Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps

Nygren's photograph of himself while working with a U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey field party on the Alaska North Slope in the winter of 1950.

Nygren as a junior officer aboard the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey ocean survey ship USC&GS Pathfinder (OSS 30) in 1953.

Leaving the Naval Reserve, Nygren began his career in the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey in September 1947 as a civilian deck officer.^[1][4] He received training as an astronomic observer in 1948,^[3] and that year was commissioned as an ensign in the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps.^[2] In early 1948 he was assigned to the ocean survey ship USC&GS Explorer (OSS 28) and spent six months on surveying activity in the Aleutian Islands, including significant time ashore on Kiska and on Rat Island.^[5] In 1949, he was assigned to the Coast and Geodetic Survey's Arctic Field Party, and spent February or March to September of each year from 1949 to 1951 operating in the Territory of Alaska surveying the Alaska North Slope. Surveying the coastline and the offshore area from Point Lay to Barter Island, the field party made the first accurate survey of the North Slope area. As a lieutenant (junior grade), Nygren used this newfound knowledge to serve as a maritime pilot for a convoy of United States Navy tank landing ships (LSTs) as it voyaged along the Alaska North Slope.^[3][5]

Leaving the Arctic Field Party in 1952, Nygren became executive officer of the Coast and Geodetic Survey coastal survey ship USC&GS Hodgson (CSS 26), operating in Oregon's Depoe Bay and Washington's Puget Sound. In 1953, he transferred to the ocean survey ship USC&GS Pathfinder (OSS 30), conducting hydrographic surveys in the western Aleutian Islands, Bering Sea, and Cook Inlet. By the end of 1953 he was Pathfinder's operations officer.^[5]

In 1954, Nygren left Pathfinder for over three years of duty as head of a Coast and Geodetic Survey Division of Geodesy field party measuring the acceleration of gravity. The project took him to the Midwestern United States for work similar to geophysical surveys and elsewhere in the world to establish gravity base stations. In 1957, he was assigned to a second tour aboard Explorer, but before she sailed he was transferred to Pathfinder as operations officer. During his tour, Pathfinder operated in the Bering Sea, in Cook Inlet, in the Seward, Alaska, area, and along the southeast coast of Alaska.^[5] He transferred off Pathfinder in 1960 and attended the University of Washington for a year, completing a course in oceanography^[1][4] and making a research trip aboard the university's research ship Brown Bear that took him as far north as the Arctic Ocean off Point Barrow, Alaska. After completing the course, he reported aboard the ocean survey ship USC&GS Pioneer (OSS 31) to serve as her assistant operations officer and later her operations officer as she operated in the North Pacific Ocean, conducting surveys that kept her almost constantly underway between Hawaii and Alaska for 30-day stretches of time. Pioneer discovered a number of seamounts during Nygren's tour.^[5]

In January 1962, after his tour aboard Pioneer ended, Nygren was originally scheduled for a tour in Washington, D.C., but instead was transferred on short notice to duty with the United States Department of State, which was just starting to fulfill Antarctic Treaty requirements to send U.S. representatives with foreign expeditions to Antarctica. He boarded the Danish ship Kista Dan at Montevideo, Uruguay, for transportation to the Falkland Islands (also known as the Malvinas), where he transferred to the British research ship RRS Shackleton. He served aboard Shackleton and the British research ship RRS John Biscoe as U.S. representative to the British Antarctic Survey until May 1962, visiting all the bases along the coast of West Antarctica as well as the Argentine Islands, South Georgia Island, and the Falklands (or Malvinas).^[5]

Nygren then returned to the United States for duty as Assistant Chief of the Coast and Geodetic Survey's planning staff in 1962, and in 1964 he became the Chief of the planning staff.^[1][4][5] During his time on the planning staff, he was involved in many of the negotiations that led to the creation of a new United States Government scientific organization, the Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA).^[5]

ESSA Corps

The ocean survey ship USC&GS Surveyor (OSS 32) conducting helicopter operations in the Bering Sea. Nygren was her commanding officer in 1968.

On 13 July 1965, ESSA was created. Under the reorganization that created ESSA, both the Coast and Geodetic Survey and the United States Weather Bureau, although retaining their independent identities, came under the control of ESSA, and the Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps was removed from the Coast and Geodetic Survey and subordinated directly to ESSA, becoming the Environmental Science Services Administration Corps (ESSA Corps). As of that date, Nygren became an officer of the new ESSA Corps. Under the reorganization, he also became Deputy Director and Chief Planning Analyst for Service Programs in the Office of Planning and Program Evaluation.^[1][4]

By August 1966, Nygren was a captain, but that month he voluntarily accepted a reduction in rank to commander so that he could go back to sea. That month, he reported aboard the ocean survey ship USC&GS Surveyor (OSS 32) as her executive officer. She operated in the North Pacific Ocean, conducted experiments in the Line Islands, carried out a project around islands off Mexico with Mexican scientists embarked, and worked in the Bering Sea, along the southeast coast of Alaska, and in the Aleutian Islands. In 1968, Nygren became the commanding officer of Surveyor while she was operating in Cook Inlet, and with him in command, she conducted pioneering geophysical surveys of gravity and magnetism – prototypes for future studies of the continental shelf – between Hawaii and the United States West Coast before returning to the Bering Sea, where she conducted operations as far north as Cape Prince of Wales. Promoted to the permanent rank of captain while in command of Surveyor, he turned over command of her to his successor in August 1968 in Nome, Alaska.^[1][4][5]

Promoted to rear admiral, Nygren became Associate Administrator of ESSA in October 1968. In his new position, he became involved in the organization of the new National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).^[5]

Director, NOAA Corps

On 3 October 1970, ESSA was abolished and replaced by NOAA. Under the reorganization that accompanied the creation of NOAA, the Coast and Geodetic Survey was abolished and its functions were transferred to various parts of the new NOAA organization. The ESSA Corps became the new National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps (NOAA Corps), and Nygren became a NOAA Corps officer. On 27 October 1970, he became Acting Director of the NOAA Corps, and the United States Senate confirmed President Richard Nixon's appointment of him to this position on 19 February 1971, making him the first Director of the NOAA Corps.^[4]

As NOAA Corps director, Nygren represented NOAA on multidisciplinary projects, commissions, and task forces, usually involving maritime issues. He participated in a demonstration project testing methods for operating in ice to extend the navigation season on the Great Lakes, the committee on the delimitation of the coast line of the United States and issues related to U.S. control of the economic exploitation of the continental shelf, a task force on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, a task force on oil spills, an interagency committee on oceanography, the Interagency Arctic Research Committee, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, and an inspection team for U.S. bases in Antarctica. His duties took him on visits to Alaska, Antarctica, the International Hydrographic Bureau in Monaco, and the World Meteorological Organization in Geneva, Switzerland.^[5]

In 1972, under Nygren's direction, the NOAA Corps became the first of the seven uniformed services of the United States to recruit women on the same basis as men.^[6] He also directed the expansion of the NOAA Corps training program and arranged for it to be located at the United States Merchant Marine Academy in Kings Point, New York.^[7]

After over ten years as NOAA Corps director, Nygren retired on 1 January 1981.^[8]