| Haplogroup O-M119 | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 33,181 [95% CI 24,461 <-> 36,879] years ago (Karmin 2022[1]) 34,100 or 29,200 years ago (Poznik 2016[2]) 31,590 ybp[3] 30,000 [95% CI 27,900 <-> 32,200] years before present (YFull 2018[4]) |
| Coalescence age | 19,680 ybp[5] 17,500 [95% CI 19,400 <-> 15,500] years before present (YFull 2018[4]) |
| Possible place of origin | Southern China |
| Ancestor | haplogroup O-F265 |
| Defining mutations | M119 |
| Highest frequencies | Southern China, Taiwan, Malay Archipelago, Pacific islands, Madagascar |
In human genetics, Haplogroup O-M119 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup O-M119 is a descendant branch of haplogroup O-F265 also known as O1a, one of two extant primary subclades of Haplogroup O-M175. The same clade previously has been labeled as O-MSY2.2.[6]
Origins
The Haplogroup O-M119 branch is believed to have evolved during the Late Pleistocene (Upper Paleolithic) in China mainland.
Paleolithic migrations
Karafet et al. (2010) suggest haplogroup O-M119 was part of a four-phase colonization model in which Paleolithic migrations of hunter-gatherers shaped the primary structure of current Y-Chromosome diversity of Maritime Southeast Asia. Approximately 5000 BCE, Haplogroup O-M119 coalesced at Sundaland and migrated northwards to as far as Taiwan, where O-M50 constitutes some 90% of the Aboriginal Y-DNA, being the main haplogroup that can be directly linked to the Austronesian expansion in phase 3.
Taiwan homeland
Li et al. (2008) concluded that in contrast to the Taiwan homeland hypothesis, Island Southeast Asians do not have a Taiwan origin based on their paternal lineages. According to their results, lineages within Maritime Southeast Asia did not originate from Taiwanese aborigines as linguistic studies suggest. Taiwan aborigines and Indonesians were likely to have been derived from the Tai–Kadai-speaking populations based on their paternal lineages, and thereafter evolved independently of each other.
The strongest positive correlation between Haplogroup O-M119 and ethno-linguistic affiliation is that which is observed between this haplogroup and the Austronesians. The peak frequency of Haplogroup O-M119 is found among the aborigines of Taiwan, precisely the region from which linguists have hypothesized that the Austronesian language family originated. A slightly weaker correlation is observed between Haplogroup O-M119 and the Han Chinese populations of southern China, as well as between this haplogroup and the Tai–Kadai-speaking populations of southern China and Southeast Asia. The distribution of Tai–Kadai languages in Thailand and other parts of Southeast Asia outside of China has long been believed, for reasons of traditional linguistic geography, to reflect a recent invasion of Southeast Asia by Tai–Kadai-speaking populations originating from southeastern China, and the somewhat elevated frequency of Haplogroup O-M119 among the Tai–Kadai populations, coupled with a high frequency of Haplogroup O-M95, which is a genetic characteristic of the Austroasiatic-speaking peoples of Southeast Asia, suggests that the genetic signature of the Tai–Kadai peoples' affinity with populations of southeastern China has been weakened due to extensive assimilation of the earlier Austroasiatic residents of the lands which the Tai–Kadai peoples invaded.
Distribution
Haplogroup O-M119 lineages are found primarily in Southeast Asian populations of Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, the Philippines, southern China and Taiwan (ISOGG 2010). High frequencies of this haplogroup have been found in populations spread in an arc through southeastern China, Taiwan, the Philippines, and Indonesia. It has been found with generally lower frequency in samples from Oceania, mainland Southeast Asia, Southwest China, Northwest China, North China, Northeast China, Korea, Japan, North Asia, and Central Asia.
A 2008 study by Li suggested that the admixture analyses of Tai–Kadai-speaking populations showed a significant genetic influence in a large proportion of Indonesians. Most of the population samples contained a high frequency of haplogroup O-M119.[7]
The frequencies of Haplogroup O-M119 among various East Asian and Austronesian populations suggest a complex genetic history of the modern Han populations of southern China. Although Haplogroup O-M119 occurs only at an average frequency of approximately 4% among Han populations of northern China and peoples of southwestern China and Southeast Asia who speak Tibeto-Burman languages, the frequency of this haplogroup among the Han populations of southern China nearly quadruples to about 15-23%.[8] The frequency of Haplogroup O-M119 among the Southern Han has been found to be slightly greater than the arithmetic mean of the frequencies of Haplogroup O-M119 among the Northern Han and a pooled sample of Austronesian populations. This suggests that modern Southern Han populations may possess a non-trivial number of male ancestors who were originally affiliated with some Austronesian-related culture, or who at least shared some genetic affinity with many of the ancestors of modern Austronesian peoples.[9][10]
Subclade distribution
O-M119
This lineage is found frequently in Austronesians, southern Han Chinese, and Kra-Dai peoples.[11] This lineage is presumed to be a marker of the prehistoric Austronesian expansion, with possible origins encompassing the regions along the southeastern coast of China and neighboring Taiwan, and is found among modern populations of Maritime Southeast Asia and Oceania (Karafet 2005).
Haplogroup O-M119 Y-chromosomes also have been found to occur at low frequency among various populations of Siberia, such as the Nivkhs (one of 17 sampled Y-chromosomes), Ulchi/Nanai (2/53), Yenisey Evenks (1/31), and especially the Buryats living in the Sayan-Baikal uplands of Irkutsk Oblast (6/13) (Lell 2002).
O-P203
O-P203 was found in 86.7% (52/60) of a sample from Nias, 70.8% (34/48) of Taiwanese Aboriginals, 28.4% (21/74) of Mentawai, 11.4% (73/641) of Balinese, 9.8% (6/61) of a sample from Java, 9.1% (36/394) of a sample from Flores, 9.1% (15/165) of Han Chinese, 8.3% (1/12) of a sample from Western Samoa, 8.2% (4/49) of Tujia from Hunan, 6.9% (4/58) of Miao from China, 5.7% (4/70) of Vietnamese, 3.3% (1/30) of a sample from the Moluccas, 3.1% (1/32) of Malaysians, 3.0% (1/33) of a sample from highland Papua New Guinea, 2.6% (1/38) of a sample from Sumatra, 2.3% (2/86) of a sample from Borneo, 2.1% (1/48) of Filipinos, 2.0% (1/51) of She, 1.7% (1/60) of Yao from Guangxi, 1.1% (1/92) of a sample from Lembata, and 0.9% (3/350) of a sample from Sumba.[12]
In a study published in 2011, O-P203 was observed in 22.2% (37/167) of Han Chinese male volunteers at Fudan University in Shanghai whose origin may be traced back to East China (Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, or Anhui), 12.3% (8/65) of Han Chinese male volunteers whose origin may be traced back to South China, and 1.6% (2/129) of Han Chinese male volunteers whose origin may be traced back to North China.[13]
O-M101
This lineage was observed in one individual from China (Underhill 2000) and another from Kota Kinabalu (Hurles 2005).
According to the website of Chinese genetic testing company 23mofang, O-M101 is a subclade of O-M307/P203 (O-M307 > O-F446 > O-F5498 > O-Z23406 > O-M101). Its TMRCA is estimated to be 4,850 years before present, and it is estimated to account for the Y-DNA of approximately 0.21% of all males in present-day China, with its distribution being relatively dense in Hunan, Hubei, Hainan, and Jiangxi.[14] The O-M101 > O-A5863 > O-SK1573 subclade (TMRCA 3,400 ybp) has been estimated to account for the Y-DNA of approximately 0.08% of all males in present-day China, being relatively concentrated in South Central China and Southwest China at present.[15] The O-M101 > O-A5863 > O-Y163909 subclade (TMRCA 4,080 ybp) has been observed in 16.7% (3/18) of a sample of Phuan males from Central Thailand.[16][17]
O-M50
This lineage occurs among Austronesian peoples of Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Madagascar as well as among some populations of continental Southeast Asia and among Bantu peoples of the Comoros.[18] It also has been found in a Hawaiian.[19]
A study published in 2005 found O-M50 in 33.3% (13/39) of a sample of aboriginals in Taiwan, 18.2% (2/11) of a sample of people in Majuro, 17.1% (6/35) of a sample of Malagasy, 9.2% (6/65) of a sample of people in Kota Kinabalu, 9.1% (2/22) of a sample of people in Banjarmasin, 3.6% (1/28) of a sample of people in the Philippines, and 1.9% (1/52) of a sample of people in Vanuatu.[20]
Kayser et al. 2008 found O-M110 in 34.1% (14/41) of a sample of Taiwan Aborigines, 17.7% (26/147) of a sample from the Admiralty Islands, 17.3% (9/52) of a sample from the Trobriand Islands, 13.5% (5/37) of a sample from the Philippines, 9.7% (3/31) of a sample from the Nusa Tenggara Islands, 3.8% (2/53) of a sample from Java, 3.0% (1/33) of a sample from the Moluccas, 2.5% (1/40) of a sample from Borneo, 1.0% (1/100) of a sample from Tuvalu, and 0.95% (1/105) of a sample from Fiji.[21]
A study published in 2010 found O-M110 in 18.8% (9/48) Taiwanese Aboriginals, 13.3% (8/60) Nias, 8.3% (4/48) Philippines, 7.4% (4/54) Sulawesi, 6.3% (22/350) Sumba, 5.8% (5/86) Borneo, 3.3% (1/30) Moluccas, 2.3% (1/44) Maewo, Vanuatu, 1.6% (1/61) Java, 1.4% (1/74) Mentawai, and 0.8% (5/641) Bali.[22]
A study published in 2012 found O-M110 in 4.6% (33/712) of males from the Solomon Islands.[23]
Phylogenetics
Phylogenetic history
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
| YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) | (α) | (β) | (γ) | (δ) | (ε) | (ζ) | (η) | YCC 2002 (Longhand) | YCC 2005 (Longhand) | YCC 2008 (Longhand) | YCC 2010r (Longhand) | ISOGG 2006 | ISOGG 2007 | ISOGG 2008 | ISOGG 2009 | ISOGG 2010 | ISOGG 2011 | ISOGG 2012 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| O-M175 | 26 | VII | 1U | 28 | Eu16 | H9 | I | O* | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O |
| O-M119 | 26 | VII | 1U | 32 | Eu16 | H9 | H | O1* | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a |
| O-M101 | 26 | VII | 1U | 32 | Eu16 | H9 | H | O1a | O1a1 | O1a1a | O1a1a | O1a1 | O1a1 | O1a1a | O1a1a | O1a1a | O1a1a | O1a1a |
| O-M50 | 26 | VII | 1U | 32 | Eu16 | H10 | H | O1b | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 |
| O-P31 | 26 | VII | 1U | 33 | Eu16 | H5 | I | O2* | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 |
| O-M95 | 26 | VII | 1U | 34 | Eu16 | H11 | G | O2a* | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a1 | O2a1 |
| O-M88 | 26 | VII | 1U | 34 | Eu16 | H12 | G | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1a | O2a1a |
| O-SRY465 | 20 | VII | 1U | 35 | Eu16 | H5 | I | O2b* | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b |
| O-47z | 5 | VII | 1U | 26 | Eu16 | H5 | I | O2b1 | O2b1a | O2b1 | O2b1 | O2b1a | O2b1a | O2b1 | O2b1 | O2b1 | O2b1 | O2b1 |
| O-M122 | 26 | VII | 1U | 29 | Eu16 | H6 | L | O3* | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 |
| O-M121 | 26 | VII | 1U | 29 | Eu16 | H6 | L | O3a | O3a | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1a | O3a1a |
| O-M164 | 26 | VII | 1U | 29 | Eu16 | H6 | L | O3b | O3b | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a1b | O3a1b |
| O-M159 | 13 | VII | 1U | 31 | Eu16 | H6 | L | O3c | O3c | O3a3a | O3a3a | O3a3 | O3a3 | O3a3a | O3a3a | O3a3a | O3a3a | O3a3a |
| O-M7 | 26 | VII | 1U | 29 | Eu16 | H7 | L | O3d* | O3c | O3a3b | O3a3b | O3a4 | O3a4 | O3a3b | O3a3b | O3a3b | O3a2b | O3a2b |
| O-M113 | 26 | VII | 1U | 29 | Eu16 | H7 | L | O3d1 | O3c1 | O3a3b1 | O3a3b1 | - | O3a4a | O3a3b1 | O3a3b1 | O3a3b1 | O3a2b1 | O3a2b1 |
| O-M134 | 26 | VII | 1U | 30 | Eu16 | H8 | L | O3e* | O3d | O3a3c | O3a3c | O3a5 | O3a5 | O3a3c | O3a3c | O3a3c | O3a2c1 | O3a2c1 |
| O-M117 | 26 | VII | 1U | 30 | Eu16 | H8 | L | O3e1* | O3d1 | O3a3c1 | O3a3c1 | O3a5a | O3a5a | O3a3c1 | O3a3c1 | O3a3c1 | O3a2c1a | O3a2c1a |
| O-M162 | 26 | VII | 1U | 30 | Eu16 | H8 | L | O3e1a | O3d1a | O3a3c1a | O3a3c1a | O3a5a1 | O3a5a1 | O3a3c1a | O3a3c1a | O3a3c1a | O3a2c1a1 | O3a2c1a1 |
Research publications
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree.
Phylogenetic trees
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup O subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree (Karafet 2008) and subsequent published research.
- O-M119
- O-M119* China (Sichuan, Guizhou,[4] Hubei, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Henan, Hebei, Liaoning, etc.[5])
- O-Y14027
- O1a3-Y144065/F1036 China (esp. Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangsu, and Guangdong[5])
- O-Y87942/MF38142 China (Zhejiang,[4] Jiangsu, Sichuan, Chongqing, Hubei,[4] etc.[5])
- O-F1009 China (Shandong, Jiangsu, Hebei, Zhejiang, Beijing, Liaoning, Henan, Shanghai, Guangdong,[4] Anhui,[4] Shanxi, Jilin, Sichuan, Heilongjiang, Tianjin, Hubei, Shaanxi, Hunan, Gansu,[4] etc.[5]), North Korea (Pyeongyang[4]), South Korea[5]
- O1a2-M50/M103/M110/F3288 Austronesia, China (Beijing,[4] Macau[4]), Thailand (Tai Lue,[24][16] Yong,[24] Tai Dam from Loei Province,[16] Iu Mien,[25] Isan,[16] Mon,[16] Siamese,[16] Khon Muang[24]), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang[16])
- O1a2a (F3288)
- O1a2a1 (B392, Z38606, Z38607, Z38608, Z38609, Z38610, Z38611)
- O1a2a1a (B393, Z38612)
- O1a2a1 (B392, Z38606, Z38607, Z38608, Z38609, Z38610, Z38611)
- O1a2a (F3288)
- O1a1-B384/Z23193
- O1a1a (M307.1/P203.1, CTS3422, CTS4351, CTS5059, CTS6864, CTS7015, CTS8229, CTS8875, CTS8934, CTS9321, CTS11688, F31, F54, F89, F303, F333, L83)
- O1a1a1 (F446, CTS4588, F560, FGC15381/K620/Z23389, K613/Z23387, K619/Z23388)
- O1a1a1a (F140, CTS611, CTS3089, CTS3265, CTS3269, CTS11270, F157, F343, F424, F518, F571, FGC15382/Z23466, FGC15391/Y14275/Z23470, FGC15383/K625/Z23474, V68.2, Z23457)
- O1a1a1a* Indonesia[4]
- O1a1a1a1 (F78, CTS4478) China (esp. Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang[5])
- O-F23879 Philippines (Igorot from Mountain Province,[4] Negros Occidental[4])
- O-MF14277 China (Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Hubei, etc.[5])
- O1a1a1a1a (F81, CTS4910, CTS5709, FGC15392/Y14265/Z23469) China, Philippines, Vietnam[26] (Pathen from Quang Bình District,[27] Tày from Mường Khương District and Cư Jút District,[27] Dao from Hoàng Su Phì District[27]), Thailand (Pray,[16] Isan,[16] Mon,[16] Central Thai,[16] Northern Thai[16])
- O1a1a1a1a* Guangdong[4]
- O1a1a1a1a1 (CTS2458)
- O1a1a1a1a1a (F533)
- O1a1a1a1a1a1 (F492, CTS2498, CTS2594, CTS4206,CTS5075, CTS11784, F619, K629/Z23478)
- O1a1a1a1a1a1a (F656, Z23481) Hubei, Jiangsu, Hong Kong, Beijing, Xishuangbanna[4]
- O1a1a1a1a1a1b (FGC66168, Z23496, Z23505) Guangdong,[4] Guangxi,[4] Jiangsu[4]
- O1a1a1a1a1a1c (Y31266, Y31267)
- O1a1a1a1a1a1d (A12441, A12442, A12443, Y69066) Henan,[4] Anhui[4]
- O1a1a1a1a1a1e (MF1071, MF1072, MF1073) Jiangsu,[4] Anhui[4]
- O1a1a1a1a1a1e1 (MF1074)
- O1a1a1a1a1a2 (CTS4585, CTS7624, FGC15395/Y14269, FGC15397/Y14272, FGC15398/Y13987, FGC15399/Y13986, FGC15400/Y13989, FGC15401/Y13988, FGC15402/Y13984, FGC15409/Y13985, FGC47328, FGC47336, Y14273) Jiangsu,[4] Beijing[4]
- O1a1a1a1a1a1 (F492, CTS2498, CTS2594, CTS4206,CTS5075, CTS11784, F619, K629/Z23478)
- O1a1a1a1a1a (F533)
- O1a1a1a1a2 (MF1075, MF1076, MF1077, MF1078, MF1079, MF1080, MF1081, MF1082) Jiangsu,[4] Shanghai[4]
- O1a1a1a2 (YP4610/Z39229)
- O1a1a1a2a (AM00330/AMM480/B386, SK1533, Z39230/YP4600, Z39231/YP4601, Z39232/YP4603, Z39233/YP4605, Z39234/YP4607, Z39235/YP4609, Z39236/YP4611, Z39237/YP4612, Z39238/YP4613, Z39239/YP4614, Z39240/YP4615, Z39241/YP4616, Z39242/YP4617, Z39243/YP4618, Z39244/YP4619, Z39245/YP4620, Z39246/YP4621)
- O1a1a1a2b (SK1555)
- O1a1a1b (SK1568/Z23420, CTS8920, Z23430)
- O1a1a1b1 (M101) China[29] (Guizhou[4]), Thailand (Phuan from Central Thailand[16]), Kota Kinabalu[20]
- O1a1a1b2 (Z23392, Z23404, Z23440/SK1572) Vietnam (Colao from Hoàng Su Phì District[27]), Thailand (Phutai from Sakon Nakhon Province,[16] Siamese from Western Thailand and Eastern Thailand,[16] Mon from Northern Thailand[16])
- O1a1a1b2* Ho Chi Minh City[4]
- O1a1a1b2a (Z23442, F26575) Xishuangbanna, Hong Kong, Ho Chi Minh City[4]
- O1a1a1b2a1 (SK1571, Z39268)
- O1a1a1a (F140, CTS611, CTS3089, CTS3265, CTS3269, CTS11270, F157, F343, F424, F518, F571, FGC15382/Z23466, FGC15391/Y14275/Z23470, FGC15383/K625/Z23474, V68.2, Z23457)
- O1a1a2 (CTS8423, CTS2915, F4084) China (Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Hubei, Sichuan, etc.[5])
- O1a1a2a (CTS52, CTS11785, CTS5880) Japan[26]
- O1a1a2a1 (CTS701, K583, CTS4115, CTS6217) Vietnam (Lachi and Dao from Hoàng Su Phì District, Hanhi and Sila from Mường Tè District, Hmong from Điện Biên Phủ, Tay from Bình Liêu District[27]), Thailand (Tai Lue from Northern Thailand,[16] Shan,[16] Suay from Northeast Thailand,[16] Skaw Karen from Mae Hong Son Province,[16] Isan,[16] Phuan from Central Thailand,[16] Black Tai from Loei Province,[16] Mon,[16] Northern Thai[16]), Laos (Lao from Vientiane[16])
- O1a1a2a1a (K644/Z23266, Z23269)
- O1a1a2a1a1 (CTS10805, MF2376, CTS4829)
- O1a1a2a1a2 (Z23274, Z23275, F24990, F25139)
- O-Z23274* Shandong[4]
- O-YP345 (Z7773, Z23304/Z23304.2) Xishuangbanna Dai[4]
- O-Z23338/Y18196 Xishuangbanna Dai[4]
- O1a1a2a1a3 (CTS9421, CTS3144, CTS9476) China (Fujian Han[4]), Taiwan (Yilan[4]), Singapore,[4] Japan[30]
- O1a1a2a1a4 (Y168496, MF167165/Y192368, Y168556, Y168502) China (Jiangsu[4])
- O1a1a2a1b (Y157651)
- O1a1a2a1a (K644/Z23266, Z23269)
- O1a1a2a2 (Y89818, MF16617)
- O1a1a2a1 (CTS701, K583, CTS4115, CTS6217) Vietnam (Lachi and Dao from Hoàng Su Phì District, Hanhi and Sila from Mường Tè District, Hmong from Điện Biên Phủ, Tay from Bình Liêu District[27]), Thailand (Tai Lue from Northern Thailand,[16] Shan,[16] Suay from Northeast Thailand,[16] Skaw Karen from Mae Hong Son Province,[16] Isan,[16] Phuan from Central Thailand,[16] Black Tai from Loei Province,[16] Mon,[16] Northern Thai[16]), Laos (Lao from Vientiane[16])
- O1a1a2b (F2444, F4243, Y137046) China (Guangdong, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Hubei, Zhejiang, Shandong, Jiangxi, etc.[5])
- O1a1a2c-SK1522 China (Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, etc.[5])
- O1a1a2a (CTS52, CTS11785, CTS5880) Japan[26]
- O1a1a1 (F446, CTS4588, F560, FGC15381/K620/Z23389, K613/Z23387, K619/Z23388)
- O1a1b (CTS5726, CTS3085, CTS3400) China (Beijing,[4] Fujian[4]), Thailand (Siamese from Western Thailand[16]), the Philippines (Manila,[26] Agta[28]), Singapore (Malay)[28]
- O1a1a (M307.1/P203.1, CTS3422, CTS4351, CTS5059, CTS6864, CTS7015, CTS8229, CTS8875, CTS8934, CTS9321, CTS11688, F31, F54, F89, F303, F333, L83)
- O1a3-Y144065/F1036 China (esp. Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangsu, and Guangdong[5])
See also
Genetics
Y-DNA O subclades
Proportion of O-M119 in various samples
| Population | Percentage | Count | Source | SNPs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nias | 100.0% | 60 | Karafet 2010 | P203=52 M110=8 |
| Nias | 99.8% | 407 | van Oven 2011 | M119 |
| Taiwanese aborigines | 89.6% | 48 | Karafet 2010 | P203=34 M110=9 |
| Mentawai | 86.5% | 74 | Karafet 2010 | M119(xP203, M110)=42 P203=21 M110=1 |
| Aboriginal Taiwanese | 83.4% | 223 | Tajima 2004 | M119 |
| Taiwan (aborigines) | 78.0% | 41 | Kayser 2008 | M119(xM110)=18 M110=14 |
| Taiwan (aborigines) | 71.8% | 39 | Hurles 2005 | M119(xM50, M101)=15 M50=13 |
| Taiwan (aborigines) | 68.9% | 74 | Underhill 2000 | M119(xM101) |
| Atayal | 62.5% | 24 | Su 1999 | M119(xM50, M110, M103)=13 M50/M110/M103=2 |
| Utsat (Sanya, Hainan) | 61.1% | 72 | Li 2013 | M119=44 |
| Gelao | 60.0% | 30 | M119(xM110)=18 | |
| Gelong (Hainan) | 57.7% | 78 | M119(xM110)=45 | |
| Tagalog (Philippine subgroup) | 46.0% | 50 | Tajima 2004 | M119 |
| Kota Kinabalu | 42.1% | 19 | M119(xM50, M110, M103)=6 M50/M110/M103=2 | |
| Philippines | 41.0% | 39 | Kayser 2006 Kayser 2008 | M119(xM110)=11 M110=5 |
| Mulam (Luocheng) | 40.5% | 42 | P203=13 M110=4 | |
| Hlai (Jiamao) | 40.0% | 50 | Li et al. 2008 | M119=20 |
| Philippines | 35.7% | 28 | Hurles 2005 | M119(xM50, M101)=9 M50=1 |
| Dong | 35% | 20 | Xie 2004 | M119(xM110, M50, M103)=5 M110/M50/M103=2 |
| Hlai (Zwn) | 32.0% | 75 | Li et al. 2008 | M119=24 |
| Sui | 31.5% | 92 | M119(xM110)=29 | |
| Malaysian | 30.8% | 13 | Su 1999 | M110=3 M119(xM110)=1 |
| Dong | 30% | 10 | Su 1999 | M119(xM50, M110, M103)=2 M50/M110/M103=1 |
| Kota Kinabalu | 29.2% | 65 | Hurles 2005 | M119(xM50, M101)=12 M50=6 M101=1 |
| Hlai (Moifau) | 28.8% | 66 | Li et al. 2008 | M119=19 |
| Trobriand Islands | 28.3% | 53 | Kayser 2006 | M119=15 |
| Hlai | 27.3% | 11 | M119(xM110)=3 | |
| Trobriand Islands | 26.9% | 52 | Kayser 2008 | M110=9 M119(xM110)=5 |
| Li (Hlai) | 26.5% | 34 | Xue 2006 | M119 |
| Malay (near Kuala Lumpur) | 25.0% | 12 | Tajima 2004 | M119 |
| Han (East China) | 24.0% | 167 | Yan 2011 | M119 |
| Han Chinese (Taiwan) | 23.1% | 26 | Kayser 2006 | M119=6 |
| Hlai (Ha) | 23.0% | 74 | Li et al. 2008 | M119=17 |
| Banjarmasin | 22.7% | 22 | Hurles 2005 | M119(xM50, M101)=3 M50=2 |
| Java | 22.6% | 53 | Kayser 2008 | M119(xM110)=10 M110=2 |
| Nusa Tenggara | 22.6% | 31 | Kayser 2008 | M119(xM110)=4 M110=3 |
| Batak (Sumatra) | 22.2% | 18 | Su 1999 | M119(xM50, M110, M103)=4 |
| China | 22.2% | 36 | Kayser 2008 | M119(xM110)=8 |
| Balinese | 21.1% | 641 | Karafet 2010 | P203=73 M119(xP203, M110)=57 M110=5 |
| Mandar (Sulawesi) | 20.4% | 54 | Karafet 2010 | M119(xP203, M110)=7 M110=4 |
| Tujia | 20% | - | Su 1999 | - |
| Han (Meixian) | 20.0% | 35 | Xue 2006 | M119 |
| Buka | 20.0% | 10 | Scheinfeldt 2006 | M119 |
| CDX (Dai in Xishuangbanna) | 19.2% | 52 | Poznik 2016 | K644/Z23266=7 F656=2 Z23442=1 |
| Zhuang (Napo County, Guangxi) | 19.0% | 63 | M119=12 | |
| Malay | 18.5% | 27 | M50/M110/M103=4 M119(xM50, M110, M103)=1 | |
| Thin Board Mien | 18.2% | 11 | Cai 2011 | M119(xM110) |
| Majuro (Marshall Islands) | 18.2% | 11 | Hurles 2005 | M50=2 |
| Balinese | 18.1% | 551 | Karafet 2005 | M119=100 |
| Sui | 18.0% | 50 | Xie 2004 | M119(xM110, M50, M103)=9 |
| Zhuang (Guangxi) | 17.9% | 28 | Su 1999 | M119(xM50, M110, M103)=5 |
| Admiralty Islands | 17.7% | 147 | Kayser 2008 | M110=26 |
| Malaysia | 17.6% | 17 | Kayser 2008 | M119(xM110)=3 |
| Sumatra | 17.5% | 57 | Kayser 2006 Kayser 2008 | M119(xM110)=10 |
| Malagasy | 17.1% | 35 | Hurles 2005 | M50 |
| Han (South China) | 16.9% | 65 | Yan 2011 | M119 |
| Qiang | 15.2% | 33 | Xue 2006 | M119 |
| Borneo | 15.0% | 40 | Kayser 2008 | M119(xM110)=5 M110=1 |
| Han Chinese | 15% | - | Tajima 2004 | - |
| Dai (Dehong, Yunnan) | 15.0% | 20 | Yang 2005 | M119=3 |
| Java | 14.8% | 61 | Karafet 2010 | P203=6 M119(xP203, M110)=2 M110=1 |
| She | 14.7% | 34 | Xue 2006 | M119 |
| Han (Chengdu) | 14.7% | 34 | Xue 2006 | M119 |
| Manus | 14.3% | 7 | Scheinfeldt 2006 | M119 |
| Palyu | 13.3% | 30 | Cai 2011 | M119 |
| Batak Toba | 13.2% | 38 | Karafet 2010 | M119(xP203, M110)=4 P203=1 |
| Sumba | 12.6% | 350 | Karafet 2010 | M110=22 M119(xP203, M110)=19 P203=3 |
| Micronesia | 12.5% | 16 | Karafet 2010 | M119(xP203, M110)=2 |
| Guizhou Miao | 12.2% | 49 | Cai 2011 | M119(xM110) |
| Lowland Kimmun | 12.2% | 41 | Cai 2011 | M119(xM110) |
| Thai (Northern Thailand) | 11.8% | 17 | He 2012 | P203(xM101) |
| Tai Yong (Northern Thailand) | 11.5% | 26 | Brunelli 2017 | P203=2 M50=1 |
| Bunu | 11.1% | 36 | Cai 2011 | M119(xM110) |
| Malaysia | 11.1% | 18 | Kayser 2006 | M119=2 |
| Filipinos | 10.4% | 48 | Karafet 2010 | M110=4 P203=1 |
| Zhuang | 10% | - | Hammer 2006 | - |
| Mountain Straggler Mien | 10.0% | 20 | Cai 2011 | M119(xM110) |
| Northeast Thai | 10.0% | 20 | Su 1999 | M119(xM50, M110, M103)=1 M50/M110/M103=1 |
| Vietnam | 10% | 10 | Kayser 2006 | M119=1 |
| Tai Lue (Northern Thailand) | 9.9% | 91 | Brunelli 2017 | P203=6 M50=3 |
| Han (China & Taiwan) | 9.7% | 165 | Karafet 2010 | P203=15 M119(xP203, M110)=1 |
| Flores | 9.6% | 394 | Karafet 2010 | P203=36 M119(xP203, M110)=2 |
| Zhuang (Guangxi) | 9.6% | 166 | Chen 2006 | - |
| Han (Taiwan) | 9.5% | 21 | Tajima 2004 | M119 |
| Han (Yili) | 9.4% | 32 | Xue 2006 | M119 |
| Borneo (Indonesia) | 9.3% | 86 | Karafet 2010 | M110=5 P203=2 M119(xP203, M110)=1 |
| Bougainville | 9.2% | 65 | Scheinfeldt 2006 | M119 |
| Top Board Mien | 9.1% | 11 | Cai 2011 | M119(xM110) |
| Northern Mien | 9.1% | 33 | Cai 2011 | M119(xM110) |
| Northern She | 8.9% | 56 | Cai 2011 | M119(xM110) |
| Thai (Chiang Mai & Khon Kaen) | 8.8% | 34 | Tajima 2004 | M119 |
| Hui | 8.6% | 35 | Xue 2006 | M119 |
| Mosuo (Ninglang, Yunnan) | 8.5% | 47 | Wen 2004 | M119(xM110) |
| Miao (Wenshan, Yunnan) | 8.3% | 48 | Yang 2005 | M119=4 |
| Tonga | 8.3% | 12 | Karafet 2010 | M119(xP203, M110)=1 |
| Tujia (Jishou, Hunan) | 8.2% | 49 | Karafet 2010 | P203=4 |
| Hlai (Gei) | 8.1% | 62 | Li et al. 2008 | M119=5 |
| Hlai/Cun | 8% | - | Li et al. 2008 | - |
| Cambodian | 7.7% | 26 | Su 1999 | M119(xM50, M110, M103)=1 M50/M110/M103=1 |
| Ewenki (China) | 7.7% | 26 | Xue 2006 | M119 |
| Xibe | 7.3% | 41 | Xue 2006 | M119 |
| Dai (Shuangjiang, Yunnan) | 7.1% | 28 | Yang 2005 | M119=2 |
| Hunan Miao | 7.0% | 100 | Cai 2011 | M119(xM110) |
| Tujia | 7% | - | Xie 2004 | - |
| Miao (China) | 6.9% | 58 | Karafet 2010 | P203=4 |
| Bai (Dali, Yunnan) | 6.7% | 30 | Yang 2005 | M119=2 |
| Katu | 6.7% | 45 | Cai 2011 | M119(xM110) |
| Moluccas | 6.7% | 30 | Karafet 2010 | P203=1 M110=1 |
| Han (Lanzhou) | 6.7% | 30 | Xue 2006 | M119 |
| Kinh | 6.7% | 15 | Cai 2011 | M119(xM110) |
| Kinh (Hanoi, Vietnam) | 6.6% | 76 | He 2012 | P203(xM101) |
| Southern Mien | 6.5% | 31 | Cai 2011 | M119(xM110) |
| Yao (Malipo, Yunnan) | 6.4% | 47 | Yang 2005 | M119=3 |
| Malaysia | 6.3% | 32 | Karafet 2010 | M119(xP203, M110)=1 P203=1 |
| Dai (Xinping, Yunnan) | 6.1% | 49 | Yang 2005 | M119=3 |
| Lisu (Nujiang, Yunnan) | 6.1% | 49 | Yang 2005 | M119=3 |
| Yunnan Miao | 6.1% | 49 | Cai 2011 | M119(xM110) |
| Northern Han | 6.1% | 49 | Tajima 2004 | M119 |
| Comorians | 6.0% | 381 | Msaidie 2010 | M50=22 MSY2.2(xM50)=1 |
| Bai (Dali, Yunnan) | 6.0% | 50 | Wen 2004 | M119(xM110) |
| Bai (Eryuan, Yunnan) | 6.0% | 50 | Yang 2005 | M119=3 |
| Moluccas | 5.9% | 34 | Kayser 2006 Kayser 2008 | M119(xM110)=1 M110=1 |
| Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan) | 5.8% | 52 | Wells 2001 | M119 |
| Vietnam | 5.7% | 70 | Karafet 2010 | P203=4 |
| Yao (Liannan, Guangdong) | 5.7% | 35 | Xue 2006 | M119 |
| Fiji | 5.6% | 107 | Kayser 2006 | M119=6 |
| Mon (Northern Thailand) | 5.6% | 18 | Brunelli 2017 | P203=1 |
| Samoa | 5.6% | 18 | Karafet 2010 | P203=1 |
| Thailand | 5.3% | 75 | Trejaut 2014 | P203=2 M119(xP203, M50)=2 |
| Daur | 5.1% | 39 | Xue 2006 | M119 |
| Cham (Binh Thuan, Vietnam) | 5.1% | 59 | He 2012 | M119(xM50) |
| Dungan (Kyrgyzstan) | 5.0% | 40 | Wells 2001 | M119 |
| Shan (Northern Thailand) | 5.0% | 20 | Brunelli 2017 | P203=1 |
| Manchu (Baoshan, Yunnan) | 4.9% | 41 | Yang 2005 | M119=2 |
| Han (NE China) | 4.8% | 42 | Katoh 2005 | M119 |
| Maewo (Vanuatu) | 4.5% | 44 | Karafet 2010 | M119(xP203, M110)=1 M110=1 |
| Bouyei | 4.4% | 45 | Xie 2004 | M119(xM110, M50, M103)=2 |
| Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) | 4.4% | 45 | Yang 2005 | M119=2 |
| Korean | 4.4% | 45 | Wells 2001 | M119 |
| KHV (Kinh in Ho Chi Minh City) | 4.3% | 46 | Poznik 2016 | Z23392(xZ23442)=1 Z23442=1 |
| Han (Yuxi, Yunnan) | 4.3% | 47 | Yang 2005 | M119=2 |
| Western Mien | 4.3% | 47 | Cai 2011 | M119(xM110) |
| Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan) | 4.3% | 47 | Wen 2004 | M119(xM110) |
| Zhuang (Wenshan, Yunnan) | 4.3% | 47 | Yang 2005 | M119=2 |
| Buyi (Luoping, Yunnan) | 4.2% | 48 | Yang 2005 | M119=2 |
| Mongolian | 4.2% | 24 | Wells 2001 | M119 |
| Tai Khün (Northern Thailand) | 4.2% | 24 | Brunelli 2017 | P203=1 |
| Korea | 4.0% | 25 | Kayser 2006 | M119=1 |
| Western Samoa | 4.0% | 25 | Hurles 2005 | M119(xM101, M50)=1 |
| Khon Mueang (Northern Thailand) | 3.9% | 205 | Brunelli 2017 | P203=6 M50=2 |
| Manchu | 3.8% | 52 | Hammer 2006 | M119 |
| Koreans (Daejeon) | 3.8% | 133 | Park 2012 | P203=3 M119(xP203, M110)=2 |
| New Ireland | 3.7% | 109 | Scheinfeldt 2006 | M119 |
| Bo | 3.6% | 28 | Cai 2011 | M119(xM110) |
| Tai Yuan (Thailand) | 3.5% | 85 | Brunelli 2017 | P203=3 |
| Japanese | 3.4% | 263 | Nonaka 2007 | M119(xM101, M50) |
| Lembata | 3.3% | 92 | Karafet 2010 | M119(xP203, M110)=2 P203=1 |
| Korean | 3.2% | 216 | Kim 2007 | M119 |
| Samoa | 3.2% | 62 | Kayser 2006 Kayser 2008 | M119(xM110)=2 |
| Han (North China) | 3.1% | 129 | Yan 2011 | M119(xM110) |
| Papua New Guinea (Highlands) | 3.0% | 33 | Karafet 2010 | P203=1 |
| Manchu (NE China) | 3.0% | 101 | Katoh 2005 | M119 |
| Koreans (Seoul) | 3.0% | 573 | Park 2012 | P203=16 M119(xP203, M110)=1 |
| Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) | 2.9% | 35 | Yang 2005 | M119=1 |
| Manchu | 2.9% | 35 | Xue 2006 | M119 |
| Han (Harbin) | 2.9% | 35 | Xue 2006 | M119 |
| Buyi | 2.9% | 35 | Xue 2006 | M119 |
| Yao (Bama, Guangxi) | 2.9% | 35 | Xue 2006 | M119 |
| West New Britain | 2.8% | 249 | Scheinfeldt 2006 | M119 |
| Koreans | 2.7% | 300 | Park 2012 | M119 |
| Koreans | 2.7% | 75 | Hammer 2006 | M119 |
| Japanese (Kantō) | 2.6% | 117 | Katoh 2005 | M119 |
| Koreans (Seoul) | 2.4% | 85 | Katoh 2005 | M119 |
| Lavongai | 2.3% | 43 | Scheinfeldt 2006 | M119 |
| Koreans (South Korea) | 2.2% | 506 | Kim 2011 | M119 |
| Laven | 2.0% | 50 | Cai 2011 | M119(xM110) |
| Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan) | 2.0% | 50 | Wen 2004 | M119(xM110) |
| Hmong Daw (Laos) | 2.0% | 51 | Cai 2011 | M119(xM110) |
| She | 2.0% | 51 | Karafet 2010 | P203=1 |
| Japanese (Kyushu) | 1.9% | 104 | Tajima 2004 | M119 |
| Vanuatu | 1.9% | 52 | Hurles 2005 | M50=1 |
| Yao (Guangxi) | 1.7% | 60 | Karafet 2010 | P203=1 |
| Uygur | 1.4% | 70 | Xue 2006 | M119 |
| East New Britain | 1.4% | 145 | Scheinfeldt 2006 | M119 |
| Japanese | 1.2% | 2390 | Sato 2014 | M119 |
| Tuvalu | 1.0% | 100 | Kayser 2008 | M110=1 |
| Mongolia (mostly Khalkh) | 0.7% | 149 | Hammer 2006 | M119 |
| Mongols (Mongolia) | 0.6% | 160 | Di Cristofaro 2013 | M119 |
| Lawa (Northern Thailand) | 0.0% | 50 | Brunelli 2017 | M119=0 |
Y-DNA backbone tree
References
Footnotes
- ↑ Monika Karmin, Rodrigo Flores, Lauri Saag, et al. (2022), "Episodes of Diversification and Isolation in Island Southeast Asian and Near Oceanian Male Lineages." Mol. Biol. Evol. 39(3): msac045 doi:10.1093/molbev/msac045
- ↑ Poznik, G David; Xue, Yali; Mendez, Fernando L; Willems, Thomas F; Massaia, Andrea; Wilson Sayres, