occurred across South Asia, including Quetta, Pakistan, Kabul, Afghanistan and Dhaka, Bangladesh. Youths from these countries have increasingly travelled from South Asia to Syria and Iraq.[9] ISIL influences, recruits, strategises and organises with social media.[13] Indian cells of ISIL have been identified by Indian forces in Madhya Pradesh, Kalyan, Kerala, Hyderabad, and Uttar and Madhya Pradesh. ISIL is most present in India through online social networks. The group has also attempted to infiltrate the unstable union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, a region disputed by India and Pakistan for religious and territorial reasons.[14]

IS in Bangladesh, 1971-2015

Bangladesh is a secular democracy with a majority-Muslim population and a low median standard of living. Since its independence from Muslim Pakistan in 1971, Islamic extremism and the push for a united Islamic state across the subcontinent has been a catalyst for homegrown action and international interest in Bangladesh.[10] Bombings, shootings and stabbings have been claimed by ISIL, targeting Westerners and other foreigners and Shia Muslims. Most attacks in Bangladesh are made by proxy groups later claimed (or attributed) to ISIL, and the amount of direct ISIL influence is unclear.[15]

In June 2014, ISIL declared themselves a worldwide caliphate with Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi as their leader.[16] That August, ISIL distributed a video of Bengalis pledging allegiance to the group in Bengali.[17][12] Bangladesh was not included in the group's five-year plan published that year, despite its being a Muslim-majority country.[18] Since 2015, the government of Bangladesh has adopted a vocal, zero-tolerance policy towards terrorism and Islamic extremism.[19] ISIL has admitted targeting (and attacking) secular Bangladeshis, Shia Muslims, foreigners, bloggers and other individuals who oppose their goal.[10] The group has a sizable online presence in Bangladesh through social media, and a growing physical influence (despite government denial).[12]

Domestic terrorist organizations are increasingly active with the support of transnational organizations such as ISIL, both physically and online through social media. Since 2013, over 40 vocal secularists have been murdered by these homegrown groups.[12] According to JMB and ISIL, JMB members were acting on ISIL's behalf in Bangladesh. The group recruits in wealthy areas of Dhaka (such as Banani) and in places where youths gather for studying and coaching.[11] The Bangladeshi government calls the group the "neo-JMB".[20]

Timeline

2015

  • May: A deadly attack was carried out by the ISIL-affiliated extremist group Jundullah in which 46 Shia Muslims were targeted for their opposing religious views.[21]
  • 28 September: Italian citizen Tavella Cesare was murdered whilst jogging in Dhaka. The Bangladeshi suspects told police that they were hired by an entity they called "Big Brother" to kill a foreigner. Although none of the arrested men made any overt reference to ISIL, the attack was claimed by the terrorist group.[17][12]
  • 3 October: Japanese national Kunio Hoshi was shot to death in Mahigonj, Rangpur District. Although the police blamed JMB for the attack, responsibility was claimed by ISIL in their online publication.[17][12] Two days later, militants stabbed Luke Sarker,a baptist pastor from Pabna, Pabna District, Rajshahi division. Sarker survived to the assault.[22][23] In October five suspect militants were arrested by the security forces for its relationship with the attacks.[24]
  • 24 October: ISIL affiliates claimed responsibility for a bombing outside Huseini Dalan, a place of worship in Dhaka, where the attackers targeted a Shi’ite gathering. Two people were killed, and about 100 were injured.[25][26]
  • November: An interview, "The Revival of Jihad in Bengal", was published in the ISIL magazine Dabiq.[27]
  • 4 November: ISIL claimed responsibility for an attack on a police checkpoint in which a police officer was killed.[25][28]
  • 8 November: Terrorist opened fire on Ruhul Amin in Rangpur, Rangpur Division, Bangladesh. The attack left one wounded.[29]
  • 10 November: IS militants killed Rahmat Ali. with a knife, a caretaker of a Muslim shrine, the stabbing took place in Kaunia Upazila, Rangpur division. In march of 2018, 7 militants were sentenced to death for the murder of Rahmat Ali.[30]
  • 18 November: IS Terrorist opened fire on Piero Parolari an italian catholic priest, resultseriously wounded for the attack.[31][32]
  • 25 November: The group claimed responsibility for a suicide attack at an Ahmadiyya mosque. In addition to the dead bomber, about a dozen people were injured.[25] In the next day, militants attack a shia mosque in[33]
  • 5 December: Three explosive devices blasts at the Kantaji Hindu temple near Dinajpur, Dinajpur division, Bangladesh. At least 10 people were wounded in the attack.[34]
  • 18 December: IS terrorist threw various explosive devices at a mosque during prayer services at the Chittagong naval base in Chittagong, Chittagong division. The attack left eight navy employees.[35][36]
  • 25 December: A suicide bomber blast in Ahmadi Mosque, Bagmara Upazila, the attack left the attacker dead and three civilians wounded.[37][38]

