Hugh St. Leger
Bornc. 1857 (1857)
Ipswich, Suffolk, England
Died1925(1925-00-00) (aged 67–68)
Rochford, Essex, England
NationalityEnglish
Occupation(s)Journalist and author
Years active1892–1901
Known forJuvenile adventure fiction

Hugh Anthony St. Leger (c. 1857 – Q4 1925) was an English journalist and author of juvenile fiction. He was the third youngest of eight children, but his two younger siblings both died in early childhood. His father died when he was four and St. Leger was elected to a place at the Clergy Orphan School as a result. He turned his experiences in the Merchant Navy and as a Hussar in a solid background for boy's adventure fiction.

Early life

The England and Wales Christening Index shows him being baptised on 7 June 1857. He gave his age as 43 years and two months on 26 March 1900,[1] which would give him a birth date in January 1857.[note 1] He does not appear to be listed on the Index of Births. He was the sixth of eight children born to William Nassau St. Leger (1809 – 25 April 1861)[2] and Mary Anne Penning York (c. 1842 – Q2 1889)[3] William Nassau St. Leger had been born in Limerick, Ireland and was a Clergyman of the Church of England.

St. Catherine's College, Cambridge

His siblings were:

  • Rupert (c. 1847 – 3 March 1916),[4] who attended Queen Elizabeth's School in Ipswich as a Queen's Scholar.[note 2] Rupert was also awarded an open scholarship at St. Catherine's College, Cambridge, worth some £40 plus a free room.[6] He began his university career on 4 October 1865, was awarded his BA in 1869, ordained as a deacon in 1871, and as a priest in 1872. After 30 years as a curate, he was, in 1891, appointed Vicar to Ridgewell in Essex where he remained until his death.[7] While a curate, he married Mary Jane Matthews (born c. 1885) a farmer's daughter, on 31 January 1880.[8] The couple had 8 children, one of whom died before 1911. Rupert seems to have been a somewhat turbulent priest as he was summonsed for failing to pay the poor rate in May 1893.[9] In August of 1893, his wife unsuccessfully prosecuted his curate for an indecent assault.[note 3] In November, 1893 Rupert was back in court again, this time as a defendant as he was summonsed for failing to send one of his seven surviving children to school.[11]
  • Marion (c. 1849 – ) who worked as a governess, including for her brother Rupert. She became the third wife of Lear George Buckland Howe (c. 1844 – Q1 1914)[12] in Stockwell on 4 July 1909.[13]
  • Warham[note 4] (c. 1851 – Q3 1921) who attended the Clergy Orphan School at Canterbury and then Jesus College in Cambridge where he received his BA degree in 1876.[7] He described himself initially as a journalist and later as a journalist and author in the census returns. The British Library shows him as having published several books, songs, and comic operas. He married Lisette Olivia Butler (c. 1849 – 1st quarter of 1919),[14] the daughter of a deceased clergyman, in London on 18 September 1895.[15]
  • Arthur (c. 1853 – ). The 1871 census found him in the Cavalry Barracks in Ipswich, having enlisted in the Royal Artillery. No further information on his career was found. Hubert followed him into the military several years later.
The Organ in St. George's Cathedral
  • William Douglas (c. 1855 – 22 December 1921),[16] attended Aspley School in Aspley Guise,[17] and became the organist there after leaving school, giving lessons in the piano and organ.[18] He emigrated to India where he married the seventeen-year old Emma Ethel Antoinette Stuart (c. 1863 – 10 March 1882) on 21 June 1880.[19] They had one child in the following year. He was then the organist at St. George's Anglican Cathedral in Madras (now called Chennai).[20] Emma and her daughter died within days of each other in 1882.[21] William married Helen Louise Clerk (23 August 1857 – Q1 1949) on 15 May 1889,[22] and the couple had four children.[note 5][23][24] William was an officer in the Madras Volunteer Guards and had reached the rank of Lt. Colonel when he retired in 1903.[25][26] By 1913 he was the manager of The Madras Mail,[27] and was still there in 1918.[28] In 1920 he travelled to England where he died the following year.[16]
  • Ralph G (c. 1859 – Q3 1861) who died when he was two, in the same quarter as this younger sister.
  • Anna (19 April 1861 – Q3 1961),[29][30] who died as an infant. Her father died eight days after her birth.[31]

