Haplogroup P (K2b2)
Possible time of origin46,000 years BP[1][2]
Possible place of originCentral Asia, South Asia, or Southeast Asia[3][4][5]
AncestorK2b[6]
DescendantsP-P295 (P1a, formerly P*)
P-FT292000 (P1b, formerly P3)
P-M45 (P1c, formerly P1)
Defining mutationsP295/PF5866/S8, 92R7_1, 92R7_2, F91/PF5862/V231

Haplogroup P also known as P-F5850 or K2b2 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup in human genetics. P-F5850 is a branch of K2b (previously Haplogroup MPS; P331), which is a branch of Haplogroup K2 (K-M526).

The haplogroup K2b splits into K2b1 (haplogroup MS*) and K2b2 (haplogroup P-F580, Y-DNA P*). Basal P* (P-PF5850*) is found in Southeast Asia.[7][8] The primary branches (clades) of P-F580 are P-P295 (P1a, formerly P*) which is found among South and Southeast Asians as well as Oceanians, P-FT292000 (P1b, formerly P3) with unknown distribution, and P-M45 (P1c, formerly P1) commonly found among Siberians and Central Asians.[9][10] P-M45 (P1c) is, in turn, the parent node of Haplogroup Q (Q-M242) and Haplogroup R (R-M207).

The major subclades of Haplogroups P-M45, Q and R now include most males among Europeans, Native Americans, South Asians and Central Asians.

Origin and dispersal

Proposed migration routes of Haplogroup P among others.[11]
Human Y-chromosomal phylogeny

Karafet et al. 2015 suggests an origin and dispersal of haplogroup P from either South Asia or Southeast Asia as part of the early human dispersal, based on the distribution of subclades now classified as P-P295 (now P1a), and more ancient clades such as K1 and K2. However, Karafet, et al. mentions that this hypothesis is "parsimonius" and it is just as likely that it originated elsewhere in Eurasia and later went extinct there.[4][12] Hallast, Agdzhoyan, et al. concluded that the ancestral Eurasian haplogroups C, D, and F, either expanded from the Middle East or from Southeast Asia. Based on the modern distribution of basal lineages, the authors propose Southeast Asia as place of dispersal for all Eurasian lineages, before the split between West-Eurasian and East-Eurasian (including Oceanian) populations.[13]

According to a study by geneticist Spencer Wells, haplogroup K, from which haplogroup P descend, originated in the Middle East or Central Asia. It is likely that haplogroup P diverged somewhere in South Asia into P1 (now P1c), which expanded into Siberia and Northern Eurasia, and into P2 (now P1a), which expanded into Oceania and Southeast Asia.[14]

Structure

The subclades of Haplogroup P with their defining mutation:[9][15]

  • P (P-F5850)
    • P1 (P295/PF5866/S8, 92R7_1, 92R7_2, F91/PF5862/V231)
      • P1a (B253/Z33760/Z33761/Z33762/Z33763)
      • P1b (FT292000)
      • P1c (M45/PF5962)
        • Q (M242)
        • R (M207, P224, P227, P229, P232, P280, P285, L248.2, V45)

Distribution

P1(xP1c)

Because P1a, formerly P2 (P-B253) was discovered relatively recently, it is not always clear if older studies have screened for it. Therefore, cases of basal P1* (also known as P-P295*; K2b2*; PxM45, B253) reported in literature may include P1a (P2).

P1(xP1c) exists at low to moderate levels among various groups in Island South East Asia, the South West Pacific and East Asia.[4]

P1* (perhaps P1a/P2) is found at its highest rate among members of the Aeta (or Agta), a people indigenous to Luzon who formed from various ancient groups, such as Oceanians and Austronesian peoples from Taiwan.[9] P1 is most common among individuals in Siberia and Central Asia, as well as in Southern Asian at lower frequency.[3][4][13][16]

Root P* (P-PF5850*) was found among a Jehai sample in Malaysia.[17][18][19] Basal P1* was also found in one historical 19th-century Andaman islander,[20]

P1(xP1c) frequency in surveyed groups in Island South East Asia, South West Pacific and East Asia
PopulationP* %Notes
Papua New Guinea0.69 assumed from Kayser et al. 2006 1 P* found[4]
New Zealand0
Fiji0
Solomon Islands0
French Polynesia0
Vanuatu0
New Caledonia
Guam0
Samoa0
Kiribati
Tonga0
Micronesia FDR0
Marshall Islands0
American Samoa
Northern Mariana Islands
Palau
Cook Islands0
Wallis and Futuna0
Tuvalu0
Nauru
Norfolk Island
Niue0small sample size
Tokelau0small sample size
Hawaii0small sample size from FTDNA
Australia0
Timor10.8
Aeta (Philippines)28
Austronesians (Philippines)0
Malaysia0
Flores0
Sulawesi0.6
East Indonesia0
Java Indonesia0
Bali Indonesia0
Sumatra Indonesia0
Borneo Indonesia0
West Papua Province0
Papua Province0
Sumba Indonesia3.2

P-M45 (P1c)

Many ethnic groups with high frequencies of P1c, also known as P-M45 and K2b2a, are located in Central Asia and Siberia: 35.4% among Tuvans, 28.3% among Altai-Kizhi (PxQ-M3,R1),[21] and 35% among Nivkh males.

P-M45 (P1c) frequency in surveyed groups of Central Asia and Siberia
Modern populationModern ethnolinguistic affiliationReferencenPercentageNotes/SNPs tested
TuvinianTurkic[21]11335.40P-M45
Nivkhisolate[22]1735P-M45
Altai-KizhiTurkic[21]9228.3P-M45
TodjinTurkic[21]3622.2P-M45
ChukchiChukotkan[22]2420.8P-M45
KoryakChukotkan[22]2718.5P-M45
YupikEskimo-Aleut[22]3318.2P-M45
UighurTurkic[23]7017.1P-M45
KalmykMongolic[21]6811.8P-M45
TurkmenTurkic[24]3010P-M45
SoyotTurkic[21]348.8P-M45
UriankhaiMongolic[25]608.3P-M45
KhakasTurkic[21]537.6P-M45
KazakhTurkic[24]545.6P-M45
UzbekTurkic[24]3665.5P-M45
Khasi-KhmuicAustro-Asiatic[26]3535.40P-M45(xM173) §
MundaAustro-Asiatic[26]6410.90P-M45(xM173) §
NicobareseAustro-Asiatic[26]110.00P-M45(xM173) §
Southeast AsiaAustro-Asiatic[26]2571.60P-M45(xM173) §
GaroTibeto-Burman[26]711.40P-M45(xM173) §
IndiaTibeto-Burman[26]2263.10P-M45(xM173) §
East AsiaTibeto-Burman[26]2140.00P-M45(xM173) §
Eastern Indiaunclear/various[26]5418.50P-M45(xM173) §
Southern Talysh, IranIranian[27]504.00P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Northern Talysh, AzerbaijanIranian[27]405.00P-M45(xM124, xM173)
MazandaraniIranian[27]504.00P-M45(xM124, xM173)
GilakiIranian[27]500.00P-M45(xM124, xM173)
TehranIranian[27]804.00P-M45(xM124, xM173)
IsfahanIranian[27]506.00P-M45(xM124, xM173)
BakhtiariIranian[28]532.00P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Iranian ArabsArabic[28]472.00P-M45(xM124, xM173)
North IranIranian[29]339.00P-M45(xM124, xM173)
South IranIranian[29]1173.00P-M45(xM124, xM173)
South CaucacusGeorgian[30]773.00P-M45(xM124, xM173)
South CaucacusArmenian[30]1002.00P-M45(xM124, xM173)
HvarCroatian[31]14
KorčulaCroatian[31]6

§ May include members of haplogroup R2.

Modern Southeast Asian populations featuring P1c (M45)[32]
Population group N P (xQ, xR) Q R
[32] Count  % Count  % Count  %
Gope 16 1 6.4
Oriya Brahmin 24 1 4.2
Mahishya 17 3 17.6
Bhumij 15 2 13.3
Saora 13 3 23.1
Nepali 7 2 28.6
Muslims of Manipur 9 3 33.3
Himachal Pradesh Rajput 15 1 6.7
Lambadi 18 4 22.2
Gujarati Patel 9 2 22.2
Katkari 19 1 5.3
Madia Gond 14 1 7.1
Kamma Chowdary 15 0 0 1 6.7 12 80

Q

Near universal in the Kets (95%) of Siberia. Very common in pre-modern Native American populations and Selkups, except for the Na-Dene peoples, where it reaches 50-90%. Also common, at 25-50% in Siberian populations such as the Siberian Tatars, Nivkh, Tuvans, Chukchi, Siberian Eskimos, Northern Altaians, and in 30% of Turkmens.

