An heir apparent (FEM: heiress apparent) or simply heir is a person who is first in an order of succession and cannot be displaced from inheriting by the birth of another person.[note 1] A person who is first in the current order of succession but could be displaced by the birth of a more eligible heir is known as heir presumptive.

Today these terms most commonly describe heirs to hereditary titles (e.g. titles of nobility) or offices, especially when only inheritable by a single person. Most monarchies refer to the heir apparent of their thrones with the descriptive term of crown prince or crown princess, but they may also be accorded with a more specific substantive title:[note 2] such as Prince of Orange in the Netherlands, Duke of Brabant in Belgium, Prince of Asturias in Spain (also granted to heirs presumptive), or the Prince of Wales in the United Kingdom; former titles include Dauphin in the Kingdom of France, and Tsesarevich in Imperial Russia.

The term is also applied metaphorically to an expected successor to any position of power, e.g. a political or corporate leader.

This article primarily describes the term heir apparent in a hereditary system regulated by laws of primogeniture—it may be less applicable to cases where a monarch has a say in naming the heir (performed either while alive, e.g. crowning the heir as a rex iunior, or through the monarch's will).

Heir apparent versus heir presumptive

Throngs before the Imperial Palace in Japan awaiting the appearance of the Crown Prince Hirohito for the recent proclamation of his official recognition as the heir apparent to the Japanese Imperial Throne – New York Times, 1916.

In a hereditary system governed by some form of primogeniture, an heir apparent is easily identifiable as the person whose position as first in the line of succession to a title or office is secure, regardless of future births. An heir presumptive, by contrast, can always be "bumped down" in the succession by the birth of somebody more closely related in a legal sense (according to that form of primogeniture) to the current title-holder.

The clearest example occurs in the case of a childless bearer of a hereditary title that can only be inherited by one person. If at any time the title bearer were to produce children, those children would rank ahead of any person who had formerly been heir presumptive.

Many legal systems assume childbirth is always possible regardless of age or health. In such circumstances a person may be, in a practical sense, the heir apparent but still, legally speaking, heir presumptive. Indeed, when Queen Victoria succeeded her uncle King William IV, the wording of the proclamation even gave as a caveat:

...saving the rights of any issue of his late Majesty King William IV, which may be born of his late Majesty's consort.

This provided for the possibility that William's wife, Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, was pregnant at the moment of his death, since such a posthumous child, regardless of its sex, would have displaced Victoria from the throne.[1] Adelaide was 44 at the time, so pregnancy was possible even if unlikely.

Daughters in male-preference primogeniture

Daughters (and their lines) may inherit titles that descend according to male-preference primogeniture, but only in default of sons (and their heirs). That is, both female and male offspring have the right to a place somewhere in the order of succession, but when it comes to what that place is, a female will rank behind her brothers regardless of their ages or her age.

Thus, normally, even an only daughter will not be heir apparent, since at any time a brother might be born who, though younger, would assume that position. Hence, she is an heir presumptive. For example, Queen Elizabeth II was heir presumptive during the reign of her father, King George VI; had George fathered a legitimate son, then that child would have displaced Elizabeth in the line of succession and become heir apparent.

However, a granddaughter could for example be heir apparent if she were the only daughter of the deceased eldest son of the sovereign (e.g. Queen Elizabeth II would have been heir apparent to George V if her oldest uncle and father both had died before their father).

Women as heirs apparent

In a system of absolute primogeniture that disregards gender, female heirs apparent occur. As succession to titles, positions, or offices in the past most often favoured males, females considered to be an heir apparent were rare. Absolute primogeniture was not practised by any modern monarchy for succession to their thrones until the late twentieth century, with Sweden being the first to adopt absolute primogeniture in 1980 and other Western European monarchies following suit.

Since the adoption of absolute primogeniture by most of the Western European monarchies, examples of female heirs apparent include Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden, Princess Catharina-Amalia of the Netherlands, and Princess Elisabeth of Belgium; they are, respectively, the oldest children of Kings Carl XVI Gustaf, Willem-Alexander, and Philippe. Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway is heir apparent to her father, who is heir apparent to the Norwegian throne, and Victoria herself has a female heir apparent in her elder child, Princess Estelle. Victoria was not heir apparent from birth (in 1977), but gained the status in 1980 following a change in the Swedish Act of Succession. Her younger brother Carl Philip (born 1979) was thus heir apparent for a few months (and is a rare example of an heir apparent losing this status without a death occurring).

In 2015, pursuant to the 2011 Perth Agreement, the Commonwealth realms changed the rules of succession to the 16 thrones of Elizabeth II to absolute primogeniture, except for male heirs born before the Perth Agreement. The effects are not likely to be felt for many years; the first two heirs at the time of the agreement (Charles, Prince of Wales, later Charles III, and his son William, Prince of Wales) were already eldest born children, and in 2013 William's first-born son Prince George of Wales became the next apparent successor.

But even in legal systems that apply male-preference primogeniture, female heirs apparent are by no means impossible: if a male heir apparent dies leaving no sons but at least one daughter, then the eldest daughter would replace her father as heir apparent to whatever throne or title is concerned, but only when it has become clear that the widow of the deceased is not pregnant. Then, as the representative of her father's line she would assume a place ahead of any more distant relatives. For example, had George, Prince of Wales (the future George IV) predeceased his father, King George III, between 1796 and 1817, the former's daughter, Princess Charlotte, being his only legitimate child, would have become heiress apparent to the British throne. Such a situation has not to date occurred with the English or British throne; several times an heir apparent has died, but each example has either been childless or left a son or sons. However, there have been several female heirs apparent to British peerages (e.g. Frances Ward, 6th Baroness Dudley, and Henrietta Wentworth, 6th Baroness Wentworth).

In one special case, however, England and Scotland had a female heir apparent. The Revolution settlement that established William and Mary as joint monarchs in 1689 only gave the power to continue the succession through issue to Mary II, elder daughter of the previous king, James II. William, by contrast, was to reign for life only, and his (hypothetical) children by a wife other than Mary would be placed in his original place (as Mary's first cousin) in the line of succession—after Mary's younger sister Anne. Thus, although after Mary's death William continued to reign, he had no power to beget direct heirs,[2] and Anne became the heir apparent for the remainder of William's reign. She eventually succeeded him as Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland.

Displacement of heirs apparent

The position of an heir apparent is normally unshakable: it can be assumed they will inherit. Sometimes, however, extraordinary events—such as the death or the deposition of the parent—intervene.

