Hybrid orangutan
Hybrid orangutan at the Indianapolis Zoo.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Hominidae
Subfamily: Ponginae
Genus: Pongo
Species:
P. pygmaeus × P. abelii

A hybrid orangutan or cocktail orangutan is usually an orangutan derived from interbreeding between any of the three Orangutan species: Bornean (Pongo pygmaeus), Sumatran (Pongo abelii) and Tapanuli (Pongo tapanuliensis), but the term "hybrid orangutan" could also refer to hybrids of the three known Bornean subspecies.[1] As of 2015, there are approximately 134 living Bornean x Sumatran hybrid orangutans in captivity.[2]

Hybrids in captivity

Before Bornean and Sumatran orangutans were described as separate species in the early 2000s, orangutans from differing species were paired in captivity, and produced hybrid offspring. In 1985, the Orangutan SSP within the American Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) issued a moratorium on the breeding of Sumatran x Bornean hybrids.[3] In 1994, it was recommended that those hybrids should be sterilised if they are housed in a situation where breeding may happen. [4] The Tapanuli orangutan was not described as a separate species until 2017, which led to some interbreeding between Sumatran and Tapanuli orangutans in captivity. In 2022, an orangutan named Bubbles, who was previously thought to be Sumatran, was found to be Tapanuli, making her offspring hybrids of both the Sumatran and Tapanuli species.[5] It is possible that there are still many undiscovered Sumatran x Tapanuli hybrids in captivity. Bornean orangutans have three known subspecies: P. p morio, P. p pygmaeus and P.p wurmbii. In captivity, these subspecies are housed together and not managed at a subspecies level.[6] After many generations of hybridisation, there are likely very few “pure” individuals left.

Hybrids in Borneo

From 1971 to 1985, 90 orphaned or displaced orangutans rescued from illegal wildlife trade were released into Tanjung Puting National Park in Central Kalimantan. A subsequent genetic survey determined that at least two orangutans, captured in a different region and therefore not native to the park, had prolifically interbred with the local native apes, and produced at least 22 hybridized descendants.[7] Their offspring contributes to fears that interbreeding of subspecies leads to "hybrid vigor", in which "offspring reap the benefits of their parents' individual qualities".


Notes

  1. ↑ Palmer, Alexandra; Sommer, Volker; Msindai, Josephine Nadezhda (2021). "Hybrid apes in the Anthropocene: Burden or asset for conservation?". People and Nature. John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Ecological Society. 3 (3): 573–586. doi:10.1002/pan3.10214. PMC 8581989. PMID 34805779. S2CID 236369924.
  2. ↑ Elder, Megan (2016). 2015 INTERNATIONAL STUDBOOK of the ORANGUTAN (PDF). Orangutan SSP.
  3. ↑ Palmer, Alexandra; Sommer, Volker; Msindai, Josephine Nadezhda (2021). "Hybrid apes in the Anthropocene: Burden or asset for conservation?". People and Nature. John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Ecological Society. 3 (3): 578. doi:10.1002/pan3.10214. PMC 8581989. PMID 34805779.
  4. ↑ Palmer, Alexandra; Sommer, Volker; Msindai, Josephine Nadezhda (2021). "Hybrid apes in the Anthropocene: Burden or asset for conservation?". People and Nature. John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Ecological Society. 3 (3): 578. doi:10.1002/pan3.10214. PMC 8581989. PMID 34805779.
  5. ↑ Banes, G.L.; Fountain, E.D.; Karklus, A; Fulton, R.S; Antonacci-Fulton, L; Nelson, J.O (August 12, 2022). Nine out of ten samples were mistakenly switched by The Orang-utan Genome Consortium (Report).
  6. ↑ Palmer, Alexandra; Sommer, Volker; Msindai, Josephine Nadezhda (2021). "Hybrid apes in the Anthropocene: Burden or asset for conservation?". People and Nature. John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Ecological Society. 3 (3): 578. doi:10.1002/pan3.10214. PMC 8581989. PMID 34805779.
  7. ↑ "'Cocktail' orangutans leave researchers shaken and stirred: Reintroduction of genetically distinct subspecies has led to hybridization in an endangered wild population". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
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