Zaza
Zazakî / Kirmanckî / Kirdkî / Dimilkî
Native toTurkey
RegionProvinces of Sivas, Tunceli, Bingöl, Erzurum, Erzincan, Elazığ, Muş, Malatya,[1] Adıyaman and Diyarbakır[1]
EthnicityZazas
Native speakers
3–4 million (2009)[1]
Dialects
  • Tunceli
  • Ovacik
  • Hozat
  • Varto
  • Sivereki
  • Kori
  • Hazo
  • Motki (Moti)
  • Dumbeli
  • Central Zazaki
Latin script
Language codes
ISO 639-2zza
ISO 639-3zza – inclusive code
Individual codes:
kiu – Kirmanjki (Northern Zaza)
diq – Dimli (Southern Zaza)
Glottologzaza1246
ELPDimli
Linguasphere58-AAA-ba
The position of Zazaki among Iranian languages[4]
Zaza is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO
Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Zaza or Zazaki[5] (Zazaki: Zazakî, Kirmanckî, Kirdkî, Dimilkî)[lower-alpha 1][6] is a Northwestern Iranian language spoken primarily in eastern Turkey by the Zazas, who are commonly considered as Kurds, and in many cases identify as such.[7][8][9] The language is a part of the Zaza–Gorani language group of the northwestern group of the Iranian branch. The glossonym Zaza originated as a pejorative[10] and many Zazas call their language Dimlî.[11]

According to Ethnologue, Zaza is spoken by around three to four million people.[1] Nevins, however, puts the number of Zaza speakers between two and three million.[12] Ethnologue also states that Zaza is threatened as the language is decreasing due to losing speakers, and that many are shifting to Turkish, as well as mentioning that there are a few monolingual speakers mostly the elderly. This is causing a decline as the language is increasingly not being passed down to younger generations, with most choosing to speak Turkish. Some also speak Kurmanji.[1]

Relations to other languages

In terms of grammar, genetics, linguistics and vocabulary Zazaki is closely related to Talysh, Old Azeri, Tati, Sangsari, Semnani, Mazandarani and Gilaki languages spoken on the shores of the Caspian Sea and central Iran.[13][14] Prof. Dr. Ludwig Paul demonstrated that Zazaki is closely related to Old Azeri, Talysh and Parthian (an extinct northwestern Iranian language), shares many similarities with these languages[15] and does not have universal Kurdish vowel changes.[16] According to linguist Prof. Dr. Joyce Blau, Zazaki is a separate language and the history of Zazaki is older than that of Kurdish, some of the Zazaki and Gorani speakers have been assimilated by the Kurds, but not all.[17][18][19] Zaza is linguistically more closely related to Talysh, Tati, Semnani, Sangesari, Gilaki and the Mazandarani.[13] Due to centuries of interaction, Kurmanji has had an impact on the language, which have blurred the boundaries between the two languages.[20] This and the fact that Zaza speakers are identified as ethnic Kurds by some scholars,[21][22] has encouraged some linguists to classify the language as a Kurdish dialect.[23][24]

The formation of these consonants, which form the basis of the historical evolution of languages and the classification in language groups, is almost the same in Zazaki as in Talysh, Tat (Harzandi), Sangesari, Vafsi, and some central Iranian languages. Zazaki, here, forms a belt of northwestern Iranian languages with Talysh, Tati, central Iranian dialects and Semnani, Semnani and the Gilaki. This belt is geographically divided by speakers of Persian, Azerbaijani and Kurdish into Zazaki, Talyshi, Tati in the western part and Semnani, Sangesari, Gilaki and other Caspian/Central dialects in the eastern part. Like most other languages of the belt, Zazaki shows a two-case system in the nouns, with an oblique ending generally going back to the Old Iranian genitive ending *-ahya. Zazaki, Talyshi, Azeri, Semnani, Gilaki and some other Caspian/Central dialects derive their present stem from the same old present participle ending in *ant:[25][26][27] [28]

English Zazaki Semnani Gilaki Tati Talyshi
"to go"šin-šenn-šun-šend-šed-
"to come"yen-ānn-ān-āmānd-omed-
"to say"vān-vān-gān-otn-voted-
"to see"vīnen- ?īn-vīnn-vīnd-
"to do"ken-ken-kun-könd-kerded-
"I go"ez šinae šenimen šunemmen šenden/ez mešemez šedam