R

The only discovered case of basal R* (i.e. one that does not belong to R1 or R2) is the Mal'ta Boy in the Upper Paleolithic on the upper Angara River in the area west of Lake Baikal in the Irkutsk Oblast, Siberia, Russian Federation.

R1
R1a frequency in surveyed groups by continent and country
Continental Country Population Sample R1a1 [lower-alpha 1] R1a1* [lower-alpha 2] R1a1a [lower-alpha 3] Source
CaucasusOssetiansNorth134NA0.000.75[33]
EuropeEstonia100NA0.0035.00[33]
EuropeRomania335NA0.0017.01[33]
EuropeCroatiaKrk (island)74NA0.0036.49[33]
EuropeCroatiaBrac (island)49NA0.0024.49[33]
EuropeCroatiaHvar (island)91NA0.006.59[33]
EuropeCroatiaKorcula (island)134NA0.0015.67[33]
EuropeCroatiamainland108NA0.0026.85[33]
EuropeBosnia-HerzegovinaHerzegovina141NA0.0012.06[33]
EuropeKosovoAlbanians114NA0.003.51[33]
EuropeSerbia113NA0.0018.58[33]
EuropeRepublic of MacedoniaMacedonia79NA0.0013.92[33]
EuropeCzech Republic53NA0.0037.74[33]
EuropeBelarusBrest97NA0.0058.8[34]
EuropeBelarus267NA0.0054.7[34]
EuropeBelarus50NA0.0042.00[33]
EuropeRussiaRussians39NA0.0038.46[33]
Central AsiaTajiks, Turkmens38NA0.007.89[33]
North AsiaRussiaTuvas104NA0.007.69[33]
North AsiaRussiaAltaians58NA0.0041.38[33]
South AsiaIndiaJammu Jharkhand61NA0.0037.70[33]
South AsiaIndiaAndhra-Pradesh Jharkhand19NA0.0026.32[33]
South AsiaIndiaMadhya-Pradesh Madhya-Pradesh54NA0.0035.19[33]
South AsiaIndiaKhatri-Punjab/Haryana15NA0.0067.00[33]
South AsiaIndiaAhir-Punjab/Haryana24NA0.0063.00[33]
South AsiaIndiaUttar-Pradesh Jharkhand171NA0.0049.71[33]
South AsiaIndiaUttranchal Jharkhand21NA0.0047.62[33]
South AsiaIndiaWest-Bengal Chhattisgarh49NA0.0048.98[33]
South AsiaIndiaAsur Maharashtra88NA0.005.68[33]
South AsiaIndiaHo Madhya-Pradesh45NA0.000.00[33]
South AsiaIndiaMawasi Orissa27NA0.003.70[33]
South AsiaIndiaMawasi Chhattisgarh12NA0.008.33[33]
South AsiaIndiaMahali Orissa32NA0.009.38[33]
South AsiaIndiaSanthal Meghalaya20NA0.0010.00[33]
South AsiaIndiaBirhor Meghalaya27NA0.003.70[33]
South AsiaIndiaBirhor35NA0.002.86[33]
South AsiaIndiaBaiga23NA0.008.70[33]
South AsiaIndiaBaiga42NA0.002.38[33]
South AsiaIndiaKharia37NA0.005.41[33]
South AsiaIndiaSavara21NA0.009.52[33]
South AsiaIndiaMeghwal Rajasthan50NA0.0030.00[33]
South AsiaIndiaGaro25NA0.004.00[33]
South AsiaIndiaLohana Gujarat20NA0.0060.00[33]
South AsiaIndiaKhasi21NA0.004.76[33]
South AsiaIran87NA0.0010.34[33]
South AsiaPakistanSindhi134NA0.0049.00[33]
South AsiaPakistanMohanna70NA0.0071.00[33]
EuropeTurkey89NA0.003.37[33]
CaucasusArmenia25NA0.004.00[33]
CaucasusMegrels67NA0.008.96[33]
CaucasusAbkhazes162NA0.009.26[33]
CaucasusAvars42NA0.002.38[33]
CaucasusChamalals27NA0.007.41[33]
CaucasusBagvalals28NA0.003.57[33]
CaucasusAndis49NA0.002.04[33]
CaucasusLezgis31NA0.000.00[33]
CaucasusDarginians68NA0.000.00[33]
CaucasusTabasarans43NA0.002.33[33]
CaucasusAdyghes160NA0.0011.25[33]
CaucasusKarachays69NA0.0027.54[33]
CaucasusKumyks76NA0.0013.16[33]
CaucasusBalkars136NA0.0025.74[33]
CaucasusCherkessians126NA0.0012.70[33]
CaucasusKabardians141NA0.7113.48[33]
CaucasusAbazas89NA0.0019.10[33]
CaucasusNogays87NA0.0012.64[33]
CaucasusKaranogays77NA0.009.09[33]
CaucasusTats10NA0.000.00[33]
EuropeCrete193NA0.008.81[33]
Middle EastOman121NA0.009.09[33]
Middle EastIran150NA0.6712.67[33]
Middle EastUnited Arab Emirates164NA0.007.32[33]
EuropeTurkey523NA0.006.88[33]
EuropeLithuaniaAukštaičiai10645.3NANA[35]
EuropeLithuaniaŽemaičiai9044.4NANA[35]
EuropeNorwayNorth37727.1NANA[36]
EuropeNorwayMiddle31731.5NANA[36]
EuropeNorwayWest30124.3NANA[36]
EuropeNorwayEast49326.8NANA[36]
EuropeNorwayBergen9328NANA[36]
EuropeNorwayOslo10919.3NANA[36]
EuropeNorwaySouth7613.2NANA[36]
EuropeSpain/Portugallarge survey1140NA0.001.2[37]
EuropeGreeceGreeks92NA0.0016.3[38]
EuropeGreeceMacedonian Greeks57NA1.8010.5[38]
EuropeAlbania55NA0.009.1[38]
EuropeBosniaSerbs81NA0.0013.6[38]
EuropeBosniaBosniacs84NA0.0015.5[38]
EuropeBosniaCroats90NA0.0012.2[38]
EuropeCroatia89NA0.0027.0[38]
EuropeHungary53NA0.0056.6[38]
EuropeCzech Republic75NA0.0041.3[38]
EuropePoland99NA0.0056.6[38]
EuropeUkraine92NA0.0050.0[38]
EuropeGeorgia66NA0.0010.6[38]
EuropeRussiaBalkarians38NA0.0013.2[38]
EuropeRepublic of MacedoniaAlbanian language64NA0.001.6[38]
EuropeCroatiaOsijek29NA0.0037.9[38]
EuropeSloveniaSlovenians75NA0.0038.70[38]
EuropeItalyNorth East67NA0.0010.4[38]
--Ashkenazi Cohen76NA0.001.3[39]
--Sephardi Cohen69NA0.005.8[39]
Europe-Ashkenazi Levite60NA0.0051.7[39]
--Sephardi Levite31NA0.003.2[39]
Middle EastIsraelAshkenazi100NA0.004.0[39]
Middle EastIsraelSephardi63NA0.001.6[39]
EuropeGermany88NA0.0012.5[39]
EuropeNorway83NA0.0021.7[39]
EuropeGermanySorbs112NA0.0063.4[39]
EuropeBelarus306NA0.3351.0[39]
EuropeSpainSpanish Basques42NANA0.0[40]
EuropeBritish CrownChannel Islands128NANA2.0[40]
EuropeEnglandChippenham52NANA6.0[40]
EuropeEnglandCornwall52NANA6.0[40]
EuropeEnglandDorchester73NANA4.0[40]
EuropeEnglandFaversham55NANA2.0[40]
EuropeEnglandMidhurst80NANA1.0[40]
EuropeEnglandMorpeth95NANA2.0[40]
EuropeEnglandNorfolk121NANA2.0[40]
EuropeEnglandPenrith90NANA2.0[40]
EuropeEnglandSouthwell70NANA4.0[40]
EuropeEnglandUttoxeter84NANA0.0[40]
EuropeEnglandYork46NANA2.0[40]
EuropeDenmark/GermanyDenmark/Schleswig-Holstein190NANA8.0[40]
EuropeIrelandCastlerea43NANA0.0[40]
EuropeBritish CrownIsle of Man62NANA8.0[40]
EuropeNorway201NANA12.0[40]
EuropeScotlandOrkney121NANA7.0[40]
EuropeIrelandRush, Dublin76NANA1.0[40]
EuropeScotlandDurness51NANA2.0[40]
EuropeScotlandOban42NANA2.0[40]
EuropeScotlandPitlochry41NANA0.0[40]