People who lost heir apparent status

  • Al-Mufawwid on 30 April 892, al-Muwaffad was removed from the succession (heir apparent) completely,[3] and when al-Mu'tamid died in October 892, he was succeeded by Al-Mu'tadid.[4]
  • Parliament deposed James Francis Edward Stuart, the infant son of King James VII & II (of Scotland and of England and Ireland respectively) whom James II was rearing as a Catholic, as the King's legal heir apparent—declaring that James had, de facto, abdicated—and offered the throne to James II's elder daughter, the young prince's much older Protestant half-sister, Mary (along with her husband, Prince William of Orange). When the exiled King James died in 1701, his Jacobite supporters proclaimed the exiled Prince James Francis Edward as King James VIII of Scotland and James III of England and Ireland; but neither he nor his descendants (the last of whom died in 1807) were ever successful in their bids for the throne.
  • Crown Prince Gustav (later known as Gustav, Prince of Vasa), son of Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden, lost his place when his father was deposed and replaced by Gustav IV Adolf's aged uncle, the Duke Carl, who became Charles XIII of Sweden in 1809. The aged King Charles XIII did not have surviving sons, and Prince Gustav was the only living male of the whole dynasty (besides his deposed father), but the prince was never regarded as heir of Charles XIII, although there were factions in the Riksdag and elsewhere in Sweden who desired to preserve him, and, in the subsequent constitutional elections, supported his election as his grand-uncle's successor. Instead, the government proceeded to have a new crown prince elected (which was the proper constitutional action, if no male heir was left in the dynasty), and the Riksdag elected first August, Prince of Augustenborg, and then, after August's death, the Prince of Ponte Corvo (Marshal Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, who acceded as Charles XIV John in 1818). The two lines united later, when Charles XIV John's great-grandson Crown Prince Gustaf (who acceded as Gustaf V in 1907) married Gustav IV Adolf's great-granddaughter Victoria of Baden, who became Crown Princess of Sweden. Thus, from Gustav VI Adolf onward, the kings of Sweden are direct descendants of both Gustav IV Adolf and his son's replacement as crown prince, Charles XIV John.
  • Prince Carl Philip of Sweden, at his birth in 1979, was heir apparent to the throne of Sweden. Less than eight months later, a change in that country's succession laws instituted absolute primogeniture, and Carl Philip was supplanted as heir apparent by his elder sister Victoria.
  • Muqrin bin Abdulaziz became Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia in January 2015 upon the death of his half-brother King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud and the accession of another half-brother, Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, to the Saudi throne. In April of that year, Salman removed Muqrin as Crown Prince, replacing him with their nephew Muhammad bin Nayef. Muhammad bin Nayef himself was later replaced as Crown Prince by the king's son Mohammad bin Salman.

In some jurisdictions, an heir apparent can automatically lose that status by breaching certain constitutional rules. Today, for example:

  • A British heir apparent would lose this status if he or she became a Catholic. This is the only religion-based restriction on the heir-apparent. (Previously, marrying a Catholic also equated to losing this status, however, in October 2011, the governments of the then 16 Commonwealth realms, now 15, of which King Charles III is monarch, agreed to remove the restriction on marriage to a Catholic. All of the Commonwealth realms subsequently passed legislation to implement the change, which fully took effect in March 2015.)
  • Swedish Crown Princes and Crown Princesses would lose heir apparent status, according to the Act of Succession, if they married without approval of the monarch and the Government, abandoned the "pure Evangelical faith", or accepted another throne without the approval of the Riksdag.
  • Dutch Princes and Princesses of Orange would lose status as heir to the throne if they married without the approval of the States-General, or simply renounced the right.
  • Spanish Princes and Princesses of Asturias would lose status if they married against the express prohibition of the monarch and the Cortes.
  • Belgian Dukes and Duchesses of Brabant would lose heir apparent status if they married without the consent of the monarch, or became monarch of another country.
  • Danish Crown Princes and Princesses would lose status if they married without the permission of the monarch. When the monarch grants permission for a dynast to enter marriage, he may set conditions that must be met for the dynasts and/or their children to gain or maintain a place in the line of succession; this also applies for Crown Princes and Princesses.

Current heirs apparent

Country Picture Name of heir apparent Title Date of birth (age) Relation to monarch
 Bahrain Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa Crown Prince of Bahrain October 21, 1969 eldest son
 Belgium Elisabeth Princess,
Duchess of Brabant		 October 25, 2001 eldest child
 Bhutan Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck Dragon Prince of Bhutan,
Druk Gyalsey of Bhutan		 February 5, 2016 elder child
 Brunei Al-Muhtadee Billah Crown Prince of Brunei Darussalam February 17, 1974 eldest son
 Denmark Christian Crown Prince of Denmark,
Count of Monpezat		 October 15, 2005 eldest child
 Jordan Hussein bin Abdullah Crown Prince of Jordan June 28, 1994 elder son
 Lesotho Lerotholi Seeiso Crown Prince of Lesotho April 18, 2007 only son
 Liechtenstein Alois Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein, Count of Rietberg June 11, 1968 eldest son
 Luxembourg Guillaume Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg November 11, 1981 eldest child
 Monaco Jacques Hereditary Prince of Monaco, Marquis of Baux December 10, 2014 only legitimate son
 Morocco Moulay Hassan Crown Prince of Morocco May 8, 2003 only son
 Netherlands Catharina-Amalia Princess of Orange December 7, 2003 eldest child
 Norway Haakon Magnus Crown Prince of Norway July 20, 1973 only son
 Oman Theyazin bin Haitham Sayyid,
Crown Prince of Oman		 August 21, 1990 eldest son
 Saudi Arabia Mohammad bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia August 31, 1985 child
 Sweden Victoria Crown Princess of Sweden,
Duchess of Västergötland		 July 14, 1977 eldest child
 Tonga Tupoutoʻa ʻUlukalala Crown Prince of Tonga September 17, 1985 elder son
 United Kingdom
and 14 other Commonwealth realms		 William Prince of Wales,
Earl of Chester,
Duke of Cornwall,
Duke of Rothesay,
Earl of Carrick,
Baron of Renfrew,
Lord of the Isles,
Prince and Great Steward of Scotland		 June 21, 1982 elder son