Election to the Clergy Orphan School

In 1868 St. Leger followed in his brother Warham's footsteps and was elected to the Clergy Orphan School, aged c. 11. He was a pupil there during the 1871 census. The boys' school was then based in Canterbury. Students were elected to places in the school by the subscribers to the school. St. Leger had the fourth-highest number of votes for boys. The subscribers got a list of candidates a month before the election, and selected all those whose candidacy they favoured.[note 6][32][33]

St. Ledger and his siblings were not alone in becoming orphans. Farr's Life Table No. 3 show that in the period 1838 to 1864 an man who reached the age of 25, the age at which many young clergymen would have completed their academic training and been ordained,[note 7] had an roughly one in three chance of dying before he was 55.[35] The odds were better than this as Clergymen suffered lower mortality than other professions.[note 8] The risk of a clergyman of 25 dying was about one in four in 1861-1871.[37] By contrast, the latest life table from the UK's Office of National Statistics, Life Table No. 17 based on data in 2010 – 2012 shows that the risk of man aged 25 dying before 55 is now less than one in twenty.[38][39]

Working life

Under the bye-laws of the Clergy Orphan Corporation, no boy could remain in the school past 15 years of age without the special leave of the committee.[note 9][40] At that age, boys could be indentured as apprentices. The title of the charity specifically referred to "clothing, maintaining, and educating poor orphans of clergymen ...until of age to be put apprentice". A boy named Hugh Anthony St. Leger, of the right age became a Merchant Navy apprentice indentured to C. F. Ellis of London for four years from 23 November 1872. Unusually, no name of vessel is given.[41]

Military service

During the Second Anglo-Boer War, St. Leger enlisted in the Imperial Yeomanry on a short service, one year, enlistment in Ipswich on 26 March 1900, giving his age as 43 years and 2 months. He declared that he had previously served in the 19th Hussars, 2nd Dragoons, and had completed his agreed term of service.[1][note 10][note 11] He was discharged at his own request eight days later on 2 April 1900.[note 12] St. Ledger served in the Merchant Navy, but he may also have served in the Royal Navy, as he told the bankruptcy court in 1903 that he had served in both the Army and the Navy.[45]

Marriages and children

St. Leger married Catherine Ledger (1856 – 1912) In St. George's Church in Hanover Square in the third quarter of 1889. The couple had three children, all daughters:

  • Kathrine Winifred (13 January 1891 – 20 April 1982)
  • Phillis Mary Eigen (28 January 1892 – 22 September 1986)
  • Margaret Evelyn (16 April 1893 – 9 January 1979)

St. Leger described himself as a publisher of books in the 1891 census. He then kept a coachman, whose wife acted as cook, along with a nurse,[note 13] and a house-maid. By the 1901 census, he and his wife was visiting Mary A Baldwin in Colchester. All three girls were away in a school run by Bertha and May Stevenson at 63 Hamilton Road in Reading. His profession was not described as author.

St. Leger petitioned for bankruptcy on 16 May 1903.[46] He was scheduled for a public examined in Colchester Bankruptcy Court at 2pm on 26 June 1903.[47] During his examination he blamed money lenders, whom he said had charged him 300% interest, for his failure.[48] He was declared bankrupt, with effect from 19 June 1903.[49] His trustee, the public received, was released from the trust on 23 November 1903[note 14][50]

For the 1911 census, Catherine was living at 3 Rupert Road, Bedford Park, London while St. Leger was in Ipswich, Boarding with Henrietta Frazer Williamson, a widow who had two sons, only one of whom was still living. He gave his occupation as Author. Catherine died on 12 December 1912. St. Leger then married his former landlady, Henrietta Frazer Williamson, at All Angels Church in Bedford Park.[note 15]

Hugh died in the fourth quarter of 1925.[51] Henrietta survived him by more than 20 years.

Works

In 1893, The North Queensland Register republished a nautical short-story by St. Leger that had already run in Black and White.[52] It is not clear how much St. Leger was contributing to magazines, or where.

List of longer fiction by St. Leger

What is remarkable about St. Leger, is that all of his longer fiction was produced in quite a short period, with seven books from 1894 to 1901.

The list of works below is drawn from searches on Jisc Library Hub Discover.[note 16][53][54]

Longer fiction by Hugh St. Leger
No.YearTitleIllustratorPublisherPagesNotes
11894Sou'Wester and Sword: a story, etcHal HurstBlackie & Son, London320 p., 6 ill., 8º[note 17]
21896"Hallowe'en" Ahoy! or, Lost on the Crozet Islands, etcHerbert James DraperBlackie & Son, London320 p., 6 ill., 8º[note 18]
31897An ocean outlaw: A story of adventure in the Good Ship "Margaret"William RaineyBlackie & Son, London319 p., 6 ill., 8º[note 19]
41897Skeleton reef; or, The adventures of Jack RollockLancelot SpeedS. W. Partridge & Co, London320 p., 16p. fs., 8º[note 20]
51897The "Rover's" Quest: a story, etcJ. Ayton SymingtonW. & R. Chambers, London270 p., 6 ill., 8º[note 21][75]</ref>
61899Shipmates: A story of adventure in the Merchant ServicePercy F. SpenceGriffith, Farran, Browne & Co, London384 p., ill., 8º[note 22]
71901Billets and Bullets. The adventures of a trooper, etcFrank FellerGriffith, Farran, Browne & Co, Londonvii. 312 pages, 8º[note 23]

Note, it is certain that this list is not complete as both the Bristol Times[56] and the Western Morning News refer to Tales Told after "Lights out" as a previous boys' book by St. Leger[60] However, no catalogue details could be found.

The Morning Post complained that Griffith and Farran had reissued three books in a uniform edition without any indication that they were reissues.[86] The three books were:

  • In the Queen's Navee C. N. Robinson and J. Leyland
  • The Lion Cub by Fred Whishaw, the story of Peter the Great’s youth
  • Billets and Bullets by St Ledger

However, only the first of this is clearly a reissue,[note 24] based on the JISC catalogue data. Moreover, Baker gives 1901 as the year of publication for The Lion Cub.[88] No record of an earlier publication of Billets and Bullets could be found on Jisc Library Hub Discover, on press reviews or advertisements, nor on second-hand book sites. Even so, it is still perfectly possible the St. Leger wrote the book in 1882 or 1883, and later republished it to take advantage of the military enthusiasm accompanying the Anglo-Boer War.

Sample illustrations

The following illustrations, made by William Rainey RI RBA ROI (21 July 1852 – 24 January 1936) for An Ocean Outlaw: a story of adventure in the good ship "Margaret" (London: Blackie & Son, 1896) give some idea of the frenetic pace of Huge St. Leger's books. Images by courtesy of the British Library[note 25][63]

