Hindus in the Middle East
Total population
3,062,645
(1.6% of population)
Regions with significant populations
 United Arab Emirates855,738 (2022)
 Saudi Arabia451,347 (2020)
 Kuwait425,950 (2020)
 Qatar422,118 (2022)
 Yemen297,103 (2022)
 Oman279,488 (2022)
 Bahrain165,706 (2020)
Religions
Hinduism
Related ethnic groups
Buddhism in the Middle East, Sikhism, Christianity in the Middle East
Hinduism by country
Africa
Asia
Europe
North America
Caribbean
Oceania
South America
Full list

Hinduism has been found in the Middle East since the mid-19th century. Millions of members of the Indian diaspora, of different religions, reside and work in Arab states of the Persian Gulf; many of them are Hindu. Many came due to the migration of Indians and Nepalese expatriates and employees to the area around the Persian Gulf.

Hindu temples have been built in Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, Yemen, and Oman.[1]

Demographics

Distribution of Hindus among the Middle Eastern countries

  United Arab Emirates (32.2%)
  Saudi Arabia (15%)
  Kuwait (14%)
  Qatar (11%)
  Yemen (10%)
  Oman (9%)
  Bahrain (5.4%)
  Turkey (3%)
  Jordan (0.3%)
  Lebanon (0.2%)
Hinduism by country in the Middle East
Country Population (2020E)  % of Hindus Hindu total
 United Arab Emirates 9,869,000 10%[2][3] 986,900
 Saudi Arabia 34,719,000 1.3%[4][5] 451,347
 Kuwait 4,259,500 10%[6] 425,950
 Qatar 2,113,000 15.9%[7][8] 335,967
 Yemen 29,710,300 1%[9] 297,103
 Oman 5,081,600 5.5%[10][11][12] 279,488
 Bahrain 1,690,900 9.8%[13][14] 165,708
 Turkey 84,339,067 0.1%[15][16] 84,340
 Jordan 10,185,500 0.1%[17] 10,186
 Lebanon 6,830,600 0.1%[18][19] 6,830
Total 197,438,267 1.6 3,062,645

Historical background

Indian settlers came to live in Oman, creating settlements and practicing Hinduism. Arab sailors were using the southwest monsoon winds to trade with western Indian ports before the first century CE. An Arab army conquered Sindh in 711 and Arab traders settled in Kerala in the 6th century. In the opposite direction, medieval Gujaratis, Kutchis, and other Indians traded extensively with Arab and Somali ports, including Hormuz, Salalah, Socotra, Mogadishu, Merca, Barawa, Hobyo, Muscat and Aden. Arab merchants were the dominant carriers of Indian Ocean trade until the Portuguese forcibly supplanted them at the end of the 15th century. Indo-Arabian links were renewed under the British Empire, when many Indians serving in the army or civil service were stationed in Arab lands such as Sudan. The current wave of Indian immigration to the Arab states of the Persian Gulf dates roughly to the 1960s. Hinduism is also one of the fastest growing religions in the Middle East,[20] mainly due to immigration from the Indian Subcontinent.

In 2001, Belgian speleologists discovered a large number of inscriptions, drawings, and archaeological objects on the Socotra island in Yemen[21][22] left by sailors who visited the island from the 1st century BC to 6th century AD. Most of the texts found were written in the Indian Brahmi script.[23]

Egypt

There were about 2,700 Hindus in Egypt in 2010.[24] That number decreased to about 1124 in 2020.[25]

Oman

Shiva temple in Old Muscat is one of the oldest Hindu temples in Middle East.

Oman has an immigrant Hindu minority. The number of Hindus has declined in the 20th century although it is now stable. Hinduism first came to Muscat in 1507 from Kutch. The original Hindus spoke Kutchi. By the early 19th century there were at least 4,000 Hindus in Oman, all of the intermediate merchant caste. By 1900, their numbers had plummeted to 300. In 1895, the Hindu colony in Muscat came under attack by the Ibadhis. By the time of independence, only a few dozen Hindus remained in Oman. The historical Hindu Quarters of al-Waljat and al-Banyan are no longer occupied by Hindus. The most prominent immigrant Hindus, are Visoomal Damodar Gandhi (Aulad Kara), Khimji Ramdas, Dhanji Morarji, Ratansi Purushottam and Purushottam Toprani.[26] The only Hindu crematorium is located in Sohar, northwest of Muscat.

Temples

Hindu temples once located in Ma'bad al Banyan and Bayt al Pir, no longer exist. The only active Hindu temples today are the Shiva temple complex in Muscat (locally known as Motishwar Mandir),[27] and the Krishna temple located in Darsait.[28]

Qatar

Hindus make up 15.1% of Qatar. There are an estimated 422,118 Hindus in the country.[29][30] Many Hindus are from South and Southeast Asia.[31][32]

Saudi Arabia

Saudi authorities interpret Hindu icons as idols, and idol worship is strongly condemned in Sunni Islam. This is likely the foundation for the stringent position of Saudi authorities when it comes to idol-worshipping religious practice.[33]

United Arab Emirates

South Asians in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) constitute the largest ethnic group in the country.[34] Over 2 million Indian migrants (mostly from the southern Indian states of Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Coastal Karnataka and Tamil Nadu) are estimated to be living in the UAE, constituting 28% of the total population of the Emirates as of 2017.[35] A majority of Indians live in the three largest cities of the UAE — Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Sharjah. From the estimated 2 million migrants, 1 million are from Kerala and 450,000 from Tamil Nadu, thus constituting a majority of the Indian community in the UAE. The population of Indian migrants in the UAE had grown from 170,000 in 1975 to an estimated value of 750,000 in 1999. By 2009, this value had grown to an estimated value of 2 million. A majority of Indians in the UAE (approximately 50%—883,313 in 2011) are from the South Indian state of Kerala, followed by migrants from Tamil Nadu. The majority of Indian migrants to UAE are Muslim (50%), followed by Christian (25%) and Hindu (25%). Estimates suggest Hindu population in UAE to be anywhere from 6-10%.