EuropeScotlandStonehaven44NANA5.0[40]
EuropeScotlandWestern Isles88NANA3.0[40]
EuropeScotlandShetland63NANA6.0[40]
EuropeWalesHaverfordwest59NANA2.0[40]
EuropeWalesLlangefni80NANA1.0[40]
EuropeWalesLlanidloes57NANA4.0[40]
EuropeTurkey523NANA6.9[41]
EuropeItalySicily236NANA5.5[42]
EuropeGreece77NANA15.6[43]
South AsiaPakistanBurusho97NANA25.8[43]
South AsiaPakistanKalash44NANA18.2[43]
South AsiaPakistanPathan (Pashtun)96NANA44.8[43]
South AsiaPakistan638NANA37.1[43]
South AsiaNepalTharu from Chitwan District in central Inner Terai ('CI' village sample)57NA0.0010.5[44]
South AsiaNepalTharu from Chitwan District ('CII' village sample)77NA0.003.9[44]
South AsiaNepalTharu from Morang District in eastern Outer Terai37NA0.0016.2[44]
South AsiaNepal/IndiaHindus (as proxy for Indian ancestry) Chitwan District, Nepal26NA0.0069.2[44]
South AsiaIndiaHindus New Delhi49NA0.0034.7[44]
South AsiaIndiaAndhara Pradesh tribal29NA0.0027.6[44]
EuropePoland913NANA57.0[45]
EuropeGermany1215NANA17.9[45]
EuropeGermanyBerlin103NANA22.3[45]
EuropeGermanyLeipzig144NANA27.1[45]
EuropeGermanyMagdeburg100NANA21[45]
EuropeGermanyRostock96NANA31.3[45]
EuropeGermanyGreifswald104NANA19.2[45]
EuropeGermanyHamburg161NANA16.8[45]
EuropeGermanyMünster102NANA7.8[45]
EuropeGermanyFreiburg102NANA10.8[45]
EuropeGermanyCologne96NANA15.6[45]
EuropeGermanyMainz95NANA8.4[45]
EuropeGermanyMunich95NANA14.3[45]
EuropeGreeceNea Nikomedeia57NA0.0021.1[46]
EuropeGreeceSesklo/Dimini57NA0.0010.5[46]
EuropeGreeceLerna/Franchthi57NA0.001.8[46]
EuropeGreeceCrete193NA0.508.3[46]
EuropeGreeceCrete, Heraklion Prefecture104NA0.008.7[47]
EuropeGreeceCrete, Lasithi Plateau41NA0.0029.3[47]
EuropeGreeceCrete, Lasithi Prefecture23NA0.0017.4[47]
EuropeUkraine94NANA43.6[48]
EuropeBelarus68NANA45.6[49]
North AsiaRussia (Altai Republic)Northern Altaians (Gorno-Altaisk)20NANA50.0[50]
North AsiaRussia (Altai Republic)Northern Altaians (Kurmach-Baigol)11NANA18.2[50]
North AsiaRussia (Altai Republic)Northern Altaians (Turochak)19NANA36.8[50]
North AsiaRussia (Altai Republic)Southern Altaians (Beshpel'tir)43NANA58.1[50]
North AsiaRussia (Altai Republic)Southern Altaians (Kulada)46NANA52.2[50]
North AsiaRussia (Altai Republic)Southern Altaians (Kosh-Agach)7NANA28.6[50]
EuropeEnglandWest Lancashire (standard 2-G[lower-alpha 4])49NANA2.0[51]
EuropeEnglandWirral Peninsula (standard 2-G[lower-alpha 4])100NANA4.0[51]
EuropeEnglandWest Lancashire (medieval[lower-alpha 5])42NANA16.7[51]
EuropeEnglandWirral Peninsula (medieval[lower-alpha 5])37NANA13.5[51]
South AsiaIndiaSouth India, Chenchu41NANA26.8[52]
South AsiaIndiaSouth India, Koya41NANA2.4[52]
South AsiaIndiaWest Bengal31NANA38.7[52]
South AsiaIndiaKonkanastha Brahmins, Bombay43NANA41.9[52]
South AsiaIndiaGujarat29NANA24.1[52]
South AsiaIndiaLambadi35NANA8.6[52]
South AsiaIndiaPunjab66NANA47.0[52]
South AsiaSri LankaSinhalese39NANA12.8[52]
North AsiaRussiaTuvan40NANA7.5[22]
North AsiaRussiaTofalar19NANA5.3[22]
North AsiaRussiaBuryat13NANA0.0[22]
North AsiaRussiaYenisey Evenk31NANA9.7[22]
North AsiaRussiaOkhotsk Evenk16NANA0.0[22]
North AsiaRussiaUlchi/Nanai53NANA0.0[22]
North AsiaRussiaUpriver Negidal10NANA0.0[22]
North AsiaRussiaDownriver Negidal7NANA0.0[22]
North AsiaRussiaUgedey20NANA5.0[22]
North AsiaRussiaNivkh17NANA0.0[22]
North AsiaRussiaKamchatka, Koryak27NANA0.0[22]
North AsiaRussiaKamchatka, Itel\'man18NANA22.2[22]
North AsiaRussiaChukotka, Chukchi24NANA4.2[22]
North AsiaRussiaChukotka, Asiatic Eskimo33NANA0.0[22]
CaucasusRussiaAbazinians14NANA14.0[27]
CaucasusRussiaChechenians19NANA5.0[27]
CaucasusRussiaDarginians26NANA0.0[27]
CaucasusRussiaIngushians22NANA0.0[27]
CaucasusRussiaKabardinians59NANA2.0[27]
CaucasusRussiaLezgi (Dagestan)25NANA0.0[27]
CaucasusRussiaOssetians (Ardon)28NANA4.0[27]
CaucasusRussiaOssetians (Digora)31NANA0.0[27]
CaucasusRussiaRutulians24NANA0.0[27]
CaucasusGeorgiaAbkhazians12NANA33.0[27]
CaucasusArmeniaArmenians100NANA6.0[27]
CaucasusAzerbaijanAzerbaijanians72NANA7.0[27]
CaucasusGeorgiaGeorgians77NANA10.0[27]
EuropeTurkey39NANA13.0[27]
Middle EastIranIsfahan50NANA18.0[27]
Middle EastIranTehran80NANA20.0[27]
South AsiaPakistanBalti13NANA15.0[53]
South AsiaPakistanBrahui110NANA8.2[53]
South AsiaPakistanBurusho94NANA27.7[53]
South AsiaPakistanPakistan Hazara23NANA60.9[53]
South AsiaPakistanKalash44NANA9.1[53]
South AsiaPakistanPakistan Kashmiri12NANA25.0[53]
South AsiaPakistanMakrani Baluch25NANA24.0[53]
South AsiaPakistanMakrani Negroid33NANA18.2[53]
South AsiaPakistanPakistan Parsi90NANA26.7[53]
South AsiaPakistanPathan (Pashtun)93NANA10.8[53]
South AsiaPakistanPakistan Sindhi122NANA12.3[53]
EuropeAlbaniaAlbanian51NANA9.8[54]
EuropeFranceFrench Basque22NANA0.0[54]
EuropeSpainSpanish Basque45NANA0.0[54]
EuropeItalyCalabrian37NANA0.0[54]
EuropeSpainCatalan24NANA0.0[54]
EuropeItalyCentral/Northern50NANA4.0[54]
EuropeCroatiaCroatian58NANA29.3[54]
EuropeCzech Republic/SlovakiaCzech/Slovak45NANA26.7[54]
EuropeNetherlandsDutch27NANA3.7[54]
EuropeGeorgiaGeorgian63NANA7.9[54]
EuropeGermanyGerman16NANA6.2[54]
EuropeGreeceGreek76NANA11.8[54]
EuropeHungaryHungarian45NANA60.0[54]
Middle EastLebanonLebanese31NANA9.7[54]
EuropeRepublic of MacedoniaMacedonian20NANA35.0[54]
EuropePolandPolish55NANA56.4[54]
EuropeSaami24NANA8.3[54]
EuropeItalySardinian77NANA0.0[54]
EuropeSyriaSyrian20NANA10.0[54]
EuropeTurkeyTurkish30NANA6.6[54]
AsiaRussiaUdmurt43NANA37.2[54]
EuropeUkraineUkrainian50NANA54.0[54]
South AsiaPakistan85NANA16.5[55]
South AsiaIndiaRajput (of Rajasthan)29NANA31.3[55]
South AsiaPakistanSouthern91NANA31.9[55]