Notes

  1. ↑ It was not all that unusual at the time for baptism to take place after so many months, although the children of clergymen were usually baptised sooner than this.
  2. ↑ Nowadays, a Queen's Scholar at the school has half their fees remitted, but it might have been more valuable in the 1860s. Queen's Scholarships are awarded for academic excellence.[5]
  3. ↑ It was a case of "he said, she said", and the male magistrates unsurprisingly opted for "he said". Mary Jane had to be restrained from physically assaulting the curate after he was acquitted after the five-hour hearing.[10]
  4. ↑ His name is given an Markham in many records, but the more authoritative and clearly written records, such as the Cambridge Alumni Database or his Marriage Register, gives it as Warham.
  5. ↑ Douglas and Helen's children were:
    • Douglas Francis born in Madras on 30 May 1890, a musician and teacher at the Royal Academy of Music.
    • Helen Evelyn born in Madras on 31 October 1891, who studied Drama.
    • Dennis Claude Grant born in Madras on 24 December 1892, who started his working life as a bank clerk.
    • Claudine Ethel born in Madras on 1 February 1894, who studied music and married Earle McKillock Nicholl of the Army Veterinary Service and died in Hindhead, Surrey on 5 May 1985.
  6. ↑ Subscribers paid £1 1s. (one guinea) a year, or £10 10s (ten guineas) for a lifetime subscription.[32]
  7. ↑ The minimum age for ordination in the Church of England as a Deacon was twenty-three, and as a Priest twenty-four.[34]
  8. ↑ Clerical mortality was lower than any of the other 70 professions that Woods compared it with.[36]
  9. ↑ There were some exceptions for the academically gifted who were covered by endowed scholarships.
  10. ↑ He probably served a minimum of eight years with the colours and four years in the reserve, as that was the norm after 1874.[42]
  11. ↑ The 19th Hussars fought in the Battle of Tel el-Kebir in September 1882 during the Anglo-Egyptian War. This battle features in two of St. Legers's stories.
  12. ↑ It is not known why he resigned. In terms of what was happening in the Boer War, the British were already beginning to get the upper hand, Cronjé was forced to surrender with 4,000 men on 27 February 1900 and Ladysmith was relieved on 28 February. The only significant incident between St. Leger's enlistment and resignation was the engagement at Sanna's Post on 31 March 1900, where the British were defeated with a loss of 155 dead or wounded and 428 prisoners. However, news of this defeat only reached the newspapers in the UK the day after St. Leger resigned.[43][44]
  13. ↑ The nurse was for three-month old Kathrine Winifred, presumably. This number of servants put the family in the upper middle-class. At no other census were the St. Legers apparently so well off.
  14. ↑ This meant that the Official Receiver had distributed all of St. Leger's available assets to his creditors.
  15. ↑ The marriage index gives the marriage as occurring in the third quarter of 1913. However, Hugh has sworn out his application for a licence on 19 August 1913. Typically, marriages followed within a few days of the licence.
  16. ↑ The Jisc catalogue, collates 165 national, university, and research libraries in the UK and Ireland.
  17. ↑ A story first of the sea; featuring shark-fishing, mast-heading, mutiny, tropical storms, death, and shipwreck, and then of land; including struggles with a jaguar. The whole is topped off topped off by the seamen joining in the English expedition against the Madhi and the battle of El Teb. St. Leger had probably participated in this campaign. Reviewers said:
    • "...one continuous adventure" – Table Talk (magazine)[55]
    • "...will delight the heart of any boy old enough to know a little about geography" – Bristol Times[56]
    • "...full of exciting adventures..." – Yorkshire Post[57]
    • "...a rattling sea-story ...a graphic picture of the battle of El-Teb and Soudanese warfare." – Aberdeen Free Press[58]
  18. ↑ Opens with a shipwreck on the South Coast of England from which only the captain and one seaman are rescued by the lifeboat in which the vicar's son is one of the crew. The vicar's son and the survivors ship together, with the captain acting as first mate. The friends are put in charge of a drifting derelict named Hallowe'en and discover a girl hidden aboard. They face storms and find the wreck of a Spanish galleon laden with treasure before finally arriving safely in England.[59] Reviewers said:
    • "The author...has made a considerable reputation as a story-teller. He seems to revel in maritime life, and returns to it in the present book...." – Western Morning News[60]
    • "... a book that boys with a nautical turn of mind may revel in ...It is a pity that the author has not been able to deny himself the stereotyped discovery of treasure during the stay on the desolate island." – Morning Post[61]
    • "...a bright and breezy story which does not strain the probabilities too much..." – Bristol Mercury (newspaper)[62]
  19. ↑ Available online at the British Library.[63] Another sea story featuring a fire aboard ship, mutiny, piracy, hidden treasure, with an abundance of fighting throughout.[64] Reviewers said:
    • "...an ingenious and exciting sea story of mutiny, piracy, and hidden treasure ...Mr St. Leger knows how to catch and sustain the interest of young people." – Inverness Courier[65]
    • "Blood and rum flow with equal freedom through the pages ...the sort of story that boys take to as ducks take to water..." – The Scotsman[66]
    • "...St Leger, expert teller of sea stories..." – Western Daily Press[67]
  20. ↑ Available on-line at the British Library.[68] Starts in school where the hero had a fight with the school bully. The hero wants to follow his late father's profession and runs away from school to go to sea. He undergoes a series of trials and tribu8ilations, mainly due to his own disobedience. Unusually for juvenile fiction, the action is spread out over three years. Reviewers said:
    • "...we expect a good many boys ...may read ...with agonising enjoyment." – Liverpool Mercury[69]
    • "Mr St. Leger makes good use of colour, and he crowds incident on incident, each as fascinating as the other." – Dundee Advertiser[70]
    • "... an exciting story for boys..." – Yorkshire Post[71]
    • "...just the book boys will delight in..." – Sheffield Independent[72]
  21. ↑ A boy goes adrift and is picked up a ship. He undergoes all the usual adventures, mutiny, shipwreck, and a spell on a desert island. He is then picked up by the Rover, which is searching for some castaways. Reviewers said:
    • "The story is brightly written, and there is plenty of dash and colour in it, with a strong flavour of brine and breeze." – Dundee Advertiser[73]
    • "A good sea tale, full of life and adventure...We have read no better sea story for a long time." – London Evening Standard [74]
    • "...an exciting story..." – Glasgow Herald
  22. ↑ Tells the tale of two friends, apprentices in the merchant service who undergo a series of adventures. St. Leger was himself an apprentice in the Merchant Service, so could describe this world realistically. Reviewers said:
    • "...a spirited tale of apprentice life in the merchant service..." – Dundee Advertiser[76]
    • "The tale itself is in Mr. St. Leger's best style, and this will be sufficient recommendation to those who know anything about the works of the author..." – Liverpool Mercury[77]
    • "It gives an excellent idea of what life afloat really is, and it will stimulate or check, according to the boy's disposition, the burning desire, which seizes upon most British lads at some time of their lives, to become a sailor." – Pall Mall Gazette[78]
    • "...is among the beat of the season's tales of sea-life." – The Observer[79]
  23. ↑ A young man is alerted that his uncle is trying to force his sister into a marriage with a Pasha against her will. He rescues her, but has to abandon hope of a commission as he is dependent on his uncle. Instead he enlists and sees service in York, Ireland, and Egypt.[80][81] St. Leger was himself a trooper in the 19th Hussars. Baker, in his Guide to Historical Fiction states that the book is A good account of the military operations at Tel-el-Kebir and Cairo.[82] Reviews said:
    • "...a rattling story of adventure and fighting in Egypt, which the Kassassin and Tel-el-Kebir chapters stand out as capital examples of literary treatment." – Pall Mall Gazette[83]
    • "It is an admirable book, written in a spirited fashion, and simply delightful reading for young England." – Queen[84]
    • "a very well written book ...numerous escapades and hair-breadth escapes form very good reading, and should appeal strongly to the younger generation" – Manchester Courier[85]
    • "not out of date ...now appeal(s) to an entirely fresh generation of boys..." – Morning Post[86]
    • "...a capital story for boys, describing with dash and verve the adventures in Ireland and Egypt of a young Hussar..." – Leeds Mercury[87]
  24. ↑ In the Queen's navee: the adventures of a colonial cadet on his way to the 'Britannia' by Commander C.N. Robinson, R.N. and John Leyland and illustrated by Walter W. May, was first published in 1892 by Griffith Farran & Co. in London, and by Brentano's in New York.
  25. ↑ The British Library catalogues St. Ledger's work under the name "Saint Leger", rather than the more common short form.