Temples

In 1958, permission were given to build the Hindu Temple, Dubai in Bur Dubai in a complex that included Shiva Mandir, Krishna Mandir, and Gurudwara. In January 2024, a new Hindu Temple, Dubai opened in Jebel Ali and the existing Shiva Mandir and Gurudwara were moved to this new location. Krishan Mandir is still housed in the original complex.[36]

Majority of Hindus living in UAE practice their religion within their homes.[37] The new temple, BAPS Hindu Mandir Abu Dhabi, had its foundation stone laying ceremony in April, 2019.[38][39] The temple is currently under construction.[40]

Yemen

There are about 200,000 Hindus in Yemen.[41] Many of them are from India and Nepal.[42]

Hindu temples

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Hindu temples of Gulf countries: more exist than you imagined". catchnews. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
  2. ↑ "International Religious Freedom Report: United Arab Emirates".
  3. ↑ "Country Profiles". Archived from the original on September 27, 2007.
  4. ↑ "International Religious Freedom Report: Saudi Arabia". 14 September 2007.
  5. ↑ "Religions in Saudi Arabia | PEW-GRF".
  6. ↑ "International Religious Freedom Report: Kuwait".
  7. ↑ "International Religious Freedom Report: Qatar".
  8. ↑ "CIA World FactBook: Qatar". 21 December 2021.
  9. ↑ "Global Religious Futures: Yemen".
  10. ↑ "Religious Freedom Nation Profile: Oman". Archived from the original on 2007-11-06.
  11. ↑ "Religious Freedom Nation Profile: Oman". Archived from the original on September 30, 2007.
  12. ↑ "Religions in Oman | PEW-GRF".
  13. ↑ "Global Religious Landscape: Hindus". Pew Research Center. December 18, 2012.
  14. ↑ "Religions in Bahrain | PEW-GRF".
  15. ↑ "Religious Freedom Nation Profile: Turkey". Archived from the original on 2007-12-04.
  16. ↑ "Religions in Turkey | PEW-GRF".
  17. ↑ "Gloabal Religious Futures: Jordan".
  18. ↑ "International Religious Freedom Report: Lebanon".
  19. ↑ "Religions in Lebanon | PEW-GRF".
  20. ↑ "The Hindu Diaspora In The Middle East". kashmir blogs-Truth about Kashmir-" kashmir blog"". 22 March 2009.
  21. ↑ "La grotte sanctuaire de Suqutra". Archéologia (in French) (396). 26 March 2020.
  22. ↑ Robin, C.; Gorea, M. (2002). "Les vestiges antiques de la grotte de Hôq (Suqutra, Yémen) (note d'information)". Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (in French). 146 (2): 409–445. doi:10.3406/crai.2002.22441.
  23. ↑ Bukharin, Mikhail D.; De Geest, Peter; Dridi, Hédi; Gorea, Maria; Jansen Van Rensburg, Julian; Robin, Christian Julien; Shelat, Bharati; Sims-Williams, Nicholas; Strauch, Ingo (2012). Strauch, Ingo (ed.). Foreign Sailors on Socotra. The inscriptions and drawings from the cave Hoq. Bremen: Dr. Ute Hempen Verlag. p. 592. ISBN 978-3-934106-91-8.
  24. ↑ "India and Egypt". www.shvoong.com. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
  25. ↑ "International Migrant Stock 2020". un.org. United Nations, Population Division. 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  26. ↑ J.E. Peterson,Oman's diverse society: Northern Oman, Middle East Journal, Vol. 58, Nr. 1, Winter 2004
  27. ↑ "Shri Shiva Temple".
  28. ↑ "Shri Krishna Temple".
  29. ↑ Global Religious Landscape. Pew Forum.
  30. ↑ "Population By Religion, Gender And Municipality March 2004". Qatar Statistics Authority. Archived from the original on 2013-05-18.
  31. ↑ "Population structure". Ministry of Development Planning and Statistics. 31 January 2020.
  32. ↑ "Population By Religion, Gender And Municipality March 2020". Qatar Statistics Authority.
  33. ↑ Marsh, Donna (May 11, 2015). Doing Business in the Middle East: A cultural and practical guide for all business professionals. Little, Brown Book Group. ISBN 9781472135674. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  34. ↑ "UAE´s population – by nationality". bq magazine. April 12, 2015. Archived from the original on March 21, 2017. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
  35. ↑ "India is a top source and destination for world's migrants". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  36. ↑ "Iconic Bur Dubai temple complex to close doors in January 2024". gulfnews.com. 2023-12-08. Retrieved 2024-01-16.
  37. ↑ Al-Jaber, Khalid; Ulrichsen, Kristian Coates (2021-12-31). Political Islam in the Gulf Region. Gulf International Forum. ISBN 979-8-9859177-0-3.
  38. ↑ "First Hindu Mandir In Abu Dhabi, UAE, To Be Built By BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha | Indo American News". www.indoamerican-news.com. Retrieved 2018-05-15.
  39. ↑ "First Hindu Temple's Foundation Ceremony Laying Ceremony in Abu Dhabi". Gulf News.
  40. ↑ Bhattacherjee, Kallol (6 February 2018). "PM to lay foundation stone of temple in UAE". The Hindu. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
  41. ↑ "Religions in Yemen".
  42. ↑ "Religious Beliefs In Yemen". 25 April 2017.
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