Southeast AsiaCambodia6NANA0.0[55]
East AsiaChina128NANA0.0[55]
East AsiaJapan23NANA0.0[55]
North AsiaSiberia18NANA0.0[55]
South AsiaIndiaTribe (Austro-Asiatic)64NANA0.0[55]
South AsiaIndiaTribe (Dravidian)18NANA2.8[55]
South AsiaIndiaTribe (Tibeto-Burman)87NANA4.6[55]
South AsiaIndiaTribe (Indo-European)21NANA19.1[55]
South AsiaIndiaDravidian Upper Caste59NANA28.8[55]
South AsiaIndiaDravidian Middle Caste85NANA11.8[55]
South AsiaIndiaDravidian Lower Caste29NANA24.1[55]
South AsiaIndiaIndo-European Upper Caste86NANA45.4[55]
South AsiaIndiaIndo-European Middle Caste48NANA50.4[55]
South AsiaIndiaIndo-European Lower Caste50NANA26.0[55]
South AsiaIndiaKashmiri Gujars49NA0.0040.86[56]
South AsiaIndiaKashmiri Pandits51NA3.9219.61[56]
South AsiaIndiaGujarat Brahmins64NA0.0032.81[56]
South AsiaIndiaBihar Paswan27NA0.0040.74[56]
South AsiaIndiaBihar Brahmins38NA0.0060.53[56]
South AsiaIndiaHimachal Pradesh Brahmin30NA0.0047.37[56]
South AsiaIndiaIndian Punjab Brahmins49NA0.0035.71[56]
South AsiaIndiaWest Bengal Brahmins30NA0.0072.22[56]
South AsiaIndiaUttar Pradesh Brahmins31NA0.0067.74[56]
South AsiaIndiaUttar Pradesh Kols38NA0.0014.81[56]
South AsiaIndiaMadhya Pradesh Saharia57NA22.828.07[56]
South AsiaIndiaMadhya Pradesh Brahmins42NA0.0038.1[56]
South AsiaIndiaMaharashtra Brahmins32NA0.0043.33[56]
EuropeMoldovaMoldavians, Carahasani[57][58]72NANA34.7[58]
EuropeMoldavaMoldavians Sofia, Drochia, Moldava54NANA20.4[58]
EuropeRomaniaDniester-Carpathian region-NANA20.4[58]
EuropeUkraineUkrainians, Rașcov (Rashkovo), Camenca district53NANA41.5[58]
EuropeMoldavaGagauzes, Kongaz48NANA12.5[58]
EuropeUkraineGagauzes, Etulia41NANA26.8[58]
East AsiaChinaDongxiang (Mongolian descent)4928.0[59]
East AsiaChinaSalar (Central Asian Turkish descent[59])52NA17.0[59]
East AsiaChinaBo\'an (Bonan) Mongolian descent47NA26.0[59]
CaucasusArmeniaArarat44NA0.000.0[60]
CaucasusArmenia/Georgia\"Northern Armenians\"189NA0.534.2[60]
CaucasusArmeniaSyunik (South Armenia)140NA0.009.3[60]
CaucasusAzerbaijan/ArmeniaKarabakh215NA0.005.6[60]
Middle EastIranIsfahan, New Julfa, (Armenian descent)56NA0.001.8[60]
EuropeTurkeynear Armenia90NA1.113.3[60]
EuropeTurkeyIstanbul University173NA0.0010.4[60]
CaucasusAzerbaijanBaku29NA0.0010.3[60]
Middle EastSyriaDamascus University44NA0.002.3[60]
CaucasusGeorgiaTbilisi68NA0.004.4[60]
EuropeGreeceAthens132NA0.006.1[60]
EuropeMongoliasoldiers mainly from Khalkh402NA0.002.5[60]
EuropeHungary215NA1.4024.2[61]
EuropeWalesNorth Wales98NANA1.0[62]
EuropeEnglandEnglish Midlands136NANA4.4[62]
EuropeEnglandEast Anglia173NANA4.6[62]
EuropeNetherlandsFriesland94NANA7.4[62]
EuropeNorway83NANA21.7[62]
EuropeUnited KingdomBritish25NANA0.0[24]
EuropeScotlandOrkney26NANA27.0[24]
EuropeRussiaPomor28NANA36.0[24]
EuropeRussiaRussian, North49NANA43.0[24]
AsiaRussiaRussian, Tashkent89NANA47.0[24]
EuropeRussiaKazan Tatar38NANA24.0[24]
EuropeRussiaSaami23NANA22.0[24]
AsiaRussiaNenets54NANA11.0[24]
Middle EastLebanon50NANA0.0[24]
Middle EastIranTehran24NANA4.0[24]
Middle EastIranShiraz12NANA0.0[24]
Middle EastIranEsfahan16NANA0.0[24]
CaucasusGeorgiaSvans (Svanetians)25NANA8.0[24]
CaucasusGeorgiaKazbegi25NANA4.0[24]
CaucasusGeorgiaSouth Ossetians17NANA6.0[24]
CaucasusAzerbaijanLezgi in Azerbaijan12NANA8.0[24]
CaucasusAzerbaijanAzerbaijanians21NANA10.0[24]
CaucasusArmeniaArmenians47NANA9.0[24]
Central AsiaAfghanistanPashtuns49NANA51.02[63]
Central AsiaAfghanistanTajiks56NANA30.36[63]
Central AsiaAfghanistanHazara60NANA6.66[63]
Central AsiaAfghanistanUzbeks17NANA17.64[63]
Central AsiaAfghanistanBalochs13NANA0.0[63]
Central AsiaAfghanistanNuristanis5NANA60.0[63]
Central AsiaTurkmenistanTurkmen30NANA7.0[24]
Central AsiaTurkmenistanTurkmenistan Kurd17NANA12.0[24]
Central AsiaUzbekistanSinte Romani15NANA0.0[24]
Central AsiaUzbekistanIranian (Samarkand)53NANA11.0[24]
Central AsiaUzbekistanTajik (Samarkand)40NANA25.0[24]
Central AsiaUzbekistanArab Bukhara42NANA19.0[24]
Central AsiaUzbekistanCrimean Tartar22NANA32.0[24]
Central AsiaUzbekistanKarakalpak44NANA18.0[24]
Central AsiaUzbekistanUzbek/ Kashkadarya19NANA16.0[24]
Central AsiaUzbekistanUzbek/ Bukhara58NANA28.0[24]
Central AsiaUzbekistanUzbek/ Surkhandarya68NANA29.0[24]
Central AsiaUzbekistanUzbek/ Khorezm70NANA30.0[24]
Central AsiaUzbekistanUzbek/ Tashkent43NANA28.0[24]
Central AsiaUzbekistanUzbek/ Fergana Valley63NANA22.0[24]
Central AsiaUzbekistanSamarkand45NANA13.0[24]
Central AsiaTajikistan<<link:2>> (near Afghanistan)25NANA68.0[24]
Central AsiaTajikistanBartangi30NANA40.0[24]
Central AsiaTajikistanShugnan44NANA23.0[24]
Central AsiaTajikistanYagnobi31NANA16.0[24]
Central AsiaTajikistanTajiks/Panjikent22NANA64.0[24]
Central AsiaTajikistanTajiks/Dushanbe16NANA19.0[24]
Central AsiaKyrgyzstanKyrgyz52NANA63.0[24]
Central AsiaKyrgyzstanDungan (Sino-Tibetan)40NANA10.0[24]
Central AsiaKazakhstanKazakhs54NANA4.0[24]
Central AsiaKazakhstanUighur41NANA22.0[24]
South AsiaIndiaSouth India Sourashtran46NANA39.0[24]
South AsiaIndiaSouth India Kallar Dravidian84NANA4.0[24]
South AsiaIndiaSouth India Yadhava129NANA13.0[24]
North AsiaRussiaTuvinian42NANA14.0[24]
North AsiaMongolia24NANA4.0[24]
East AsiaKorea45NANA0.0[24]
East AsiaChinaLiqian from Yongchang87NANA1.1[64]
East AsiaChinaYugur from Sunan in Gansu52NANA1.9[64]
East AsiaChinaTibetan from Guide, Qinghai39NANA2.6[64]
East AsiaChinaUyghurs from Urumqi49NANANA[64]
EuropeItalySardinia100.0NANA[65]
EuropeEnglandCornwall510.0NANA[65]
EuropeSpainBasque260.0NANA[65]
EuropePortugalNorthern3280.0NANA[65]
North AfricaAlgeria270.0NANA[65]