Heirs apparent who never inherited the throne

Heirs apparent who predeceased the monarch

Heir apparent Lived Heir of Cause of death
Setka Died before 2575 BC Djedefre Unknown causes
Kawab Died before 2566 BC Khufu
Yanassi Died before 1580 BC Khyan
Ahmose-ankh Died before 1525 BC Ahmose I
Amenemhat Died c. 1455 BC Thutmose III Plague
Amenmose Died before 1493 BC Thutmose I Unknown causes
Amenhotep Died before 1401 BC Amenhotep II
Thutmose Died before 1353 BC Amenhotep III
Nakhtmin Died before 1323 BC Ay
Amun-her-khepeshef Died c. 1254 BC Ramesses II
Ramesses Died c. 1229 BC
Khaemweset Died c. 1224 BC
Amun-her-khepeshef Died before 1155 BC Ramesses III
Crown Prince Mian Died 707 BC Duke Huan of Chen Killed by uncle Chen Tuo
Yukou BC 672 Duke Xuan of Chen Killed
Fusu Died 210 BC Qin Shi Huang Forced to commit suicide
Liu Ju BC 128–BC 91 Emperor Wu of Han Killed
Pacorus I Died BC 38 Orodes II of Parthia Killed in battle
Gaius Caesar BC 20–4 AD Augustus Wounds
Lucius Caesar BC 17–2 AD Sudden illness
Germanicus BC 15–19 AD Tiberius Mysterious illness
Drusus Julius Caesar BC 13–23 AD Suspected poisoning
Nero Julius Caesar 6–31 Starvation
Drusus Caesar 7–33
Tiberius Gemellus 19–37 Caligula Killed
Lucius Aelius Caesar 101–138 Hadrian Hemorrhage
Marcus Annius Verus Caesar 162–169 Marcus Aurelius Natural causes
Cao Ang Died in 197 Cao Cao Killed in battle
Sun Deng 209–241 Emperor Da of Wu Illness
Valerian II Died 258 Gallienus Died under mysterious circumstances
Liu Xuan 224–264 Liu Shan Killed in Disaster of Yongjia
Sima Yu 278–300 Emperor Hui of Jin Killed by Empress Jia Nanfeng
Nigrinian Died 284/285 Carinus Unknown causes
Tuoba Tao 428–451 Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei
Xiao Zhangmao 458–493 Emperor Wu of Southern Qi Illness
Xiao Tong 501–531 Emperor Wu of Liang
Yang Zhao 584–606 Emperor Yang of Sui
Li Jiancheng 589–626 Emperor Gaozu of Tang Killed during the Xuanwu Gate Incident
Mardanshah Died 628 Khosrow II Killed
Li Hong 652–675 Emperor Gaozong of Tang Illness
Prince Kusakabe 662–689 Empress Jitō
Li Chongrun 682–701 Emperor Zhongzong of Tang Executed by Empress Wu Zetian
Li Chongjun 683–707 Killed after coup
Li Ying Died in 737 Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Killed
Li Ning 793–812 Emperor Xianzong of Tang Illness
Li Yong Died in 838 Emperor Wenzong of Tang Unknown cause
Liudolf, Duke of Swabia 930–957 Otto the Great Fever
Saint Emeric of Hungary 1007–1031 Stephen I of Hungary Hunting accident
Edward the Exile 1016–1057 Edward the Confessor Unknown cause
Sancho Alfónsez 1093–1108 Alfonso VI of León and Castile Killed at the Battle of Uclés
William Adelin 1103–1120 Henry I of England Drowned in the White Ship disaster
Zhao Fu 1127–1129 Emperor Gaozong of Song Illness
Henry of Scotland 1114–1152 David I of Scotland
Roger III, Duke of Apulia 1118–1148 Roger II of Sicily Unknown causes
Eustace IV, Count of Boulogne 1127–1153 Stephen, King of England Sudden death
Henry Berengar 1136–1150 Conrad III of Germany Illness
Peter of Barcelona 1152–1157 Petronilla of Aragon and Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona Unknown cause
Roger IV, Duke of Apulia 1152–1161 William I of Sicily Arrow to the eye
William IX, Count of Poitiers 1153–1156 Henry II of England Seizure
Henry the Young King 1155–1183 Dysentery
Ferdinand of Castile 1189–1211 Alfonso VIII of Castile Fever
Ferdinand of León 1192–1214 Alfonso IX of León Unknown cause
Naratheinga Uzana 1197–1235 Htilominlo
Sigurd Lavard Died 1200 Sverre of Norway
Alexios Palaiologos Died 1203 Alexios III Angelos Natural causes
Valdemar the Young 1209–1231 Valdemar II of Denmark Hunting accident
Andronikos Palaiologos Died 1216 Theodore I Laskaris Disease
Vladislaus III of Moravia 1228–1247 Wenceslaus I of Bohemia Illness
Thihathu of Pagan 1230s–1256 Uzana of Pagan Assassinated
Haakon the Young 1232–1257 Haakon IV of Norway Illness
Zhenjin 1243–1286 Kublai Khan
Louis of France 1244–1260 Louis IX of France
George, son of David VII of Georgia 1250–1268 David VII of Georgia Bowel disease
Fernando de la Cerda 1255–1275 Alfonso X of Castile Unexpected causes
Louis of France 1264–1276 Philip III of France Illness
Alexander, Prince of Scotland 1264–1284 Alexander III of Scotland
Henry, son of Edward I 1268–1274 Edward I of England
Theingapati 1270s–1299 Kyawswa of Pagan Assassinated
Charles Martel of Anjou 1271–1295 Charles II of Naples Plague
Louis I, Count of Nevers 1272–1322 Robert III, Count of Flanders Illness
Alphonso, Earl of Chester 1273–1284 Edward I of England Illness
Charles, Duke of Calabria 1298–1328 Robert, King of Naples
Eric Christoffersen of Denmark 1307–1332 Christopher II of Denmark Died in battle
Otto the Younger 1322–1366 Henry II, Landgrave of Hesse Illness
Philip I, Count of Auvergne 1323–1346 Odo IV, Duke of Burgundy and Joan III, Countess of Burgundy Fell from horse during siege
Edward, the Black Prince 1330–1376 Edward III of England A long lasting illness
Christopher, Duke of Lolland 1341–1363 Valdemar IV of Denmark Illness
Charles Martel, Duke of Calabria 1345–1348 Joanna I of Naples
Zhu Biao 1355–1392 Hongwu Emperor
Martin I of Sicily 1374–1409 Martin of Aragon Malaria
David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay 1378–1402 Robert III of Scotland Starvation
Henry V of England 1387–1422 Charles VI of France (by the Treaty of Troyes) Dysentery
Minye Kyawswa 1391–1415 Minkhaung I Killed in battle
Peter of Aragon 1394–1400 Martin I of Sicily and Maria, Queen of Sicily Wound from spear
Louis, Duke of Guyenne 1397–1415 Charles VI of France Dysentery
John, Duke of Touraine 1398–1417 Abscess to the head
Martin of Aragon 1406–1407 Martin I of Sicily Illness
Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York 1411–1460 Henry VI of England (by Act of Accord) Killed in battle
Charles, Prince of Viana 1421–1461 John II of Aragon and Navarre Unknown causes
Alexander Stewart, Duke of Rothesay 1430 James I of Scotland Illness
Crown Prince Uigyeong 1438–1457 Sejo of Joseon Illness
Gaston, Prince of Viana 1444–1470 Gaston IV, Count of Foix Wounds in jousting tournament
Zhu Jianji 1448–1453 Jingtai Emperor Illness
John, Prince of Portugal 1451 Afonso V of Portugal Sudden death
Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales 1453–1471 Henry VI of England Killed at the Battle of Tewkesbury
Ivan the Young 1458–1490 Ivan III of Russia Gout
Zhu Youji 1469–1472 Chenghua Emperor Illness
Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales 1473–1484 Richard III of England Unknown
Afonso, Prince of Portugal 1475–1491 John II of Portugal Horse riding accident
John, Prince of Asturias 1478–1497 Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon Tuberculosis
Philip I of Castile 1478–1506 Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor Typhoid fever
Arthur, Prince of Wales 1486–1502 Henry VII of England Unknown illness
Charles Orlando, Dauphin of France 1492–1495 Charles VIII of France Measles
Miguel da Paz, Prince of Portugal 1498–1500 Manuel I of Portugal Illness
John, Hereditary Prince of Saxony 1498–1537 George, Duke of Saxony
Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Saxony 1504–1539
James, Duke of Rothesay 1507–1508 James IV of Scotland
Arthur Stewart, Duke of Rothesay 1509–1510
Magnus III of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 1509–1550 Henry V, Duke of Mecklenburg
Henry, Duke of Cornwall 1511 Henry VIII of England Sudden death
Şehzade Mustafa 1515–1553 Suleiman the Magnificent Executed
Francis III, Duke of Brittany 1518–1536 Francis I of France Tuberculosis
Bhoj Raj Died 1526 Rana Sanga Died in battle
Afonso, Prince of Portugal 1526 John III of Portugal Illness
Prince George of Kakheti 1529–1561 Levan of Kakheti Died in battle
Manuel, Prince of Portugal 1531–1537 John III of Portugal Illness
Philip, Prince of Portugal 1533–1539
João Manuel, Hereditary Prince of Portugal 1537–1554 Tuberculosis or diabetes
Crown Prince Sunhoe 1551–1563 Myeongjong of Joseon Illness
Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich of Russia 1552–1553 Ivan IV of Russia Drowned
Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich of Russia 1554–1581 Wounds to the head
Mingyi Swa 1558–1593 Nanda Bayin Killed in battle
Prince George of Kakheti 1570–1605 Alexander II of Kakheti Killed alongside his father
Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias 1571–1578 Philip II of Spain Dysentery
Diego, Prince of Asturias 1575–1582 Smallpox
Philip de' Medici 1577–1582 Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany Hydrocephalus
John Ernest, Hereditary Count of Nassau-Siegen 1582–1617 John VII, Count of Nassau-Siegen Dysentery
Khusrau Mirza 1587–1622 Jahangir Killed by his brother Shah Jahan
Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales 1594–1612 James I of England Typhoid fever
Otto, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel 1594–1617 Maurice, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel Accidentally shot himself
Christian, Prince-Elect of Denmark 1603–1647 Christian IV of Denmark Illness
Louis of Anhalt-Köthen (the Younger) 1607–1624 Louis I, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen
Charles Gonzaga, Duke of Nevers 1609–1631 Charles Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat
Crown Prince Sohyeon 1612–1645 Injo of Joseon Bleeding from the head
Henry Frederick, Hereditary Prince of the Palatinate 1614–1629 Frederick V, Elector Palatine Drowned
Erdmann August, Hereditary Prince of Brandenburg-Bayreuth 1615–1651 Christian, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth Illness
Dara Shikoh 1615–1659 Shah Jahan Killed by his brother Aurangzeb
George Louis, Prince of Nassau-Dillenburg 1618–1656 Louis Henry, Prince of Nassau-Dillenburg Illness
Ercole, Marquis of Baux 1623–1651 Honoré II, Prince of Monaco Gunshot wound
Ferdinand Maximilian, Hereditary Prince of Baden-Baden 1625–1669 William, Margrave of Baden-Baden Hunting accident
Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias 1626–1646 Philip IV of Spain Smallpox
Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans 1633–1654 Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor
Theodosius III, Duke of Braganza and Prince of Brazil 1634–1653 John IV of Portugal Tuberculosis
Sigismund Casimir 1640–1647 Władysław IV Vasa Dysentery
Tsarevich Dmitry Alexeyevich of Russia 1648–1649 Alexis of Russia Illness
Prince Luarsab of Kartli Died 1652 Rostom of Kartli Gunshot wound
Tsarevich Alexei Alexeyevich of Russia 1654–1670 Alexis of Russia Illness
Leopold George, Hereditary Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg 1654–1675 William Christoph, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg
Prince Mamuka of Imereti Died 1654 Rostom of Kartli Died in captivity
Charles, Electoral Prince of Brandenburg 1655–1674 Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg Dysentery
Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias 1657–1661 Philip IV of Spain Epileptic attack
Louis, le grand Dauphin 1661–1711 Louis XIV of France Smallpox
Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany 1663–1713 Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany Illness
Charles of Mecklenburg-Güstrow 1664–1688 Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow Smallpox
Odoardo Farnese, Hereditary Prince of Parma 1666–1693 Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma Illness
Archduke Leopold Joseph of Austria 1682–1684 Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
Louis, Dauphin and Duke of Burgundy 1682–1712 Louis XIV of France Measles
João, Prince of Brazil 1688 Peter II of Portugal Illness
Birbhadra Shah Died c.1697 Prithvipati Shah
Joseph Ferdinand, Electoral Prince of Bavaria 1692–1699 Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria Sudden illness
Count Palatine Joseph Charles of Sulzbach 1694–1729 Theodore Eustace, Count Palatine of Sulzbach Illness