2016

During the first six months of 2016, ISIL carried out eleven attacks throughout Bangladesh. They launched religiously-motivated attacks against Hindus in Bonpara, Dhaka, Jhenaidah and Rangpur, Christians in Bonpara, Rangpur and Kushtia District, and targeted a Buddhist leader in Jhenaidah.[39]

  • 8 January: IS militants claims the murder of Samir al-Din, a Christian convert, in Jhenaidah, Kulna Division. The attackers justified the murder by conversion to Christianity of the victim.[40]
  • 21 February: Armed militants attack with explosive devices, firearms, and cleaversat a temple complex in Debiganj Upazila, Panchagarh District. The attack left Jogeswar Roy (a Hindu priest) killed ant other two worshippers wounded, ISIS and Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh claimed separately the attack.[41][42][43]
  • 14 March: Hafiz Abdul Razak, a Shia cleric, was stabbed to death in Khulna, Jhenaidah District in an assassination for which ISIL claimed responsibility.[44]
  • 22 March: Militants hacked to death a Christian convert in Kurigram, Rangpur, the assailants detonated various explosive devices as they fled the scene.[45]
  • 23 April: University professor Rezaul Karim Siddique was murdered with machetes in Rajshahi. Although responsibility for the attack was claimed by ISIL, officials believed that it may have been a copycat crime rather than one committed by the group.[17]
  • 25 April: Two men were killed with machetes by militants in an attack claimed by ISIL. One, Xulhaz Mannan, was an activist for gay rights in Bangladesh. Editor of the country's only LGBT magazine, he had been living at the American embassy in Dhaka.[46]
  • 30 April: ISIS claims the murder of Nikhil Chandra Joardar, a Hindu Tailor. The murder took place in Tangail, Dhaka District.[47]
  • 25 May: The murder of a Hindu businessman was attributed to the group.[17]
  • 7 June: A Hindu monk was murdered by militants in western Bangladesh in an attack claimed by ISIL,[17] and an elderly Christian grocer was hacked to death in Bonpara.[48]
  • 1 July: On the last Friday of Ramadan, five young JMB members stormed the Holey Artisan Bakery in Dhaka's Gulshan Thana neighbourhood. Its occupants were taken hostage, and the attackers targeted foreigners or Muslims not deemed sufficiently devout. Twenty-two people were killed (18 of whom were foreigners), and 50 others were injured.[49][39][50] It was the largest extremist attack in Bangladesh since 1996.[51] The attackers discriminated between foreigners and Bangladeshi citizens, and (of the Bangladeshis) between fundamentalist and moderate Muslims. Those who could quote the Quran were spared and treated well, and those who could not were executed.[52] The attack was broadcast live to ISIL-affiliated social-media accounts with the bakery's WiFi.[53] Photos of the attackers in front of ISIL flags were displayed.[51] Bangladesh's prime minister denied ISIL involvement, attributing the attack to domestic militancy. It was the worst attack in over a decade, when JMB set of synchronised bombs throughout Bangladesh which killed two dozen people.[54]
  • 7 July: A suicide attack near the Eidgah in Sholakia killed four members of a large Eid al-Fitr congregation.[55] It was prompted by ISIL and their followers' belief that any form of Islam other than Salafism is too moderate and justifies jihad.[52]