North Africa1290.0NANA[65]
North AfricaTunisia'Jerbian' Arabs (from the island of Djerba)46NA4.34.3[66]
EuropeFinland5710.0NANA[65]
EuropeBulgaria2412.0NANA[65]
EuropeNetherlands8413.0NANA[65]
EuropeGermanyBavarian8015.0NANA[65]
EuropeSwedenGotlander6416.0NANA[65]
EuropeYugoslavian10016.0NANA[65]
EuropeRussiaChuvash1718.0NANA[65]
EuropeSwedenNorthern4819.0NANA[65]
EuropeRomania4520.0NANA[65]
EuropeIceland2821.0NANA[65]
EuropeSaami4821.0NANA[65]
EuropeHungary3622.0NANA[65]
EuropeEstonia20727.0NANA[65]
EuropeRussiaMari4829.0 (Tambets disagrees)NANA[65]
EuropeUkraineUkraine2730.0NANA[65]
EuropeGermany3030.0NANA[65]
EuropeNorway5231.0NANA[65]
EuropeLithuania3834.0NANA[65]
EuropeSlovenia7037.0NANA[65]
EuropeCzech Republic5338.0NANA[65]
EuropeBelarus4139.0NANA[65]
EuropeLatvia3441.0NANA[65]
AsiaRussia12247.0NANA[65]
EuropeSlovakia7047.0NANA[65]
EuropePoland11254.0NANA[65]
EuropeIreland571.0NANA[65]
EuropeOssetia472.0NANA[65]
EuropeCyprus452.0NANA[65]
EuropeItaly992.0NANA[65]
EuropeSpain1262.0NANA[65]
EuropePortugalSouthern572.0NANA[65]
EuropeBelgium924.0NANA[65]
EuropeTurkey1675.0NANA[65]
EuropeFrance405.0NANA[65]
EuropeGeorgia646.0NANA[65]
EuropeArmenia896.0NANA[65]
EuropeDenmark567.0NANA[65]
EuropeScotlandWestern1207.0NANA[65]
EuropeScotland437.0NANA[65]
EuropeGreece368.0NANA[65]
EuropeEnglandEast Anglia1729.0NANA[65]
EuropeIceland18123.8NANA[67]
EuropeNorway11217.9NANA[67]
EuropeSweden11017.3NANA[67]
EuropeDenmark1216.7NANA[67]
EuropeIreland2220.5NANA[67]
EuropeScotland616.6NANA[67]
EuropeBritain329.4NANA[67]
EuropeGermany329.4NANA[67]
EuropeGreece424.8NANA[67]
EuropeItaly3322.7NANA[67]
AsiaRussia3043.3NANA[67]
EuropeEstonia7436.5NANA[68]
EuropeRussiaKomi-Permyaks4223.8NANA[68]
EuropeRussiaRussian (Perm)3743.2NANA[68]
EuropeRussia - MordoviaMordovian Erzya4639.1NANA[68]
EuropeRussia - MordoviaMordovian Moksi4621.7NANA[68]
EuropeEstoniaEstonia Russian2626.9NANA[68]
EuropeUkraineUkrainian650.0NANA[68]
EuropeBulgariaBulgarian80817.5NANA[69]
EuropeTurkeyNortheast Turkish1118.2NANA[68]
EuropeTurkeyCentral Anatolian1811.1NANA[68]
EuropeTurkeySouthwest Turkish2910.3NANA[68]
EuropeTurkeySoutheast Turkish1315.4NANA[68]
EuropeCyprusTurkish Cypriots2213.6NANA[68]
Middle EastTalysh2010.0NANA[68]
CaucasusAzerbaijanAzeri2412.5NANA[68]
EuropeCroatiaMainland10834.3NANA[70]
EuropeBosnia-HerzogivinaBosnians6924.6NANA[70]
EuropeBosnia-HerzogivinaHerzogivinians14112.1NANA[70]
EuropeSerbiaSerbians11315.9NANA[70]
EuropeKosovaAlbanians1144.4NANA[70]
EuropeRepublic of MacedoniaMacedonians7915.2NANA[70]
EuropeRepublic of MacedoniaRomani571.8NANA[70]
EuropeCroatiaMainland10933.9NANA[31]
EuropeCroatiaKrk7428.0NANA[31]
EuropeCroatiaBrač4913.0NANA[31]
EuropeCroatiaHvar918.0NANA[31]
EuropeCroatiaKorčula13427.0NANA[31]
EuropeRussiaNorth38034.20NANA[71]
EuropeRussiaCentral36446.50NANA[71]
EuropeRussiaSouth48455.40NANA[71]
EuropePortugal5531.27NANA[72]
EuropeSwedenSwedes14118.4NANA[73]
EuropeEstoniaEstonians20933.5NANA[73]
EuropeLatviaLatvians8638.4NANA[73]
EuropeRussiaMari11147.7 (Rosser disagrees)NANA[73]
EuropeRussiaMordvin8326.5NANA[73]
EuropeRussiaKomi9433NANA[73]
EuropeRussiaUdmurt8710.3NANA[73]
EuropeRussiaChuvash7931.6NANA[73]
EuropeRussiaVolga Tatars12634.1NANA[73]
EuropeFranceFrench610NANA[73]
EuropeHungaryHungarians11320.4NANA[73]
EuropeRussiaRussians6142.6NANA[73]
North AsiaRussiaKhant474.3NANA[73]
North AsiaRussiaNganasan380NANA[73]
North AsiaRussiaNenets1480NANA[73]
North AsiaRussiaSelkup13119.1NANA[73]
North AsiaRussiaKet480NANA[73]
North AsiaRussiaDolgan6716.4NANA[73]
North AsiaRussiaYakut1551.9NANA[73]
North AsiaRussiaBuryat811.2NANA[73]
North AsiaRussiaEvenk961NANA[73]
North AsiaRussiaEvens316.5NANA[73]
North AsiaRussiaAltaians9846.9NANA[73]
EuropeNorwayNorwegians7223.6NANA[73]
EuropeDenmarkDanes19416.5NANA[74]
EuropeTurkeyKurds Zazaki speakers27NANA25.9[75]
EuropeTurkeyKurds Kurmanji speakers87NANA12.7[75]
Middle EastIraqKurds95NANA11.6[76]
CaucasusGeorgiaKurds25NANA0.0[75]
Middle EastJordanAmman101NANA2.0[77]
Middle EastJordanDead Sea45NANA0.0[77]
Middle EastIraqBaghdad, different ethnic groups139NANA[78]
EuropeRussiaArkhangelsk28NA0.0017.9[79]
North AsiaRussiaKhanty27NA0.0014.8[79]
EuropeRussia (Komi Republic)Izhma Komi from Izhemsky District54NA0.0029.6[79]
EuropeRussia (Komi Republic)Komi from Priluzsky District49NA0.0032.7[79]
EuropeRussiaKursk region Russian40NA0.0052.5[79]
EuropeRussiaTver region Russian38NA0.0057.9[79]
R1b frequency in surveyed groups by continent and country
Continent Population #No. Total% R-P25* R-V88 R-M269 R-M73
AfricaNorthern Africa6915.9%0.0%5.2%0.7%0.0%
AfricaCentral Sahel Region46123.0%0.0%23.0%0.0%0.0%
AfricaWestern Africa1230.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%
AfricaEastern Africa4420.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%
AfricaSouthern Africa1050.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%
EuropeWestern Europeans46557.8%0.0%0.0%57.8%0.0%
EuropeNorth western Europeans4355.8%0.0%0.0%55.8%0.0%
EuropeCentral Europeans7742.9%0.0%0.0%42.9%0.0%
EuropeNorth Eastern Europeans741.4%0.0%0.0%1.4%0.0%
EuropeRussians606.7%0.0%0.0%6.7%0.0%
EuropeEastern Europeans14920.8%0.0%0.0%20.8%0.0%
EuropeSouth eastern Europeans51013.1%0.0%0.2%12.9%0.0%
AsiaWestern Asians3285.8%0.0%0.3%5.5%0.0%
AsiaSouthern Asians2884.8%0.0%0.0%1.7%3.1%
AsiaSouth eastern Asians100.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%
AsiaNorth eastern Asians300.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%
AsiaEastern Asians1560.6%0.0%0.0%0.6%0.0%
TOTAL5326
R2