Crown Prince Friedrich Ludwig 1698–1731 Eberhard Louis, Duke of Württemberg
Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont 1699–1715 Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia Smallpox
Archduke Leopold Joseph of Austria 1700–1701 Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor Hydrocephalus
Frédéric Maurice Casimir de La Tour d'Auvergne 1702–1723 Emmanuel Théodose de La Tour d'Auvergne Illness
Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Baden-Durlach 1703–1732 Charles III William, Margrave of Baden-Durlach
Louis, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine 1704–1711 Leopold, Duke of Lorraine Smallpox
Joseph, Hereditary Prince of Hesse-Rotenburg 1705–1744 Ernest Leopold, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg Illness
Ludwig Gruno of Hesse-Homburg 1705–1745 Frederick III, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg
Louis, Dauphin and Duke of Brittany 1707–1712 Louis XIV of France Measles
Léopold Clément, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine 1707–1723 Leopold, Duke of Lorraine Smallpox
Frederick, Prince of Wales 1707–1751 George II of Great Britain A burst abscess in the lung
Pedro, Prince of Brazil 1712–1714 John V of Portugal Unknown disease
Peter Petrovich 1715–1719 Peter the Great Unknown causes
Crown Prince Hyojang 1719–1728 Yeongjo of Joseon Illness
Louis, Dauphin of France 1729–1765 Louis XV of France Tuberculosis
Yonglian 1730–1738 Qianlong Emperor Illness
Crown Prince Sado of Joseon (Korea) 1735–1762 Yeongjo of Joseon (Korea) His father killed him by locking him in a rice chest
Lê Duy Vĩ 1745–1772 Lê Hiển Tông Executed[5]
Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden 1755–1801 Charles Frederick, Margrave of Baden Illness
Shō Tetsu 1759–1788 Shō Boku Unknown cause
José, Prince of Brazil 1761–1788 Maria I of Portugal Smallpox
Thado Minsaw 1762–1808 Bodawpaya Illness
Karl Georg August, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 1766–1806 Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick
Charles August, Crown Prince of Sweden 1768–1810 Charles XIII of Sweden Stroke
Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Anhalt-Dessau 1769–1814 Leopold III, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau Illness
Carlo, Duke of Calabria 1775–1778 Ferdinand IV of Naples Smallpox
Frederick Louis, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 1778–1819 Frederick Francis I, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin Illness
Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh 1780–1801 Gia Long Emperor Smallpox
Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France 1781–1789 Louis XVI of France Tuberculosis
Crown Prince Munhyo 1782–1788 Jeongjo of Joseon Illness
Abbas Mirza 1789–1833 Fath-Ali Shah Qajar
Mirza Dara Bakht 1790–1841 Bahadur Shah Zafar
Crown Prince Hyomyeong 1809–1830 Sunjo of Joseon
Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans 1810–1842 Louis-Philippe of France Carriage accident
Mirza Fath-ul-Mulk Bahadur 1816–1856 Bahadur Shah Zafar Cholera
Kanaung Mintha 1820–1866 Mindon Min Assassinated
Tēvita ʻUnga 1824–1879 George Tupou I Liver ailment
Louis Philippe, Crown Prince of Belgium 1833–1834 Leopold I of Belgium Inflammation of mucous membrane
Victoria Kamāmalu 1838–1866 Kamehameha V Illness
Keaweaweulaokalani 1839 Kamehameha III
Keaweaweulaokalani 1842
Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsarevich of Russia 1843–1865 Alexander II of Russia Meningitis
William, Prince of Orange 1843–1879 William III of the Netherlands Debauchery
Vuna Takitakimālohi 1844–1862 George Tupou I Illness
Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil 1845–1847 Pedro II of Brazil Epilepsy
Raja Musa ibni Sultan Abdul Samad 1844–1884 Sultan Abdul Samad ibni Raja Abdullah
Charles Augustus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 1844–1894 Charles Alexander, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach Illness
Trailokya, Crown Prince of Nepal 1847–1878 Surendra of Nepal Unknown causes
Pedro Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil 1848–1850 Pedro II of Brazil Fever
ʻElisiva Fusipala Taukiʻonetuku 1850–1889 George Tupou I Illness
Alexander, Prince of Orange 1851–1884 William III of the Netherlands Typhus
Leleiohoku II 1854–1877 Kalākaua Rheumatic fever
ʻUelingatoni Ngū 1854–1885 George Tupou I Illness
Ludvonga 1855–1872 Mswati II Poisoned
Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Anhalt 1855–1886 Frederick I, Duke of Anhalt Illness
Şehzade Yusuf Izzeddin 1857–1916 Mehmed V Suicide (disputed)
Albert Kamehameha 1858–1862 Kamehameha IV Meningitis
Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria 1858–1889 Franz Joseph I of Austria Suicide (disputed)
Prince Leopold, Duke of Brabant 1859–1869 Leopold II of Belgium Pneumonia, after falling into a pond
Nalesoni Laifone 1859–1889 George Tupou I Illness
Araya Selassie Yohannes 1869/1870–1888 Yohannes IV Smallpox
Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1874–1899 Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Unclear circumstances
Maha Vajirunhis, Crown Prince of Siam 1878–1895 Rama V Typhoid
Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal 1887–1908 Carlos I of Portugal and the Algarves Jointly assassinated with his father
Hamad bin Abdullah Al Thani 1896–1948 Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani Illness
Turki I bin Abdulaziz Al Saud 1900–1919 Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia Flu
Sultan, Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia 1925–2011 Abdullah of Saudi Arabia Illness
Muhammed Akbar Khan, Crown Prince of Afghanistan 1933–1941 Mohammed Zahir Shah
Nayef, Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia 1934–2012 Abdullah of Saudi Arabia
Muhammad bin Sultan Al Qasimi 1974–1999 Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi Heroin overdose