References

  1. 1 2 War Office (2 April 1900). "Regimental Number Range: 15711-15910". WO 128: Imperial Yeomanry, Soldiers' Documents, South African War. p. 15900.
  2. ↑ "Wills and Probates 1858 and 1996: Surname StLeger and the year of death 1861". Find a Will Service. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
  3. ↑ "Index entry". FreeBMD. ONS. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
  4. ↑ "Wills and Probates 1858 and 1996: Surname StLeger and the year of death 1916". Find a Will Service. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
  5. ↑ "Senior School: Scholarships and Bursaries". Ipswich School. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  6. ↑ "Ipswich: Queen Elizabeth's School". The Bury and Norwich Post. 20 June 1865. p. 8. Retrieved 17 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  7. 1 2 "Searching for Surname=ST LEGER; Text=William Nassau; Year range 1860 to". A Cambridge Alumni Database. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
  8. ↑ London Metropopolitan Archives (31 January 1880). "1896 Marriage Solemnized at Christ Church in the Parish of Paddington in the County of Middlesex: No.339: Rupert St. Leger and Mary Jane Matthews". London, England, Church of England Marriages and Banns, 1754-1932. London: London Metropolitan Archives. p. 170.
  9. ↑ "Castle Hedingham: The Vicar's Rates". The Bury and Norwich Post. 2 May 1893. p. 6. Retrieved 17 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  10. ↑ "Castle Hedingham: Serious Charge Against a Clergyman". Essex County Standard. 19 August 1893. p. 5. Retrieved 17 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  11. ↑ "A Clergyman Summoned for not sending his Son to School". The Bury and Norwich Post. 28 November 1893. p. 8. Retrieved 17 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  12. ↑ "Index entry". FreeBMD. ONS. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
  13. ↑ London Metropopolitan Archives (4 July 1909). "1909 Marriage Solemnized at the Parish Church in the Parish of St. Andrew, Stockwell, in the County of London: No.387: Lear George Buckland How and Marion St. Leger". London, England, Church of England Marriages and Banns, 1754-1932. London: London Metropolitan Archives. p. 194.
  14. ↑ "Index entry". FreeBMD. ONS. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
  15. ↑ London Metropopolitan Archives (18 September 1895). "1896 Marriage Solemnized at the Parish Church in the United Parishes of Sts. Andrew and Ann, in the County of London: No.185: Wargan St. Leger and Olivia Lisette Butler". London, England, Church of England Marriages and Banns, 1754-1932. London: London Metropolitan Archives. p. 93.
  16. 1 2 "Wills and Probates 1858 and 1996: Surname StLeger and the year of death 1921". Find a Will Service. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
  17. ↑ "Apley Guise". Bedfordshire Times and Independent (Saturday 30 December 1871): 8. 30 December 1871. Retrieved 21 July 2020 – via The British Newspaper Archive.
  18. ↑ "Mr. W. D. St. Leger". Bedfordshire Times and Independent (Saturday 13 September 1873): 5. 13 September 1873. Retrieved 21 July 2020 – via The British Newspaper Archive.
  19. ↑ "Marriages". Homeward Mail from India, China and the East (Friday 16 July 1880): 11. 16 July 1880. Retrieved 21 July 2020 – via The British Newspaper Archive.
  20. ↑ "Madras: The Oldest Church in India". Times of India (Tuesday 01 November 1881): 3. 1 November 1881. Retrieved 21 July 2020 – via The British Newspaper Archive.
  21. ↑ "Deaths". Essex Standard (Saturday 22 April 1882): 5. 22 April 1882. Retrieved 21 July 2020 – via The British Newspaper Archive.
  22. ↑ "India Marriages, 1792-1948: 1889: William Douglas St. Leger". FamilySearch. 5 February 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2020 – via Family Search.
  23. ↑ "Wills and Probates 1858 and 1996: Surname Nicholl and the year of death 1985". Find a Will Service. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  24. ↑ "India Marriages, 1792-1948: 1889: Earle McKillop Nicholl". FamilySearch. 5 February 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2020 – via Family Search.
  25. ↑ "Latest Gazette of India Notifications". Homeward Mail from India, China and the East (Monday 02 March 1903): 5. 2 March 1903. Retrieved 21 July 2020 – via The British Newspaper Archive.
  26. ↑ "Judicial Department". Englishman's Overland Mail (Thursday 03 December 1903): 20. 3 December 1903. Retrieved 21 July 2020 – via The British Newspaper Archive.
  27. ↑ "Social and Personal". Englishman's Overland Mail (Thursday 25 September 1913): 2. 25 September 1913. Retrieved 21 July 2020 – via The British Newspaper Archive.
  28. ↑ "A Newspaper Jubilee". Englishman's Overland Mail (Friday 20 December 1918): 12. 20 December 1918. Retrieved 21 July 2020 – via The British Newspaper Archive.