2017

  • 17 March: A militant suspected of being a JMB member entered a Rapid Action Battalion compound with an explosive belt in an attempted suicide-bomb attack. The attacker detonated his vest when he was approached by two compound officials, killing himself and wounding them.[56]
  • 24 March: ISIL claimed responsibility for a failed suicide-bomb attack at a police checkpoint near Shahjalal International Airport in Dhaka. The attack killed the militant, but there were no other injuries. It was suspected that the bomb detonated prematurely.[57][58]
  • 25 March: Eight people were killed, including two police officers, and more than 40 were injured in a dual bombing in Sylhet.[58] Military and police forces were attempting to raid a militant safe house believed to belong to ISIL when the explosions occurred; one came from a man on a motorbike, and the other was planted in a bag of vegetables. According to the Bangladesh Army, the militants were detonating other bombs around the city.[59] The attack occurred on the first observance of Bengali Genocide Remembrance Day.
  • November: A Biman Bangladesh Airlines pilot pled guilty to conspiring to crash a passenger plane into Ganabhaban, Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina's residence.[58]

Bangladeshi response

Despite many attacks attributed to ISIL by police and claimed by the organization, the government denies its presence in Bangladesh[12][10] and has been slow to react to homegrown threats. One reason for the denial is Bangladesh's position as home to the world's second-largest garment industry (after China). Terrorist attacks and a government-confirmed ISIL presence might damage foreign trust in the country, affecting travel and trade.[60]

JMB leader Bangla Bhai was hanged in 2007 for murder. The group has been announced as an ISIL branch in Bangladesh, despite the government's denial of an ISIL presence in the country.[12] The United States Office of Foreign Assets Control and the State Department have identified an "ISIS-Bangladesh", citing the 2015 murder of Tavella Cesare and the July 2016 Dhaka attack as evidence of an ISIL presence in Bangladesh.[61][62]

The Bangladeshi government is enlisting international organizations and local community leaders to help alter local acceptance of Islamic extremist actions in the country.[12] Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina has asked other countries with ISIL activity in diaspora communities, such as the United Kingdom, to take preventive action against individuals who are radicalising communities and transplanting ideology (and militancy) back to Bangladesh; the diaspora community in England has proven ties to ISIL and JMB.[63]

To bolster governmental strength in Bangladesh, the country have cooperated with the United States to fortify their borders against bi-directional militant migration. The Bangladesh Coast Guard, Navy's Special Warfare and Diving Salvage unit and the army's 1st Para-Commando Battalion were trained by the U.S. Special Operations Command Pacific in 2015.[25]

Bangladesh's government has committed itself to the anti-terrorist movement, participating in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation counter-terrorist protocols and adopting the stance and measures promoted by the UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy.[25] They are part of the Asia/Pacific Group on Money Laundering, which aims to thwart financing of militants and terrorist organizations. Although the Antiterrorism Act of 2009 does not explicitly outlaw recruitment and migration (fundamental to the spread of terrorism), legal action has been taken against individuals suspected of facilitating recruitment in Bangladesh and abroad.[58]