Zazaki, along with Tati, Talysh, and some northwestern dialects, has strongly preserved its West Iranian Proto-Indo-European consonant roots and is quite distant from Persian and Kurdish. While Zazaki, along with Talysh and Tati, remain at the westernmost part of the western Iranian languages, Persian and Kurdish are positioned at the easternmost part:[29]

Proto Indo-European Part Azeri/Tati[lower-alpha 2] Zazaki Talysh Semnani Caspian lang./dial. Central dia. Balochi Kurdish Persian
*ḱ/ĝ s/z s/z s/z s/z s/z s/z s/z s/z s/z h/d
*kue -ž- -ž- -ĵ- -ž -ĵ, ž- -ĵ- -ĵ-, ž, z -ĵ- -ž- -z-
*gue ž ž (y-) ĵ ž ĵ,ž ĵ ĵ, ž, z ĵ ž z
*kw29 ? isb esb asb esp s esb ? s s
*tr/tl hr (h)r (hi)r (h)*r (h)r r r s s s
*d(h)w b b b b b b b d d d
*rd/*rz r/rz r/rz r/rz rz l/l(rz) l/l l/l(rz) l/l l/l l/l
*sw wx h w h x(u) x(u) x(u), f v x(w) x(u)
*tw f u w h h h h(u) h h h
*y- y y ĵ ĵ ĵ ĵ ĵ (y) ĵ ĵ ĵ

History

Writing in Zaza is a recent phenomenon. The first literary work in Zaza is Mewlîdu'n-Nebîyyî'l-Qureyşîyyî by Ehmedê Xasi in 1899, followed by the work Mawlûd by Osman Efendîyo Babij in 1903. As the Kurdish language was banned in Turkey during a large part of the Republican period, no text was published in Zaza until 1963. That year saw the publication of two short texts by the Kurdish newspaper Roja Newe, but the newspaper was banned and no further publication in Zaza took place until 1976, when periodicals published a few Zaza texts. Modern Zaza literature appeared for the first time in the journal Tîrêj in 1979 but the journal had to close as a result of the 1980 coup d'état. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, most Zaza literature was published in Germany, France and especially Sweden until the ban on the Kurdish language was lifted in Turkey in 1991. This meant that newspapers and journals began publishing in Zaza again. The next book to be published in Zaza (after Mawlûd in 1903) was in 1977, and two more books were published in 1981 and 1986. From 1987 to 1990, five books were published in Zaza. The publication of books in Zaza increased after the ban on the Kurdish language was lifted and a total of 43 books were published from 1991 to 2000. As of 2018, at least 332 books have been published in Zaza.[30]

Due to the above-mentioned obstacles, the standardization of Zaza could not have taken place and authors chose to write in their local or regional Zaza variety. In 1996, however, a group of Zaza-speaking authors gathered in Stockholm and established a common alphabet and orthographic rules which they published. Some authors nonetheless do not abide by these rules as they do not apply the orthographic rules in their oeuvres.[31]

In 2009, Zaza was classified as a vulnerable language by UNESCO.[32]

The institution of Higher Education of Turkey approved the opening of the Zaza Language and Literature Department in Munzur University in 2011 and began accepting students in 2012 for the department. In the following year, Bingöl University established the same department.[33] TRT Kurdî also broadcast in the language.[34] Some TV channels which broadcast in Zaza were closed after the 2016 coup d'état attempt.[35]

Dialects

There are two main Zaza dialects:

Its subdialects are:

Its subdialects are:

  • Sivereki, Kori, Hazzu, Motki, Dumbuli, Eastern/Central Zazaki, Dersimki.

Zaza shows many similarities with other Northwestern Iranian languages:

  • Similar personal pronouns and use of these[37]
  • Enclitic use of the letter "u"[37]
  • Very similar ergative structure[38]
  • Masculine and feminine ezafe system[39]
  • Both languages have nominative and oblique cases that differs by masculine -î and feminine -ê
  • Both languages have forgotten possessive enclitics, while it exists in such other languages as Persian, Sorani, Gorani, Hewrami or Shabaki
  • Both languages distinguish between aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops
  • Similar vowel phonemes

Ludwig Paul divides Zaza into three main dialects. In addition, there are transitions and edge accents that have a special position and cannot be fully included in any dialect group.[40]

Grammar

Pronoun Zaza Talysh [41] Tati[42][43] Semnani[44] Sangsari[45] Ossetian[46] Persian English
1st sing.ezāzāzāāæz (az)manI
2ndtıte/titititidɨ (di)toyou
3rdo/eyayuunnowuiyū, ānhe
3rda/ay
-
nāunana
-
-
she
1st plur.maamaamāhamāmāmaxmāwe
2ndşımashēma/shūmashūmāshūmāshūmāshimaxshomāyou
3rd.ê, i, ina, inoayēnēeeyidon/widonēnan, ishān, inhāthey

As with a number of other Iranian languages like Talysh,[47] Tati,[14][48] central Iranian languages and dialects like Semnani, Kahangi, Vafsi,[49] Balochi[50] and Kurmanji, Zaza features split ergativity in its morphology, demonstrating ergative marking in past and perfective contexts, and nominative-accusative alignment otherwise. Syntactically it is nominative-accusative.[51]

Grammatical gender

Among all Western Iranian languages Zaza, Semnani,[52][53][54] Sangsari,[55] Tati,[56][57] central Iranian dialects like Cālī, Fārzāndī, Delījanī, Jowšaqanī, Abyāne'i[58] and Kurmanji distinguish between masculine and feminine grammatical gender. Each noun belongs to one of those two genders. In order to correctly decline any noun and any modifier or other type of word affecting that noun, one must identify whether the noun is feminine or masculine. Most nouns have inherent gender. However, some nominal roots have variable gender, i.e. they may function as either masculine or feminine nouns.[59]

Phonology

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i ɨ u
ʊ
Mid e ə o
Open ɑ

The vowel /e/ may also be realized as [ɛ] when occurring before a consonant. /ɨ/ may become lowered to [ɪ] when occurring before a velarized nasal /n/ [ŋ], or occurring between a palatal approximant /j/ and a palato-alveolar fricative /ʃ/. Vowels /ɑ/, /ɨ/, or /ə/ become nasalized when occurring before /n/, as [ɑ̃], [ɨ̃], and [ə̃], respectively.

Consonants

Labial Dental/
Alveolar		 Palato-
alveolar		 Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
plain phar.
Nasal m n (ŋ)
Plosive/
Affricate		 voiceless p t tˁ t͡ʃ k q
voiced b d d͡ʒ ɡ
Fricative voiceless f s sˤ ʃ x ħ h
voiced v z ʒ ɣ ʕ
Rhotic tap/flap ɾ
trill r
Lateral central l
velarized ɫ
Approximant w j

/n/ becomes a velar [ŋ] when following a velar consonant.[60][61]

Alphabet

Zaza text in Arabic letters, written in 1891 and printed in 1899.

Zaza texts written during the Ottoman era were written in Arabic letters. The works of this era had religious content. The first Zaza text, written by Sultan Efendi, in 1798, was written in Arabic letters in the Nesih font, which was also used in Ottoman Turkish.[62] Following this work, the first Zaza language Mawlid, written by the Ottoman-Zaza cleric, writer and poet Ahmed el-Hassi in 1891-1892, was also written in Arabic letters and published in 1899.[63][64] Another Mawlid in Zaza language, written by another Ottoman-Zaza cleric Osman Esad Efendi between 1903-1906, was also written in Arabic letters.[65] After the Republic, Zazaki works began to be written in Latin letters, abandoning the Arabic alphabet. However, today Zazaki does not have a common alphabet used by all Zazas. An alphabet called the Jacabson alphabet was developed with the contributions of the American linguist C. M Jacobson and is used by the Zaza Language Institute in Frankfurt, which works on the standardization of Zaza language.[66] The Zaza alphabet, prepared by Zülfü Selcan and started to be used at Munzur University as of 2012, is another writing system developed for Zazaki, consisting of 32 letters, 8 of which are vowels and 24 of which are consonants.[67] Another alphabet used for the language is the Bedirxan alphabet. The Zaza alphabet is an extension of the Latin alphabet used for writing the Zaza language, consisting of 32 letters, six of which (ç, ğ, î, û, ş, and ê) have been modified from their Latin originals for the phonetic requirements of the language.[68]

Zaza alphabet
Upper case ABCÇDEÊFGĞHI[upper-alpha 1]İ/Î[upper-alpha 1]JKLMNOPQRSŞTUÛVWXYZ
Lower case abcçdeêfgğhı/i [upper-alpha 1]i/î [upper-alpha 1]jklmnopqrsştuûvwxyz
IPA phonemes a b d͡ʒ t͡ʃ d ɛ e f g ɣ h ɨ i ʒ k l m n o p q r, ɾ s ʃ t ʊ u v w x j z
  1. 1 2 3 4 Zaza Wikipedia uses ⟨I/ı⟩ and ⟨İ/i⟩ instead of both I's in the table.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Zaza at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
    Kirmanjki (Northern Zaza) at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
    Dimli (Southern Zaza) at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  2. ↑ "Multitree | The LINGUIST List". linguistlist.org. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  3. ↑ "Glottolog 4.5 - Zaza". glottolog.org. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  4. ↑ "worldhistory". titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  5. ↑ Kenstowicz, Michael J. (2004). Studies in Zazaki Grammar. MITWPL.
  6. ↑ Lezgîn, Roşan (26 August 2009). "Kirmanckî, Kirdkî, Dimilkî, Zazakî". Zazaki.net (in Zazaki). Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  7. ↑ Michiel Leezenberg (1993). "Gorani Influence on Central Kurdish: Substratum or Prestige Borrowing?" (PDF). ILLC - Department of Philosophy, University of Amsterdam.
  8. ↑ "Minority Rights Group International (MRG)-Minorities-Kurds".
  9. ↑ Kreyenbroek, Philip G.; Sperl, Stefan (7 May 2015). The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview. Routledge. ISBN 9781138869745.
  10. ↑ Arakelova, Victoria (1999). "The Zaza People as a New Ethno-Political Factor in the Region". Iran & the Caucasus. 3/4: 397–408. doi:10.1163/157338499X00335. JSTOR 4030804.
  11. ↑ Asatrian, Garnik (1995). "DIMLĪ". Encyclopedia Iranica. VI. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  12. ↑ Anand, Pranav; Nevins, Andrew (2004). "Shifty Operators in Changing Contexts". In Young, Robert B. (ed.). Proceedings of the 14th Semantics and Linguistic Theory Conference held May 14–16, 2004, at Northwestern University. Vol. 14. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University. p. 36. doi:10.3765/salt.v14i0.2913. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  13. 1 2 Ehsan Yar-Shater (1990). Iranica Varia: Papers in Honor of Professor Ehsan Yarshater. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 267. ISBN 90-6831-226-X.
  14. 1 2 Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  15. ↑ Paul, L. (1998). The position of Zazaki among West Iranian languages. Old and Middle Iranian Studies, 163-176.
  16. ↑ Elfenbein, J. (2000). Zazaki: Grammatik und Versuch einer Dialektologie. By Ludwig Paul. pp. xxi, 366. Wiesbaden, Reichert Verlag, 1999. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 10(2), 255-257. p. 255
  17. ↑ "Zazaca Kürtçe'den Daha Eski Bir Dildir". Dersim News. 25 January 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  18. ↑ "Zazaca Kürtçe'den çok daha eski bir dil". siverekhaber.com/. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  19. ↑ Bozbuğa, R. (2014). "Unknown people; Zazas". Akademik Hassasiyetler. 1 (1): 50–68.
  20. ↑ Garry, Jane; Rubino, Carl R. Galvez (2001). Facts About the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present. New York: H. W. Wilson. p. 398. ISBN 0-8242-0970-2.
  21. ↑ van Wilgenburg, Wladimir (28 January 2009). "Is Ankara Promoting Zaza Nationalism to Divide the Kurds?". The Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  22. ↑ Kaya, Mehmed S. (2011). The Zaza Kurds of Turkey: A Middle Eastern Minority in a Globalised Society. London: Tauris Academic Studies. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-84511-875-4.
  23. ↑ According to the linguist Jacques Leclerc of Canadian "Laval University of Quebec, Zazaki is a part of Kurdish languages, Zaza are Kurds, he also included Goura/Gorani as Kurds "Turquie : situation générale". tlfq.ulaval.ca (in French). Archived from the original on 28 September 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
  24. ↑ T.C. Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı, Talim Ve Terbiye Kurulu Başkanlığı (2012). Ortaokul Ve İmam Hatip Ortaokulu Yaşayan Diller Ve Lehçeler Dersi (Kürtçe; 5. Sınıf) Öğretim Programı (PDF) (in Turkish). Ankara. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2012.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link), "Bu program ortaokul 5, 6, 7, ve 8. sınıflar seçmeli Kürtçe dersinin ve Kürtçe’nin iki lehçesi Kurmancca ve Zazaca için müşterek olarak hazırlanmıştır. Program metninde geçen “Kürtçe” kelimesi Kurmancca ve Zazaca lehçelerine birlikte işaret etmektedir."
  25. ↑ Paul, Ludwig (1998). "The Pozition of Zazaki the West Iranian Languages" (PDF). Iran Chamber. Open Publishing. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  26. ↑ Keskin, Mesut (2012). "Orta ve Eski İrani Dillerin Zazacaya Tuttuşu Işık". ResearchGate. Open Publishing. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  27. ↑ Henning, W. B. The Ancient Language of Azerbaijan”, TPhS 157-77, 1954. Mitteliranisch", in Handbuch der Orientalistik, 1(1), 20-130.
  28. ↑ Language of Azerbaijan. Transactions of the philological Society, 53(1), 157-177. s. 175.
  29. ↑ Paul, Ludwig (1998). "The Pozition of Zazaki the West Iranian Languages" (PDF). Iran Chamber. Open Publishing. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  30. ↑ Malmîsanij (2021), pp. 675–676.
  31. ↑ Malmîsanij (2021), pp. 676–677.
  32. ↑ Malmîsanij (2021), p. 681.
  33. ↑ Erdoğmuş, Hatip; Orki̇n, Şeyhmus (2018). "Bingöl ve Munzur Üniversitesinde Açılan Zaza Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümleri ve Bu Bölümlerin Üniversitelerine Katkıları". Kent Akademisi (in Turkish). 11 (1): 164.
  34. ↑ Tabak, Husrev (2017). The Kosovar Turks and Post-Kemalist Turkey: Foreign Policy, Socialisation and Resistance. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-78453-737-1.
  35. ↑ Malmîsanij (2021), p. 679.
  36. ↑ Prothero, W. G. (1920). Armenia and Kurdistan. London: H. M. Stationery Office. p. 19. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
  37. 1 2 Johanson, Lars; Bulut, Christiane (2006). Turkic-Iranian Contact Areas: Historical and Linguistic Aspects. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 293. ISBN 3-447-05276-7.
  38. ↑ Ludwig Windfuhr, Gernot (2009). The Iranian Languages. London: Routledge. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-7007-1131-4.
  39. ↑ Kahnemuyipour, Arsalan (7 October 2016). "The Ezafe Construction: Persian and Beyond" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2019 – via iub.edu.
  40. ↑ Paul, Ludwig (1998). Zazaki – Versuch einer Dialektologie (in German). Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag.
  41. ↑ Wolfgang, Schulze: Northern Talysh. Lincom Europa. 2000. (page 35)
  42. ↑ مفيدي روح اله. تحول نظام واژه بستي در فارسي ميانه و نو.
  43. ↑ Sabzalipour, J., & Vaezi, H. (2018). The study of clitics in Tati Language (Deravi variety).
  44. ↑ احمدی پناهی سمنانی، محمد (۱۳۷۴). آداب رسوم مردم سمنانی. نشر پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات فرهنگی. ص. ۴۰–۴۴.
  45. ↑ Pierre Lecoq. 1989. "Les dialectes caspiens et les dialectes du nord-ouest de l'Iran," Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum. Ed. Rüdiger Schmitt. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. Pages 296–314.
  46. ↑ Oranskij, Iosif Mikhailovich. “Zabānhā ye irani [Iranian languages]”. Translated by Ali Ashraf Sadeghi. Sokhan publication (2007).