Haplogroup R2 is most common in South Asia and south Central Asia, as well as diaspora populations, such as the Romanis.

Frequency of R2a (R-M124) in Social and Linguistic Subgroups of Indian Populations[55]
Tibeto-Burman Austro-Asiatic Dravidian Indo-European
Tribe 5.75%10.94%5.00%-
Lower Caste --13.79%10.00%
Middle Caste --3.53%18.75%
Upper Caste --10.17%16.28%
Frequency of Haplogroup R2a (R-M124) in the Arab World from DNA studies
Count Sample Size R-M124 Frequency %
UAE[80] 82173.69%
Qatar[81] 1721.39%
Kuwait[82] 11530.65%
Yemen[81] 11040.96%
Jordan[77] 21461.37%
Lebanon[83] 29350.21%
Palestine[84] 1492.04%
Egypt[85] 11470.68%
R2b frequency Central-South Asia
R2b%Population
10.3%Burusho
6.8%Kalash
1.0%Pashtuns
3.4%Gujarat
0.63%Pakistan

P1a (P-B253, formerly P2)

The Aeta (or Agta) people of Luzon in the Philippines have also provided the only known samples of P1a (P-B253).[9]

Notes

  1. ↑ SRY1532.2 positive, M17/M198 not tested (%)
  2. ↑ SRY1532.2 positive, M17/M198 negative (%)
  3. ↑ SRY1532.2 positive, M17/M198 positive (%)
  4. 1 2 The first sample recruited for the study by Bowden, Balaresque, et al., followed the usual sampling strategy: Evidence of two generations of residence in a studied location were sufficient to qualify a donor to participate in the study of DNA localised to a particular geographical area. They contrasted this 'modern' group with a 'medieval' group they recruited, in whom they required additional "cultural markers" of ancestry.
  5. 1 2 For a sample with local (either: West Lancashire; or the Wirral) ancestry likely going back to the time of the Viking influx into Northern England, Bowden, Balaresque, et al. used special inclusion criteria:
    "Subjects for the second sample ('medieval') were also required to have at least two generations of residence, and to have their earliest recorded patrilineal ancestor born in the relevant area. However, in addition they were required to carry surnames that were present in the relevant region prior to 1572 as judged by documentary sources"
    — Bowden, Balaresque, et al. (2008)