At January 7th 2023, Bengali police has arrested 2 men who was suspected to be part of ISIL at Howrah's Tikiapara area in Kolkata, after they was involved in spreading tentacles of the group. One of them admitted to having connections with ISIL functionaries in Pakistan and West Asia.[64]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Australian National Security Website".
  2. ↑ "National Police Agency (Japan)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2022.
  3. ↑ "Currently listed entities". Public Safety Canada. 16 December 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
  4. ↑ "Islamic State Bangladesh (ISB, ISISB) -- Abu Jandal al-Bangali". Trac.
  5. ↑ "Ex-Ritsumeikan professor held in Iraq for terrorist recruitment". The Asahi Shimbun.
  6. 1 2 IS names new emir in Bengal issues threat to carry out attacks in India and Bangladesh. Times of India.
  7. ↑ "ISIS-BANGLADESH". sanctionssearch.ofac.treas.gov. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
  8. ↑ Canada, Public Safety (21 December 2018). "Currently listed entities". www.publicsafety.gc.ca. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  9. 1 2 Fayyaz, Shabana (December 2017). "Footprints of ISIS in South Asia - A Challenge to Regional Peace and Stability". South Asian Studies. 32: 451–459 – via EBSCO Host.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Fair, C. Christine; Hamza, Ali; Heller, Rebecca (2017). "Who Supports Suicide Terrorism in Bangladesh? What the Data Say". SSRN 2960630.
  11. 1 2 3 4 "Countering Jihadist Militancy in Bangladesh". Crisis Group. 28 February 2018. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Khan, Shahab Enam (2 January 2017). "Bangladesh: The Changing Dynamics of Violent Extremism and the Response of the State". Small Wars & Insurgencies. 28 (1): 191–217. doi:10.1080/09592318.2016.1266127. ISSN 0959-2318. S2CID 151699562.
  13. ↑ Xingang, Wang; Wentao, Zhang; Yulong, Yang (2017). "Ideology, Global Strategy, and Development of the Islamic State and its Influence on China's "One Belt, One Road" Initiative". Journal of Global South Studies. 34 (2): 139–155. doi:10.1353/gss.2017.0016. ISSN 2476-1419. S2CID 158977214.
  14. ↑ Siyech, Mohammed Sinan (2017). "The Islamic State in India: Exploring its Footprints". Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses. 9 (5): 23–27. JSTOR 26351520.
  15. ↑ Byman, Daniel (March–April 2016). "ISIS Goes Global". Foreign Affairs. 95: 76–85. ProQuest 1778090160.
  16. ↑ Khan, Farhan Zahid & Muhammad Ismail. "Prospects of the Islamic State in Pakistan - by Farhan Zahid Muhammad Ismail Khan". Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tim Lister; Ray Sanchez; Mark Bixler; Sean O'Key; Michael Hogenmiller; Mohammed Tawfeeq. "ISIS: 143 attacks in 29 countries have killed 2,043". CNN. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  18. ↑ Mumtaz, Kashif (Spring 2016). "ISIS: Assessment of Threat for Afghanistan, Pakistan and South and Central Asia". Strategic Studies. 36 – via Proquest Central.
  19. ↑ Riaz, Ali (23 February 2016). "Who are the Bangladeshi 'Islamist Militants'?". Perspectives on Terrorism. 10 (1). ISSN 2334-3745. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  20. ↑ Riaz, Ali; Parvez, Saimum (6 July 2018). "Bangladeshi Militants: What Do We Know?". Terrorism and Political Violence. 30 (6): 944–961. doi:10.1080/09546553.2018.1481312. ISSN 0954-6553. S2CID 149779401.
  21. ↑ Sheikh, Mona Kanwal (2017). "Islamic State Enters Al-Qaeda's Old Hotbed: Afghanistan and Pakistan". Connections: The Quarterly Journal. 16 (1): 37–49. doi:10.11610/connections.16.1.03. hdl:10419/148181. ISSN 1812-1098.
  22. ↑ Kumar, Hari (6 October 2015). "Baptist Pastor in Bangladesh Survives Knife Attack". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  23. ↑ "Bangladesh pastor survives knife attack". BBC News. 6 October 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  24. ↑ "5 Islamists arrested over attack on Bangladesh Christian priest,work=The Hindu". The Hindu. 12 October 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 "Country Reports on Terrorism 2015". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  26. ↑ "IS-claimed bomb attack on Shia procession in Bangladesh, 1 dead". Economic Times. 24 October 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  27. ↑ "The Revival of Jihad in Bangladesh: Is Islamic State at India's Doorsteps? | Geopolitical Monitor". Geopolitical Monitor. 30 November 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  28. ↑ "Cop hacked to death in Savar". The Daily Star. 5 November 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  29. ↑ "Friend of Ruhul Amin: 'He had no fear of death'". BBC News. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  30. ↑ "7 militants to die for 2015 murder of Rangpur shrine caretaker". BDNews24. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  31. ↑ "IS claims attack on Italian priest in Bangladesh". The Hindu. 