  47. ↑ Mirdehghan, M., & Nourian, G. Ergative Case Marking and Agreement in the Central Dialect of Talishi.
  48. ↑ Ergative in Tāti Dialect of Khalkhāl, Jahandust Sabzalipoor
  49. ↑ Koohkan, Sepideh. The typology of modality in modern West Iranian languages. 2019. PhD Thesis. University of Antwerp.
  50. ↑ Agnes Korn. The Ergative System in Balochi from a Typological Perspective. Iranian Journal of Applied Language Studies, 2009, 1, pp.43-79. ffhal-01340943
  51. ↑ Haig, Geoffrey L. J. (2004). Alignment in Kurdish: A Diachronic Perspective (PDF) (Habilitation thesis). Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2012.
  52. ↑ Mohammad- Ebrahimi, Z. et. al. (2010). “The study of grammatical gender in Semnani dialect”. Papers of the First International Conference on Iran’s Desert Area Dialects. Pp. 1849-1876.
  53. ↑ Seraj, F. (2008). The Study of Gender, its Representation & Nominative and accusative cases in Semnani Dialect. M. A. thesis in Linguistics, Tehran: Payame- Noor University.
  54. ↑ Rezapour, Ebrahim (2015). "Word order in Semnani language based on language typology". IQBQ. 6 (5): 169-190
  55. ↑ Borjian, H. (2021). Essays on Three Iranian Language Groups: Taleqani, Biabanaki, Komisenian (Vol. 99). ISD LLC.
  56. ↑ Vardanian, A. (2016). Grammatical gender in New Azari dialects of Šāhrūd. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 79(3), 503 511.
  57. ↑ A Morpho-phonological Analysis of Vowel Changes in Takestani-Tati Verb Conjugations: Assimilation, Deletion, and Vowel Harmony
  58. ↑ H. Rezai Baghbidi (ed.), Exploring grammatical gender in New Iranian languages and dialects, proceedings of the First Seminar of Iranian Dialectology, 29 April-1 May 2001, Tehran, Department of Dialectology, Academy of Persian Language and Literature, 2003.
  59. ↑ Todd, Terry Lynn (2008). A Grammar of Dimili (also Known as Zaza) (PDF). Electronic Publication. p. 33. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 January 2012.
  60. ↑ Ludwig, Paul (2009). Zazaki. The Iranian Languages: London & New York: Routledge. pp. 545–586.
  61. ↑ Todd, Terry Lynn (2008). A Grammar of Dimili (also Known as Zaza). Stockholm: Iremet.
  62. ↑ "Sultan Efendi'nin Zazaca El Yazması" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  63. ↑ Varol, Murat (2012), Zazalarda Mevlid ve Siyer Geleneği, vol. 1, II. Uluslararası Zaza Tarihi ve Kültürü Sempozyumu/Bingöl Üniversitesi Yayınları, pp. 93–114
  64. ↑ Keskin, Mesut (2015), Zaza Dili, vol. 1, Bingöl Üniversitesi Yaşayan Diller Enstitüsü Dergisi, pp. 93–114
  65. ↑ Özer, Osman (2016). Mevlid Ahmed-i Hasi. İstanbul: Bingöl Üniversitesi Yayınları. ISBN 978-605-65457-0-2.
  66. ↑ Jacobson, C.M. (1993). Rastnustena Zonê Ma -Handbuch für die Rechtschreibung der Zaza-Sprache. Bonn: Verlag für Kultur und Wissenschaft.
  67. ↑ Selcan, Zülfü (2011), Zazaca Alfabe ve alfabetik sıralama, Bingöl Üniversitesi I. Uluslararası Zaza Dili Sempozyumu, pp. 263–270
  68. ↑ Çeko Kocadag (2010). Ferheng Kirmanckî (zazakî – Kurmancî) – Kurmancî – Kirmanckî (zazakî). Berlin: Weşanên Komkar. ISBN 978-3-927213-40-1.
  69. ↑ "worldhistory". worldhistory.com by Multiple authors. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
  70. ↑ "worldhistory". titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  1. ↑ These exact names also appear in Northern Kurdish.
  2. ↑ Harzandi

Literature

See also

Further reading

Zazaki edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Zaza language test of Wiktionary at Wikimedia Incubator
Kirmanjki test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zazaki language.
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