Heirs apparent who were forced to abandon their claim

Heir apparent Lived Heir of Forced out
Darius Died 465 BC Xerxes I Upon the murder of Xerxes I, Darius was framed for the murder and executed
Liu Rong Died 148 BC Emperor Jing of Han His mother angered the emperor by requesting the position of empress and refusing to allow the marriage of Liu Rong to Chen Jiao
Kunala Born 263 BC Ashoka Blinded
Antipater BC 46–BC 4 Herod the Great Disinherited after being charged with intended murder. Subsequently, executed.
Alexander BC 35–BC 7 Disinherited and executed
Aristobulus IV BC 31–BC 7
Herod II BC 27–33 AD Disinherited
Agrippa Postumus BC 12–14 AD Augustus Banished. Later executed by his own guards after the accession of Tiberius
Liu Jiang 25–58 Emperor Guangwu of Han His mother lost the position of empress
Sun He 224–253 Sun Quan Replaced with his brother Sun Liang
Sima Ying 279–306 Emperor Hui of Jin Replaced as heir by Emperor Huai of Jin
Crispus 295–326 Constantine the Great Executed
Prince Kinashi no Karu Died 453 Emperor Ingyō His brother Emperor Ankō took the throne instead
Yuan Xun 483–497 Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei Disagreement of his father's policy
Hermenegild Died 585 Liuvigild Disinherited for rebellion
Niketas the Persian Died 636 Shahrbaraz Killed after 40 days of rule
Yang Yong Died 604 Emperor Wen of Sui Forced to abdicate and killed by younger brother Yang Guang
Li Chengqian 619–645 Emperor Taizong of Tang Attempted to overthrow his father and kill his brother by coup. Exiled from immorality and treason
Li Zhong 642–665 Emperor Gaozong of Tang Empress Wu Zetian got the favor from Gaozong and his position was taken by his half brother Li Hong
Li Xian 655–684 Exiled by Empress Wu Zetian from rumors. And forced to commit suicide after Gaozong's death
Prince Kusakabe 662–689 Emperor Tenmu Did not assume throne
Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan Died 705 Marwan I Removed from line of succession
Li Chengqi 679–742 Emperor Ruizong of Tang Gave up the claim because he thought that he did not have the strength to be a wise emperor
Alexios Mosele 9th century Theophilos Disinherited for rebellion
Al-Mufawwid Died 890s Al-Mu'tamid (Abbasid caliph) On 30 April 892, Al-Mufawwid was removed from the succession by his cousin, al-Mu'tadid and when al-Mu'tamid died in October 892, he was succeeded by al-Mu'tadid.
Al-Abbas ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun Died 884 Ahmad ibn Tulun Attempted to overthrow his father
Li Yu Died in 904 Emperor Zhaozong of Tang Actually inherited the throne in fact, but not recognized as an emperor. Became crown prince again after two months and killed by Zhu Wen
Prince Tsunesada 825–884 Emperor Ninmyō Disinherited in the Jōwa Incident
Yelü Bei 899–937 Emperor Taizu of Liao Kept the favor away from her mother Empress Shulü Ping, because he their political view were totally opposite.
Fujiwara no Korechika 974–1010 Fujiwara no Michitaka Lost in Chōtoku Incident to his uncle Fujiwara no Michinaga who seize the power and lost the position to inherent Kampaku.
Prince Atsuyasu 999–1019 Emperor Ichijō Kugyō Fujiwara no Yukinari and Fujiwara no Michinaga forced him to give up the status and his half brother Prince Atsuhira took his position.
Abd al-Rahim ibn Ilyas Died 1020s Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah Sidelined upon Al-Hakim's death in favor of Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah, who had him arrested and imprisoned.
Al-Malik al-Aziz Died 1049 Jalal al-Dawla Late ruler's nephew Abu Kalijar took the throne instead
Peter Raymundi Born 1050 Ramon Berenguer I, Count of Barcelona Disinherited and exiled for killing his stepmother Almodis of La Marche
Conrad II of Italy 1074–1101 Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor Disinherited for rebellion
Min Shin Saw 1117–1167 Alaungsithu Exiled
William I, Count of Boulogne 1137–1159 Stephen, King of England Treaty of Wallingford dictated the succession of Henry II of England
Demna of Georgia 1155–1178 David V of Georgia Imprisoned, blinded and castrated by his uncle, King George III of Georgia
Zhao Hong Died 1225 Emperor Ningzong Shi Miyuan and Empress Yang faked the edict of emperor.
Henry (VII) of Germany 1211–1242 Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor Disinherited for rebellion
Louis of Toulouse 1274–1297 Charles II of Naples Renounced rights to become a clergyman
James of Majorca 1275–1330 James II of Majorca Became a monk
Charles Robert of Anjou 1288–1342 Charles II of Naples His uncle Robert was made heir instead on 13 February 1296
James of Aragon 1296–1334 James II of Aragon Became a monk
Otto, Duke of Lolland and Estonia 1310–1346 Christopher II of Denmark Forced to surrender claim to the throne in favor of his brother Valdemar IV of Denmark
Prince Narinaga 1326–c. 1337–44 Emperor Kōmyō Killed or deposed by Ashikaga Takauji
Eric XII of Sweden 1339–1359 Magnus VII of Norway Became King of Sweden, with his brother Haakon VI of Norway taking the throne of Norway
Baw Ngan-Mohn 1370–1390 Binnya U Imprisoned
Grand Prince Yangnyeong 1394–1462 Taejong of Joseon Removed for an affair
Dmitry Ivanovich 1483–1509 Ivan III of Russia Disinherited in favor of uncle Vasili III of Russia
Carlos, Prince of Asturias 1545–1568 Philip II of Spain Arrested and imprisoned by his father; died in prison six months later
Minye Kyawswa II of Ava 1567–1599 Nanda Bayin Defected
Cuyen 1580–1615 Nurhaci Political conflict with his father; replaced by his brother Hong Taiji
Yinreng 1674–1725 The Kangxi Emperor Imprisoned for life by Kangxi for immorality and treason; replaced by his brother Yongzheng Emperor
Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia 1690–1718 Peter the Great of Russia Imprisoned by his father and forced to relinquish his claim in favor of his half-brother Peter Petrovich. Died in prison.
Philip, Duke of Calabria 1747–1777 Charles III of Spain Intellectually disabled; removed from the line of succession in favor of his brothers Charles and Ferdinand, who took the thrones of Spain and Naples and Sicily, respectively
Louis, Prince of Piacenza 1773–1803 Ferdinand I, Duke of Parma The Treaty of Aranjuez forced Ferdinand to relinquish the Duchy of Parma to France upon his death. Louis was compensated by being made King of Etruria.
Pedro, Prince Imperial of Brazil 1825–1891 Pedro IV of Portugal Became heir solely to Brazil, with his sister Maria becoming heir presumptive
Mustafa Fazıl Pasha 1830–1875 Isma'il Pasha Succession law changed to pass from father to son instead of brother to brother; replaced by Tewfik Pasha
Tengku Alam Shah 1846–1891 Sultan Ali of Johor Throne given to kinsman Abu Bakar of Johor instead
Khalifa bin Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan b.1856 Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan Refused throne, with his brother Tahnoun bin Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan becoming ruler instead
George, Crown Prince of Serbia 1887–1972 Peter I of Serbia Abdicated his succession rights in 1909; replaced by his brother Alexander
Muhammad of Saudi Arabia 1910–1988 King Faisal ibn Abdul-Aziz Forced to abdicate in 1965; replaced by his brother Khalid
Abdullah Mubarak Al-Sabah 1914–1991 Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah Resigned as Vice Ruler in 1961
Tunku Abdul Rahman of Johor 1933–1989 Ismail of Johor His elder brother Iskandar of Johor was reinstated after previously being forced to renounce his rights
Khalid bin Saqr Al Qasimi 1940– Saqr bin Mohammed Al Qasimi Disinherited in favor of his half-brother Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi
Muqrin of Saudi Arabia 1945– King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Removed as Crown Prince in April 2015; replaced by his nephew Muhammad bin Nayef
Hassan of Jordan 1947– King Hussein of Jordan He was replaced by his nephew Abdullah only days before the king died in 1999
Muhammad bin Nayef of Saudi Arabia 1959– King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Removed as Crown Prince in June 2017; replaced by his cousin Mohammad bin Salman
Mishaal bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani 1972– Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani Renounced his claim in 1996 in favor of his younger half-brother, Sheikh Jasim
Jassim bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani 1978– Renounced his claim in 2003 in favor of his younger brother, Sheikh Tamim
Prince Carl Philip of Sweden 1979– Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden Swedish succession laws were changed in 1980. Carl Philip was supplanted by his elder sister Victoria
Prince Hamzah of Jordan 1980– Abdullah II of Jordan Title of Crown Prince removed in 2004. Hamzah was supplanted by his half-nephew Hussein