  29. ↑ "Index entry". FreeBMD. ONS. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
  30. ↑ "Index entry". FreeBMD. ONS. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
  31. ↑ "Death of the Rev. W. N. St. Leger". The Ipswich Journal. 27 April 1861. p. 5. Retrieved 17 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  32. 1 2 "Clergy Orphan School". The Daily News. 26 November 1868. p. 1. Retrieved 17 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  33. ↑ Clergy Orphan Corporation (1857). "Bye-laws". An Account of the Corporation for Clothing, Maintaining, and Educating Poor Orphans of Clergymen of the Established Church. London: Gilbert and Rivington, Printers. p. 21. Retrieved 17 July 2020 – via Google Books.
  34. ↑ Southam, Brian (2005). "34: Professions". In Todd, Janet (ed.). Jane Austen In Context. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 369.
  35. ↑ Farr, William (1864). "English Life Table No. 3: Yearly Table:-Males". English life table. Tables of lifetimes, annuities, and premiums. With an introduction by William Farr. p. 26. Retrieved 16 July 2020 – via The Internet Archive.
  36. ↑ Woods, Robert (5 October 2000). "Mortality by Occupation and Social Group". The Demography of Victorian England and Wales. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 219. ISBN 978-0-521-78254-8. Retrieved 17 July 2020 – via Google Books.
  37. ↑ Woods, Robert (5 October 2000). "Mortality by Occupation and Social Group". The Demography of Victorian England and Wales. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 221: fig. 6.5. ISBN 978-0-521-78254-8. Retrieved 17 July 2020 – via Google Books.
  38. ↑ Office for National Statistics (1 September 2015). English Life Tables No. 17: 2010 to 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2020 – via The Office for National Statistics.
  39. ↑ Office for National Statistics (1 September 2015). Dataset: English Life Tables. Retrieved 16 July 2020 – via The Office for National Statistics.
  40. ↑ Clergy Orphan Corporation (1857). "Bye-laws". An Account of the Corporation for Clothing, Maintaining, and Educating Poor Orphans of Clergymen of the Established Church. London: Gilbert and Rivington, Printers. p. 22. Retrieved 23 July 2020 – via Google Books.
  41. ↑ National Archives (4 December 1872). "Class: BT 150; Piece Number: 12". Registry of Shipping and Seamen: Index of Apprentices. Kew: National Archives.
  42. ↑ Spiers, Edward M. (1992). The Late Victorian Army, 1868-1902. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-7190-2659-1. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  43. ↑ "Orange Free State". Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser (Tuesday 03 April 1900): 7. 3 April 1900. Retrieved 23 July 2020 – via The British Newspaper Archive.
  44. ↑ "The War: Broadwood's Mishap". The Morning Post. 3 April 1900. p. 7. Retrieved 17 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  45. ↑ "In Short". St James's Gazette (Saturday 27 June 1903): 13. 27 June 1903. Retrieved 23 July 2020 – via The British Newspaper Archive.
  46. ↑ "Receiving Orders: Bankruptcy Act". The London Gazette (27563): 3750. 12 June 1903.
  47. ↑ "First Meetings and Public Examinations". The London Gazette (27563): 3754. 12 June 1903.
  48. ↑ "News at a Glance". Bournemouth Daily Echo (Saturday 27 June 1903): 2. 27 June 1903. Retrieved 23 July 2020 – via The British Newspaper Archive.
  49. ↑ "Adjudications: Bankruptcy Act". The London Gazette (27576): 3984. 28 June 1903. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
  50. ↑ "Notice of Release of Trustees". The London Gazette (27628): 8487. 1452.
  51. ↑ "Index entry". FreeBMD. ONS. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  52. ↑ St. Leger, Hugh (2 August 1893). "A Nautical Nemesis". The North Queensland Register (Wednesday 02 August 1893): 28. Retrieved 21 July 2020 – via The National Library of Australia.
  53. ↑ "About Library Hub Discover". Library Hub Discover. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  54. ↑ "Libraries on Discover: Contributing libraries list". Library Hub Discover. 29 July 2020.
  55. ↑ "Book Presents". Table Talk (Friday 21 December 1894): 13. 21 December 1894. Retrieved 20 July 2020 – via The National Library of Australia.
  56. 1 2 "Recent Publications". Bristol Times and Mirror (Saturday 03 November 1894): 13. 3 November 1894. Retrieved 20 July 2020 – via The British Newspaper Archive.
  57. ↑ "The Library Table". Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer (Wednesday 07 November 1894): 3. 7 November 1894. Retrieved 20 July 2020 – via The British Newspaper Archive.
  58. ↑ "New Books". Aberdeen Free Press (Thursday 08 November 1894): 3. 8 November 1894. Retrieved 20 July 2020 – via The British Newspaper Archive.