19 November 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  32. ↑ "Islamic State Takes Credit for Shooting Priest in Bangladesh". Voice of America. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  33. ↑ "Bangladesh Shia mosque attacked by gunmen". BBC News. 26 November 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  34. ↑ "10 injured in bomb attack on Hindu religious gathering in Bangladesh". India Today. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  35. ↑ "Explosion at Chittagong shipbreaking yard injures eight". Fright Waves. 2 March 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  36. ↑ "6 Injured As 2 Bombs Explode At Bangladesh Navy Mosque". NDTV. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  37. ↑ "Suspected Suicide Bomber Attacks Bangladesh Mosque". Voice of America. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  38. ↑ Manik, Julfikar Ali (25 December 2015). "Suicide Bomber Strikes at Ahmadi Mosque in Bangladesh". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  39. 1 2 Gunaratna, Rohan (2016). "Global Terrorism Mid-Year Review 2016". Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses. 8: 3–8.
  40. ↑ "Islamic State claims murder of Christian convert in Bangladesh: online group". Reuters. 8 January 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  41. ↑ "Bangladesh Hindu priest beheaded 'by Islamic State'". BBC News. 21 February 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  42. ↑ "50-years- old Hindu priest Jogeshwar Roy hacked to death in Bangladesh". Talk Nigerian. 21 February 2016. Archived from the original on 24 December 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  43. ↑ "Trader's murder sparks protest in Gaibandha". The Daily Star. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  44. ↑ "Islamic State claims murder of Muslim preacher in Bangladesh". Reuters. 15 March 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  45. ↑ "Islamic State claims killing of Christian in Bangladesh as 'lesson to others'". Reuters. 22 March 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  46. ↑ Hammadi, Saad; Gani, Aisha (25 April 2016). "Founder of Bangladesh's first and only LGBT magazine killed". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  47. ↑ "El Estado Islámico asume la autoría del asesinato de un sastre hindú en Bangladesh". La Voz de Galicia. 30 April 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  48. ↑ "Christian grocer hacked to death in his store". christianexaminer.com. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  49. ↑ "Gunmen take hostages in Bangladeshi capital Dhaka". BBC News. 2 July 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  50. ↑ Department, Attorney-General’s. "Jama'at Mujahideen Bangladesh". nationalsecurity.gov.au. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  51. 1 2 Sáez, Lawrence (January–February 2017). "Bangladesh in 2016: Transition and Turmoil Intertwined". Asian Survey. 57: 43–49. doi:10.1525/as.2017.57.1.43.
  52. 1 2 "Misguided youths or trained terrorists? | Tehelka - Investigations, Latest News, Politics, Analysis, Blogs, Culture, Photos, Videos, Podcasts". old.tehelka.com. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  53. ↑ Komireddi, Kapil. "ISIL's influence in Bangladesh has been vastly exaggerated". The National. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  54. ↑ "ISIL not involved in Dhaka attack, says Bangladesh minister". ArabianBusiness.com. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  55. ↑ "Bangladesh blast near huge Eid gathering". BBC News. 7 July 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  56. ↑ Manik, Julfikar Ali (17 March 2017). "Bombing Foiled After Lull in Bangladesh Attacks Ends". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  57. ↑ Manik, Julfikar Ali (24 March 2017). "Attack on Police Checkpoint in Bangladesh Kills Only Bomber". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  58. 1 2 3 4 "Chapter 1. Country Reports: South and Central Asia". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 2 December 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  59. ↑ "Twin bombings target crowd in Bangladesh". BBC News. 26 March 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  60. ↑ Quadir, Serajul. "Islamist militants kill 20 in Bangladesh before commandos end siege". U.S. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  61. ↑ "Counter Terrorism Designations". treasury.gov. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  62. ↑ "State Department Terrorist Designations of ISIS Affiliates and Senior Leaders". US Department of State. 27 February 2018. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  63. ↑ Tisdall, Simon (16 September 2015). "British jihadis in Bangladesh fanning flames of extremism, says Dhaka". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  64. ↑ "2 suspected ISIS terrorists arrested from West Bengal". The Times of India. 7 January 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
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