Heirs apparent of monarchs who themselves abdicated or were deposed

Heir apparent Lived Heir of End of line/monarchy
Lucius Calpurnius Piso Licinianus 38–69 Galba Assassinated in 69 under orders of Otho
Gaius Julius Verus Maximus 217–238 Maximinus Thrax Assassinated in 238
Publius Licinius Egnatius Marinianus 249–268 Gallienus Killed in 268
Licinius II 315–326 Licinius Both father and son were executed by Licinius' co-emperor Constantine the Great
Victor Died 388 Magnus Maximus Both executed
Constans II Died 411 Constantine III Both killed in revolts
Chen Yin 573–618 Chen Shubao Chen Dynasty fell
Theodosius 583/585–602 Maurice Both father and son executed by supporters of Phocas
Tiberius IV 705–711 Justinian II Both father and son overthrown and executed
Theophylact 793–849 Michael I Rangabe Michael I abdicated in the face of a military revolt
Constantine Born between 800 and 810 Leo V the Armenian Leo V was assassinated and his heirs banished
Crown Prince Maui Born 912 Gyeongsun of Silla Gyeongsun surrendered his throne to Taejo of Goryeo
Meng Xuanzhe 937–991 Meng Chang Later Shu was defeated by Song Dynasty
William fitz Duncan 1090–1147 Duncan II of Scotland Duncan II was killed in battle in 1094 and his uncle Donald III retook the throne
Daoud ibn al-Adid Died 1207 Al-Adid The Ayyubid dynasty took power
Edward Balliol 1283–1367 John Balliol Abdicated following defeat in First War of Scottish Independence
Crown Prince Jeongseong Died 1394 Gongyang of Goryeo Father and son were exiled and assassinated
Zhu Wenkui Disappeared in 1402 Jianwen Emperor Prince Yan sacked Nanjing. Disappeared with his father Jianwen Emperor.
Deposed Crown Prince Yi Hwang 1498–1506 Yeonsangun of Joseon Yeonsangun was deposed in 1506 in favor of his half-brother Jungjong of Joseon
John of Denmark 1518–1532 Christian II of Denmark Christian II was deposed in 1523 in favor of his uncle Frederick I
Gustav of Sweden 1568–1607 Eric XIV of Sweden Eric XIV was deposed in 1568 in favor of his half-brother John III
Gustav of Saxe-Lauenburg 1570–1597 Magnus II, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg Magnus' father Francis I, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg reascended
Władysław Vasa 1595–1648 Sigismund of Sweden Sigismund was deposed in 1599 in favor of his uncle Charles IX
Deposed Crown Prince Yi Ji 1598–1623 Gwanghaegun of Joseon Gwanghaegun was deposed in 1623 in favor of his nephew Injo of Joseon
Zhu Cilang 1629–1644 Chongzhen Emperor Ming conquered by Manchu and founded Qing Dynasty
Yunreng, Prince Limi of the First Rank 1674–1725 Kangxi Emperor He was demoted by his father.
James Francis Edward Stuart 1688–1766 James II of England James II was deposed in favor of his daughter and son-in-law Mary II and William III and II on 11 April 1689 for being Catholic
Yonglian, Crown Prince Duanhui 1730–1738 Qianlong Emperor Died of smallpox aged 8.
Emich Karl, Hereditary Prince of Leiningen 1763–1814 Karl Friedrich Wilhelm, Prince of Leiningen German mediatisation
Prince David of Georgia 1767–1819 George XII of Georgia Annexation by Russia
Franz Joseph, Hereditary Prince of Dietrichstein 1767–1854 Karl Johann Baptist, Prince of Dietrichstein German mediatisation
Henry, Hereditary Count of Stolberg-Wernigerode 1772–1854 Christian Frederick, Count of Stolberg-Wernigerode
Louis-Antoine, Dauphin and Duke of Angoulême 1775–1844 Charles X of France Abdicated jointly with his father on 2 August 1830
Alexius, Hereditary Count of Bentheim and Steinfurt 1781–1866 Louis William Geldricus Ernest, Prince of Bentheim and Steinfurt German mediatisation
Charles Thomas, Hereditary Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort 1783–1849 Dominic Constantine, Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort
Louis-Charles, Dauphin of France 1785–1795 Louis XVI of France French Revolution
Duke Pius August in Bavaria 1786–1837 Wilhelm, Count Palatine of Birkenfeld-Gelnhausen Annexation by Bavaria
Prince Constantine of Imereti 1789–1844 Solomon II of Imereti Annexation by Russia
Ernst, Hereditary Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg 1794–1860 Karl Ludwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg German mediatisation
Gustav, Prince of Vasa 1799–1877 Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden Gustav's whole family was excluded from the line of royal succession on 10 May 1809 by the Riksdag of the Estates, after the deposition of Gustav IV Adolf in favor of his uncle Charles XIII
Maximilian Karl, Hereditary Prince of Thurn and Taxis 1802–1871 Karl Alexander, 5th Prince of Thurn and Taxis German mediatisation
Jacques-Victor Henry 1804–1820 Henri Christophe Fearing a coup, Henri Christophe committed suicide and Jacques-Victor Henry was assassinated
Agustín Jerónimo, Prince Imperial of Mexico 1807–1866 Agustín I of Mexico Deposed in 1823
Auguste de Beauharnais 1810–1835 Eugène de Beauharnais, Grand Duke of Frankfurt Frankfurt again became a free city
Charles, Hereditary Prince of Lucca 1823–1854 Charles I, Duke of Lucca Per the stipulations of the Congress of Vienna, upon the death of Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma, Lucca was traded for the Duke's ancestral land of Parma
Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern 1835–1905 Karl Anton, Prince of Hohenzollern Annexed by Prussia on 7 December 1849
Prince Philippe, Count of Paris 1838–1894 Louis Philippe I of France Declaration of the Second Republic on 24 February 1848
Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover 1845–1923 George V of Hanover Annexation by Prussia in 1866
Ernest, Landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal 1846–1925 Charles II, Landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal
Marama Teururai 1851–1909 Ari'imate Ari'imate was deposed in 1868 in favor of his wife Tehaapapa II
William, Hereditary Prince of Nassau 1852–1912 Adolphe, Duke of Nassau Annexation by Prussia in 1866
Louis Napoléon, Prince Imperial 1856–1879 Napoleon III of France Napoleon III was deposed 4 September 1870 by the forces of the Third Republic
Crown Prince Gustaf of Norway 1858–1950 Oscar II of Norway Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905
Agustín, Prince of Iturbide 1863–1925 Maximilian I of Mexico Monarchy abolished in 1867
Shō Ten 1864–1920 Shō Tai Ryukyu Kingdom was annexed by Japan in 1872
Abdulmejid II 1868–1944 Mehmed VI Ottoman Empire dissolved in 1922.
Teriivaetua 1869–1918 Pōmare V Tahiti was annexed by France in 1880
Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta 1869–1931 Amadeo I of Spain Abdicated in 1873
Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria 1869–1955 Ludwig III of Bavaria German monarchies abolished in November 1918