  59. ↑ "Christmas Books (Fourth Notice)". The Standard. 12 December 1895. p. 6. Retrieved 17 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  60. 1 2 "Gift Books for the Young". Western Morning News (Friday 15 November 1895): 7. 15 November 1895. Retrieved 20 July 2020 – via The British Newspaper Archive.
  61. ↑ "Gift Books I". The Morning Post. 14 November 1895. p. 2. Retrieved 17 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  62. ↑ "Our Library Table: Christmas Books I". The Bristol Mercury and Daily Post, Western Countries and South Wales Advertiser. 26 October 1895. p. 3. Retrieved 17 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  63. 1 2 St. Leger, Hugh (1897). An Ocean Outlaw. London: Blackie & Son. Retrieved 20 July 2020 – via The British Library.
  64. ↑ "Gift Books". Dundee Advertiser (Thursday 05 November 1896): 3. 5 November 1896. Retrieved 20 July 2020 – via The British Newspaper Archive.
  65. ↑ "Literature". Inverness Courier (Tuesday 17 November 1896): 3. 17 November 1896. Retrieved 20 July 2020 – via The British Newspaper Archive.
  66. ↑ "Christmas Books". The Scotsman (Friday 06 November 1896): 8. 6 November 1896. Retrieved 20 July 2020 – via The British Newspaper Archive.
  67. ↑ "Books for the Season: Messrs. Blackie and Son's Books for the Young". Western Daily Press (Monday 16 November 1896): 3. 16 November 1896. Retrieved 20 July 2020 – via The British Newspaper Archive.
  68. ↑ St. Leger, Hugh (1897). Skeleton Reef: or the Adventures of Jack Rollock. London: S. W. Partridge & Co. Retrieved 20 July 2020 – via The British Library.
  69. ↑ "Books of the Season". Liverpool Mercury (Thursday 25 November 1897): 9. 25 November 1897. Retrieved 20 July 2020 – via The British Newspaper Archive.
  70. ↑ "Gift Books: S. W. Partridge & Co., London". Dundee Advertiser (Thursday 14 October 1897): 2. 14 October 1897. Retrieved 20 July 2020 – via The British Newspaper Archive.
  71. ↑ "Christmas Books II". Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer (Wednesday 10 November 1897): 3. 10 November 1897. Retrieved 20 July 2020 – via The British Newspaper Archive.
  72. ↑ "Literary Notices". Sheffield Independent (Wednesday 13 October 1897): 2. 13 October 1897. Retrieved 20 July 2020 – via The British Newspaper Archive.
  73. ↑ "Gift Books: W. & R. Chambers, Limited, Edinburgh". Dundee Advertiser (Thursday 14 October 1897): 2. 14 October 1897. Retrieved 20 July 2020 – via The British Newspaper Archive.
  74. ↑ "Books for Christmas". London Evening Standard (Tuesday 23 November 1897): 3. 23 November 1897. Retrieved 20 July 2020 – via The British Newspaper Archive.
  75. ↑ "Christmas Books". Glasgow Herald. 21 October 1897. p. 10. Retrieved 17 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  76. ↑ "Christmas Books". Dundee Advertiser (Friday 13 October 1899): 7. 13 October 1899. Retrieved 20 July 2020 – via The British Newspaper Archive.
  77. ↑ "Books of the Season". Liverpool Mercury. 6 December 1899. p. 11. Retrieved 17 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  78. ↑ "Adventures Ashore and Afloat". The Pall Mall Gazette. 4 December 1899. p. 9. Retrieved 17 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  79. ↑ "Christmas Gift Books II". The Observer. 10 December 1899. p. 7. Retrieved 17 May 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  80. ↑ "Christmas Books". The Scotsman (Thursday 24 October 1901): 3. 24 October 1901. Retrieved 20 July 2020 – via The British Newspaper Archive.
  81. ↑ "Christmas Books and Numbers". Westminster Gazette (Monday 09 December 1901): 4. 9 December 1901. Retrieved 20 July 2020 – via The British Newspaper Archive.
  82. ↑ Baker, Earnest A. (1914). "St. Leger H. Billets and Bullets". A guide to Historical Fiction. London: George Routledge & Sons Ltd. p. 388. Retrieved 22 June 2020 – via The Internet Archive.
  83. ↑ "Christmas Gift Books". Pall Mall Gazette (Friday 15 November 1901): 11. 15 November 1901. Retrieved 20 July 2020 – via The British Newspaper Archive.
  84. ↑ "Billets and Bullets: The Adventures of a Trooper". The Queen (Saturday 21 December 1901): 34. 21 December 1901. Retrieved 20 July 2020 – via The British Newspaper Archive.
  85. ↑ "Books of To-day". Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser (Wednesday 02 April 1902): 2. 2 April 1902. Retrieved 20 July 2020 – via The British Newspaper Archive.
  86. 1 2 "Gift Books". Morning Post (Wednesday 13 November 1901): 8. 13 November 1901. Retrieved 20 July 2020 – via The British Newspaper Archive.
  87. ↑ "Christmas Books". Leeds Mercury (Friday 13 December 1901): 8. 13 December 1901. Retrieved 20 July 2020 – via The British Newspaper Archive.
  88. ↑ Baker, Earnest A. (1914). "Whishaw, Fred. Mazeppa: The Lion Cub". A guide to Historical Fiction. London: George Routledge & Sons Ltd. p. 357. Retrieved 22 June 2020 – via The Internet Archive.
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