References

  1. ↑ "FamilyTreeDNA - Genetic Testing for Ancestry, Family History & Genealogy".
  2. ↑ "Y DNA Haplogroup P Gets a Brand-New Root – Plus Some Branches". 12 September 2020.
  3. 1 2 Tumonggor MK, Karafet TM, Downey S, Lansing JS, Norquest P, Sudoyo H, et al. (September 2014). "Isolation, contact and social behavior shaped genetic diversity in West Timor". Journal of Human Genetics. 59 (9): 494–503. doi:10.1038/jhg.2014.62. PMC 4521296. PMID 25078354. and Heyer E, Georges M, Pachner M, Endicott P (2013). "Genetic diversity of four Filipino negrito populations from Luzon: comparison of male and female effective population sizes and differential integration of immigrants into Aeta and Agta communities". Human Biology. 85 (1–3): 189–208. doi:10.3378/027.085.0310. PMID 24297226. S2CID 19479827.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Sudoyo H, Lansing JS, Hammer MF (March 2015) [online June 2014]. "Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia". European Journal of Human Genetics. 23 (3): 369–373. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.106. PMC 4326703. PMID 24896152.
  5. ↑ Sahoo S, Singh A, Himabindu G, Banerjee J, Sitalaximi T, Gaikwad S, et al. (January 2006). "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: evaluating demic diffusion scenarios". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (4): 843–848. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..843S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0507714103. eISSN 1091-6490. PMC 1347984. PMID 16415161.
  6. ↑ Magoon GR, Banks RH, Rottensteiner C, Schrack BE, Tilroe VO, Robb T, Grierson AJ (2013). "Generation of high-resolution a priori Y-chromosome phylogenies using "next-generation" sequencing data". bioRxiv: 000802. doi:10.1101/000802. S2CID 377800.
  7. ↑ Estes, Roberta (12 September 2020). "Y DNA Haplogroup P Gets a Brand-New Root – Plus Some Branches". DNAeXplained - Genetic Genealogy.
  8. ↑ "P YTree". www.yfull.com.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Estes, Roberta (2020-09-12). "Y DNA Haplogroup P Gets a Brand-New Root – Plus Some Branches". DNAeXplained - Genetic Genealogy. Retrieved 2023-09-11.
  10. ↑ "P YTree". www.yfull.com. Retrieved 2023-09-11.
  11. ↑ Wang CC, Li H (June 2013). "Inferring human history in East Asia from Y chromosomes". Investigative Genetics. 4 (1): 11. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-4-11. PMC 3687582. PMID 23731529.
  12. ↑ This pattern leads us to hypothesize a southeastern Asian origin for P-P295 and a later expansion of the ancestor of subhaplogroups R and Q into mainland Asia. An alternative explanation would involve an extinction event of ancestral P-P295* chromosomes everywhere in Asia. These scenarios are equally parsimonious. They involve either a migration event (P* chromosomes from Indonesia to mainland Asia) or an extinction event of P-P295* paragroup in Eurasia.
  13. 1 2 Hallast P, Agdzhoyan A, Balanovsky O, Xue Y, Tyler-Smith C (February 2021). "A Southeast Asian origin for present-day non-African human Y chromosomes". Human Genetics. 140 (2): 299–307. doi:10.1007/s00439-020-02204-9. PMC 7864842. PMID 32666166.
  14. ↑ Wells S (20 November 2007). Deep Ancestry: The Landmark DNA Quest to Decipher Our Distant Past. National Geographic Books. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-4262-0211-7. "Given the widespread distribution of K, it probably arose somewhere in the Middle East or Central Asia, perhaps in the region of Iran or Pakistan."
  15. ↑ "P YTree". www.yfull.com. Retrieved 2023-09-11.
  16. ↑ Sikora, Martin; Pitulko, Vladimir V.; Sousa, Vitor C.; Allentoft, Morten E.; Vinner, Lasse; Rasmussen, Simon; Margaryan, Ashot; de Barros Damgaard, Peter; de la Fuente, Constanza; Renaud, Gabriel; Yang, Melinda A.; Fu, Qiaomei; Dupanloup, Isabelle; Giampoudakis, Konstantinos; Nogués-Bravo, David (June 2019). "The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene". Nature. 570 (7760): 182–188. Bibcode:2019Natur.570..182S. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1279-z. hdl:1887/3198847. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 31168093. S2CID 174809069.
  17. ↑ McColl H, Racimo F, Vinner L, Demeter F, Gakuhari T, Moreno-Mayar JV, et al. (July 2018). "The prehistoric peopling of Southeast Asia". Science. 361 (6397): 88–92. Bibcode:2018Sci...361...88M. doi:10.1126/science.aat3628. hdl:10072/383365. PMID 29976827. S2CID 206667111.
  18. ↑ Estes, Roberta (12 September 2020). "Y DNA Haplogroup P Gets a Brand-New Root – Plus Some Branches". DNAeXplained - Genetic Genealogy.
  19. ↑ "P YTree". www.yfull.com.
  20. ↑ Moreno-Mayar JV, Vinner L, de Barros Damgaard P, de la Fuente C, Chan J, Spence JP, et al. (December 2018). "Early human dispersals within the Americas" (PDF). Science. 362 (6419). Bibcode:2018Sci...362.2621M. doi:10.1126/science.aav2621. PMID 30409807. S2CID 53241760. See Supplementary Materials, Table S9
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Derenko M, Malyarchuk B, Denisova GA, Wozniak M, Dambueva I, Dorzhu C, et al. (January 2006). "Contrasting patterns of Y-chromosome variation in South Siberian populations from Baikal and Altai-Sayan regions". Human Genetics. 118 (5): 591–604. doi:10.1007/s00439-005-0076-y. PMID 16261343. S2CID 23011845.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Lell JT, Sukernik RI, Starikovskaya YB, Su B, Jin L, Schurr TG, et al. (January 2002). "The dual origin and Siberian affinities of Native American Y chromosomes". American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (1): 192–206. doi:10.1086/338457. PMC 384887. PMID 11731934.
  23. ↑ Xue Y, Zerjal T, Bao W, Zhu S, Shu Q, Xu J, et al. (April 2006). "Male demography in East Asia: a north-south contrast in human population expansion times". Genetics. 172 (4): 2431–2439. doi:10.1534/genetics.105.054270. PMC 1456369. PMID 16489223.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 Wells RS, Yuldasheva N, Ruzibakiev R, Underhill PA, Evseeva I, Blue-Smith J, et al. (August 2001). "The Eurasian heartland: a continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (18): 10244–10249. Bibcode:2001PNAS...9810244W. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098. PMC 56946. PMID 11526236.
  25. ↑ Katoh T, Munkhbat B, Tounai K, Mano S, Ando H, Oyungerel G, et al. (February 2005). "Genetic features of Mongolian ethnic groups revealed by Y-chromosomal analysis". Gene. 346: 63–70. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2004.10.023. PMID 15716011.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Reddy BM, Langstieh BT, Kumar V, Nagaraja T, Reddy AN, Meka A, et al. (November 2007). "Austro-Asiatic tribes of Northeast India provide hitherto missing genetic link between South and Southeast Asia". PLOS ONE. 2 (11): e1141. Bibcode:2007PLoSO...2.1141R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001141. PMC 2065843. PMID 17989774.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Nasidze I, Ling EY, Quinque D, Dupanloup I, Cordaux R, Rychkov S, et al. (May 2004). "Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome variation in the caucasus". Annals of Human Genetics. 68 (Pt 3): 205–221. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00092.x. PMID 15180701. S2CID 27204150.
  28. 1 2 Nasidze I, Quinque D, Rahmani M, Alemohamad SA, Stoneking M (March 2008). "Close genetic relationship between Semitic-speaking and Indo-European-speaking groups in Iran". Annals of Human Genetics. 72 (Pt 2): 241–252. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00413.x. PMID 18205892. S2CID 5873833.
  29. 1 2 Regueiro M, Cadenas AM, Gayden T, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ (2006). "Iran: tricontinental nexus for Y-chromosome driven migration". Human Heredity. 61 (3): 132–143. doi:10.1159/000093774. PMID 16770078. S2CID 7017701.
  30. 1 2 Nasidze I, Stoneking M (June 2001). "Mitochondrial DNA variation and language replacements in the Caucasus". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 268 (1472): 1197–1206. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1610. PMC 1088727. PMID 11375109.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Barać L, Pericić M, Klarić IM, Rootsi S, Janićijević B, Kivisild T, et al. (July 2003). "Y chromosomal heritage of Croatian population and its island isolates". European Journal of Human Genetics. 11 (7): 535–542. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200992. PMID 12825075. S2CID 15822710.
  32. 1 2 Sahoo S, Singh A, Himabindu G, Banerjee J, Sitalaximi T, Gaikwad S, et al. (January 2006). "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: evaluating demic diffusion scenarios". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (4): 843–848. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..843S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0507714103. PMC 1347984. PMID 16415161.
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 Underhill PA, Myres NM, Rootsi S, Metspalu M, Zhivotovsky LA, King RJ, et al. (April 2010). "Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a". European Journal of Human Genetics. 18 (4): 479–484. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.194. PMC 2987245. PMID 19888303.
  34. 1 2 Underhill PA, Poznik GD, Rootsi S, Järve M, Lin AA, Wang J, et al. (January 2015). "The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a". European Journal of Human Genetics. 23 (1): 124–131. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.50. PMC 4266736. PMID 24667786.
  35. 1 2 Kasperaviciūte D, Kucinskas V, Stoneking M (September 2004) [online September 2004]. "Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA variation in Lithuanians". Annals of Human Genetics. 68 (Pt 5): 438–452. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00119.x. PMID 15469421. S2CID 26562505.
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Dupuy BM, Stenersen M, Lu TT, Olaisen B (December 2006). "Geographical heterogeneity of Y-chromosomal lineages in Norway". Forensic Science International. 164 (1): 10–19. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.11.009. PMID 16337760.
  37. ↑ Adams SM, Bosch E, Balaresque PL, Ballereau SJ, Lee AC, Arroyo E, et al. (December 2008). "The genetic legacy of religious diversity and intolerance: paternal lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula". American Journal of Human Genetics. 83 (6): 725–736. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007. PMC 2668061. PMID 19061982.
  38. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Battaglia V, Fornarino S, Al-Zahery N, Olivieri A, Pala M, Myres NM, et al. (June 2009) [online December 2008]. "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in Southeast Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics. 17 (6): 820–830. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.249. PMC 2947100. PMID 19107149.
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Behar DM, Thomas MG, Skorecki K, Hammer MF, Bulygina E, Rosengarten D, et al. (October 2003). "Multiple origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y chromosome evidence for both Near Eastern and European ancestries". American Journal of Human Genetics. 73 (4): 768–779. doi:10.1086/378506. PMC 1180600. PMID 13680527.
  40. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Capelli C, Redhead N, Abernethy JK, Gratrix F, Wilson JF, Moen T, et al. (May 2003). "A Y chromosome census of the British Isles". Current Biology. 13 (11): 979–984. doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(03)00373-7. hdl:20.500.11820/8acb01f3-a7c1-45f5-89de-b796266d651e. PMID 12781138. S2CID 526263.
  41. ↑ Cinnioğlu C, King R, Kivisild T, Kalfoğlu E, Atasoy S, Cavalleri GL, et al. (January 2004). "Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia". Human Genetics. 114 (2): 127–148. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4. PMID 14586639. S2CID 10763736.
  42. ↑ Di Gaetano C, Cerutti N, Crobu F, Robino C, Inturri S, Gino S, et al. (January 2009). "Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome". European Journal of Human Genetics. 17 (1): 91–99. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.120. PMC 2985948. PMID 18685561.
  43. 1 2 3 4 5 Firasat S, Khaliq S, Mohyuddin A, Papaioannou M, Tyler-Smith C, Underhill PA, Ayub Q (January 2007). "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan". European Journal of Human Genetics. 15 (1): 121–126. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726. PMC 2588664. PMID 17047675.
  44. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Fornarino S, Pala M, Battaglia V, Maranta R, Achilli A, Modiano G, et al. (July 2009). "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9 (1): 154. Bibcode:2009BMCEE...9..154F. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154. PMC 2720951. PMID 19573232.
  45. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Kayser M, Lao O, Anslinger K, Augustin C, Bargel G, Edelmann J, et al. (September 2005). "Significant genetic differentiation between Poland and Germany follows present-day political borders, as revealed by Y-chromosome analysis". Human Genetics. 117 (5): 428–443. doi:10.1007/s00439-005-1333-9. PMID 15959808. S2CID 11066186.
  46. 1 2 3 4 King RJ, Ozcan SS, Carter T, Kalfoğlu E, Atasoy S, Triantaphyllidis C, et al. (March 2008). "Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic". Annals of Human Genetics. 72 (Pt 2): 205–214. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00414.x. PMID 18269686. S2CID 22406638.
  47. 1 2 3 Martinez L, Underhill PA, Zhivotovsky LA, Gayden T, Moschonas NK, Chow CE, et al. (April 2007). "Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau". European Journal of Human Genetics. 15 (4): 485–493. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201769. PMID 17264870. S2CID 9847088.
  48. ↑ Kharkov VN, Stepanov VA, Borinskaya SA, Kozhekbaeva ZM, Gusar VA, Grechanina EY, Puzyrev VP, Khusnutdinova EK, Yankovsky NK (March 2004). "Gene pool structure of eastern Ukrainians as inferred from the Y-chromosome haplogroups". Russian Journal of Genetics. 40 (3): 326–331. doi:10.1023/B:RUGE.0000021635.80528.2f. S2CID 25907265.
  49. ↑ Kharkov VN, Stepanov VA, Feshchenko SP, Borinskaya SA, Yankovsky NK, Puzyrev VP (August 2005). "Frequencies of Y chromosome binary haplogroups in Belarussians". Russian Journal of Genetics. 41 (8): 928–931. doi:10.1007/s11177-005-0182-x. PMID 16161635. S2CID 1357824.
  50. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kharkov VN, Stepanov VA, Medvedeva OF, Spiridonova MG, Voevoda MI, Tadinova VN, Puzyrev VP (May 2007). "Gene pool differences between northern and southern Altaians inferred from the data on Y-chromosomal haplogroups". Russian Journal of Genetics. 43 (5): 551–562. doi:10.1134/S1022795407050110. S2CID 566825.
  51. 1 2 3 4 Bowden GR, Balaresque P, King TE, Hansen Z, Lee AC, Pergl-Wilson G, et al. (February 2008). "Excavating past population structures by surname-based sampling: the genetic legacy of the Vikings in northwest England". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 25 (2): 301–309. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm255. PMC 2628767. PMID 18032405. Samples ascertained on the basis of two generations of residence were compared with independent samples based on known ancestry in the region, plus the possession of a surname known from historical records to have been present there in medieval times.
  52. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Kivisild T, Rootsi S, Metspalu M, Mastana S, Kaldma K, Parik J, et al. (February 2003). "The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists both in Indian tribal and caste populations". American Journal of Human Genetics. 72 (2): 313–332. doi:10.1086/346068. PMC 379225. PMID 12536373.
  53. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Qamar R, Ayub Q, Mohyuddin A, Helgason A, Mazhar K, Mansoor A, et al. (May 2002). "Y-chromosomal DNA variation in Pakistan". American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (5): 1107–1124. doi:10.1086/339929. PMC 447589. PMID 11898125.
  54. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G, Lin AA, Al-Zahery N, Battaglia V, et al. (May 2004). "Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area". American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 1023–1034. doi:10.1086/386295. PMC 1181965. PMID 15069642.
  55. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, Mehdi SQ, Edmonds CA, Chow CE, et al. (February 2006). "Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists". American Journal of Human Genetics. 78 (2): 202–221. doi:10.1086/499411. PMC 1380230. PMID 16400607.
  56. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Sharma S, Rai E, Sharma P, Jena M, Singh S, Darvishi K, et al. (January 2009). "The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1* substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system". Journal of Human Genetics. 54 (1): 47–55. doi:10.1038/jhg.2008.2. PMID 19158816. S2CID 22162114.
  57. ↑ The source (Varzari) gives location as Karahasani, Tighina district. The Ștefan Vodă District, where Carahasani, or Karahasani [sic], is located, was formerly (1998-2003) part of Tighina County. During this period, Tighina County was included as an administrative division of Moldava: "... the southeastern sample of the Moldavians (N=123) is from the Village of Karahasani, the Tighina district."
  58. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Varzari A (July 2006). Population History of the Dniester-Carpathians: Evidence from Alu Insertion and Y-Chromosome Polymorphisms (PDF) (PhD). Munich: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. Retrieved 30 September 2021. ... the southeastern sample of the Moldavians (N=123) is from the Village of Karahasani, the Tighina district.: 21 
  59. 1 2 3 4 Wang W, Wise C, Baric T, Black ML, Bittles AH (August 2003). "The origins and genetic structure of three co-resident Chinese Muslim populations: the Salar, Bo'an and Dongxiang". Human Genetics. 113 (3): 244–252. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-0948-y. PMID 12759817. S2CID 11138499.
  60. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Weale ME, Yepiskoposyan L, Jager RF, Hovhannisyan N, Khudoyan A, Burbage-Hall O, et al. (December 2001). "Armenian Y chromosome haplotypes reveal strong regional structure within a single ethno-national group". Human Genetics. 109 (6): 659–674. doi:10.1007/s00439-001-0627-9. PMID 11810279. S2CID 23113666.
  61. ↑ Völgyi A, Zalán A, Béres J, Chang YM, Pamjav H (August 2008). "Haplogroup distribution of Hungarian population and the largest minority group". Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series. 1 (1): 383–5. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2007.11.007.
  62. 1 2 3 4 5 Weale ME, Weiss DA, Jager RF, Bradman N, Thomas MG (July 2002). "Y chromosome evidence for Anglo-Saxon mass migration". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 19 (7): 1008–1021. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004160. PMID 12082121.
  63. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Haber M, Platt DE, Ashrafian Bonab M, Youhanna SC, Soria-Hernanz DF, Martínez-Cruz B, et al. (2012). "Afghanistan's ethnic groups share a Y-chromosomal heritage structured by historical events". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e34288. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...734288H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288. PMC 3314501. PMID 22470552.
  64. 1 2 3 4 Zhou R, An L, Wang X, Shao W, Lin G, Yu W, et al. (2007). "Testing the hypothesis of an ancient Roman soldier origin of the Liqian people in northwest China: a Y-chromosome perspective". Journal of Human Genetics. 52 (7): 584–591. doi:10.1007/s10038-007-0155-0. PMID 17579807. S2CID 37658783.
  65. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 Rosser ZH, Zerjal T, Hurles ME, Adojaan M, Alavantic D, Amorim A, et al. (December 2000). "Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language". American Journal of Human Genetics. 67 (6): 1526–1543. doi:10.1086/316890. PMC 1287948. PMID 11078479.
  66. ↑ Ennafaa H, Fregel R, Khodjet-El-Khil H, González AM, Mahmoudi HA, Cabrera VM, et al. (October 2011). "Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome microstructure in Tunisia". Journal of Human Genetics. 56 (10): 734–741. doi:10.1038/jhg.2011.92. PMID 21833004. S2CID 32139526.
  67. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Helgason A, Sigureth ardóttir S, Nicholson J, Sykes B, Hill EW, Bradley DG, et al. (September 2000). "Estimating Scandinavian and Gaelic ancestry in the male settlers of Iceland". American Journal of Human Genetics. 67 (3): 697–717. doi:10.1086/303046. PMC 1287529. PMID 10931763.
  68. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Di Giacomo F, Luca F, Popa LO, Akar N, Anagnou N, Banyko J, et al. (October 2004). "Y chromosomal haplogroup J as a signature of the post-neolithic colonization of Europe". Human Genetics. 115 (5): 357–371. doi:10.1007/s00439-004-1168-9. PMID 15322918. S2CID 18482536.
  69. ↑ Karachanak S, Grugni V, Fornarino S, Nesheva D, Al-Zahery N, Battaglia V, et al. (2013). "Y-chromosome diversity in modern Bulgarians: new clues about their ancestry". PLOS ONE. 8 (3): e56779. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...856779K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056779. PMC 3590186. PMID 23483890.
  70. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Pericić M, Lauc LB, Klarić IM, Rootsi S, Janićijevic B, Rudan I, et al. (October 2005). "High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22 (10): 1964–1975. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi185. PMID 15944443.
  71. 1 2 3 Balanovsky O, Rootsi S, Pshenichnov A, Kivisild T, Churnosov M, Evseeva I, et al. (January 2008). "Two sources of the Russian patrilineal heritage in their Eurasian context". American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (1): 236–250. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.019. PMC 2253976. PMID 18179905.
  72. ↑ Gonçalves R, Freitas A, Branco M, Rosa A, Fernandes AT, Zhivotovsky LA, et al. (July 2005). "Y-chromosome lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Açores record elements of Sephardim and Berber ancestry". Annals of Human Genetics. 69 (Pt 4): 443–454. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00161.x. hdl:10400.13/3018. PMID 15996172. S2CID 3229760.
  73. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Tambets K, Rootsi S, Kivisild T, Help H, Serk P, Loogväli EL, et al. (April 2004). "The western and eastern roots of the Saami--the story of genetic "outliers" told by mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomes". American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (4): 661–682. doi:10.1086/383203. PMC 1181943. PMID 15024688.
  74. ↑ Sanchez JJ, Børsting C, Hernandez A, Mengel-Jørgensen J, Morling N (April 2004). "Y chromosome SNP haplogroups in Danes, Greenlanders and Somalis". International Congress Series. Elsevier. 1261: 347–349. doi:10.1016/S0531-5131(03)01635-2.
  75. 1 2 3 Nasidze I, Quinque D, Ozturk M, Bendukidze N, Stoneking M (July 2005). "MtDNA and Y-chromosome variation in Kurdish groups". Annals of Human Genetics. 69 (Pt 4): 401–412. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2005.00174.x. PMID 15996169. S2CID 23771698.
  76. ↑ Brinkmann C, Forster P, Schürenkamp M, Horst J, Rolf B, Brinkmann B (1999). "Human Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in a Kurdish population sample". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 112 (3): 181–183. doi:10.1007/s004140050228. PMID 10335882. S2CID 25668279.
  77. 1 2 3 Flores C, Maca-Meyer N, Larruga JM, Cabrera VM, Karadsheh N, Gonzalez AM (2005). "Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordan". Journal of Human Genetics. 50 (9): 435–441. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0274-4. PMID 16142507. S2CID 6490283.
  78. ↑ |Al-Zahery N, Semino O, Benuzzi G, Magri C, Passarino G, Torroni A, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS (September 2003). "Y-chromosome and mtDNA polymorphisms in Iraq, a crossroad of the early human dispersal and of post-Neolithic migrations". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 28 (3): 458–72. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00039-3. PMID 12927131.
  79. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mirabal S, Regueiro M, Cadenas AM, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Verbenko DA, et al. (October 2009). "Y-chromosome distribution within the geo-linguistic landscape of northwestern Russia". European Journal of Human Genetics. 17 (10): 1260–1273. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.6. PMC 2986641. PMID 19259129.
  80. ↑ Alshamali F, Pereira L, Budowle B, Poloni ES, Currat M (2009). "Local population structure in Arabian Peninsula revealed by Y-STR diversity". Human Heredity. 68 (1): 45–54. doi:10.1159/000210448. PMID 19339785. S2CID 2751928.
  81. 1 2 Cadenas AM, Zhivotovsky LA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ (March 2008). "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman". European Journal of Human Genetics. 16 (3): 374–386. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934. PMID 17928816. S2CID 32386262.
  82. ↑ Mohammad T, Xue Y, Evison M, Tyler-Smith C (November 2009). "Genetic structure of nomadic Bedouin from Kuwait". Heredity. 103 (5): 425–433. doi:10.1038/hdy.2009.72. PMC 2869035. PMID 19639002.
  83. ↑ Zalloua PA, Xue Y, Khalife J, Makhoul N, Debiane L, Platt DE, et al. (April 2008). "Y-chromosomal diversity in Lebanon is structured by recent historical events". American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (4): 873–882. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.01.020. PMC 2427286. PMID 18374297.
  84. ↑ Myres NM, Rootsi S, Lin AA, Järve M, King RJ, Kutuev I, et al. (January 2011). "A major Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b Holocene era founder effect in Central and Western Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (1): 95–101. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.146. PMC 3039512. PMID 20736979.
  85. ↑ Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M, Caeiro B, Cinnioğlu C, Roseman C, et al. (March 2004). "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations". American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (3): 532–544. doi:10.1086/382286. PMC 1182266. PMID 14973781.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haplogroup P of Y-DNA.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.