Danilo, Crown Prince of Montenegro 1871–1939 Nicholas I of Montenegro Annexed by Serbia
Kaʻiulani 1875–1899 Liliuokalani Annexation by the United States
Yuan Keding 1878–1958 Yuan Shikai Short lived Empire abolished in March 1916
Wilhelm, German Crown Prince 1882–1951 Wilhelm II, German Emperor Wilhelm was deposed by the German government on 9 November 1918
Georg, Crown Prince of Saxony 1893–1943 Frederick Augustus III of Saxony German monarchies abolished in November 1918
Husain Bey, Crown Prince of Tunisia 1893–1969 Muhammad VIII al-Amin Deposed in 1957
Heinrich XLV, Hereditary Prince Reuss Younger Line 1895–1945 Heinrich XXVII, Prince Reuss Younger Line German monarchies abolished in November 1918
Josias, Hereditary Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont 1896–1967 Friedrich, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont
Philipp, Landgrave of Hesse 1896–1980 Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse, King-elect of Finland Monarchy abolished in 1918
Prince Wilhelm of Urach 1897–1957 Mindaugas II of Lithuania
Yi Un 1897–1970 Sunjong of Korea Annexation by Korea in 1910
Nikolaus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Oldenburg 1897–1970 Frederick Augustus II, Grand Duke of Oldenburg German monarchies abolished in November 1918
Crown Prince Friðrik of Iceland 1899–1972 Kristján X of Iceland Monarchy abolished on 17 June 1944
Muhammad Abdel Moneim 1899–1979 Abbas II of Egypt Abbas II was deposed by the British for supporting the Ottomans in World War I
Georg Moritz, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Altenburg 1900–1991 Ernst II, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg German monarchies abolished in November 1918
Ernst, Hereditary Prince of Lippe 1902–1987 Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe
Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia 1904–1918 Nicholas II of Russia Nicholas abdicated on 2/15 March 1917 on behalf of both himself and his son. The monarchy was abolished 1 September 1917
Umberto, Prince of Piedmont 1904–1983 Victor Emmanuel III of Ethiopia and Albania Victor Emmanuel was only partially recognized in those countries, renounced claims in 1943 in favor of previous holders
Georg Donatus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Hesse 1906–1937 Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse German monarchies abolished in November 1918
Johann Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1906–1972 Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Alfonso, Prince of Asturias 1907–1938 Alfonso XIII of Spain Alfonso XIII was deposed by the formation of the Second Spanish Republic on April 14, 1931. Prince Alfonso renounced his claim on 21 June 1933 so he could marry a commoner
Friedrich Franz, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 1910–2001 Frederick Francis IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin German monarchies abolished in November 1918
Ghazi bin Faisal 1912–1939 Faisal I of Syria Deposed in 1920
Charles Augustus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 1912–1988 William Ernest, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach German monarchies abolished in November 1918
Archduke Otto, Crown Prince of Austria, Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia 1912–2011 Charles I of Austria Austria and Hungary abolished the monarchy in 1918.
'Abd al-Ilah 1913–1958 Ali of Hejaz Deposed in 1925
Carol Victor, Hereditary Prince of Albania 1913–1973 Wilhelm, Prince of Albania Fled into exile in 1914
Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover 1914–1987 Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick German monarchies abolished in November 1918
Amha Selassie 1916–1997 Haile Selassie of Ethiopia Haile Selassie was overthrown in 1974 after being taken by communist Derg power
Hasan as-Senussi 1928–1992 Idris of Libya Deposed in 1969
Vong Savang 1931–1978 Sisavang Vatthana Monarchy abolished after Laotian Civil War
Ahmad Shah Khan, Crown Prince of Afghanistan 1934– Mohammed Zahir Shah Deposed in 1973
Bảo Long 1936–2007 Bảo Đại 1955 State of Vietnam referendum
Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples 1937– Umberto II of Italy Italy abolished the monarchy on 12 June 1946, after Umberto II had reigned 33 days
Leka, Crown Prince of Albania 1939–2011 Zog of Albania Two days after Leka's birth, Mussolini's Italy invaded Albania on 7 April 1939 and sent the royal family into exile
Crown Prince Amedeo of Savoy, Duke of Apulia 1943–2021 Tomislav II of Croatia Tomislav II abdicated October 12, 1943 due to the Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces, when Amedeo was only two weeks old
Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia 1945– Peter II of Yugoslavia Peter II was deposed by Yugoslavia's Constituent Assembly on 29 November 1945
Abdelaziz bin Ahmed Al Thani 1946–2008 Ahmad bin Ali Al Thani Deposed in 1972; Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani took the throne
Charles, Prince of Wales 1948– Elizabeth II of Pakistan, South Africa, Ceylon, Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanganyika, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, Kenya, Malawi, Malta, The Gambia, Guyana, Mauritius, Fiji, and Barbados Countries became republics
Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran 1960– Mohammad Reza Pahlavi The Shah was overthrown by the Iranian Revolution on 11 February 1979
Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece 1967– Constantine II of Greece Constantine II fled into exile shortly after Pavlos's birth, and the monarchy was abolished 1 June 1973
Paras, Crown Prince of Nepal 1971– Gyanendra of Nepal Gyanendra was deposed 28 May 2008 in favour of a republican government
Jean-Bédel Bokassa, Crown Prince of the Central African Empire 1973– Jean-Bédel Bokassa Deposed in 1979

See also

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ↑ assuming no change in the laws governing succession
  2. ↑ Note that the substantive titles do not usually correspond exactly with the status of heir apparent. See crown prince for more examples and information.

References

Sources

  • Fields, Philip M., ed. (1987). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXVII: The ʿAbbāsid Recovery: The War Against the Zanj Ends, A.D. 879–893/A.H. 266–279. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-88706-054-0.
  • Kennedy, Hugh N. (1993). "al-Muʿtamid ʿAlā 'llāh". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume VII: Mif–Naz (2nd ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 765–766. ISBN 978-90-04-09419-2.
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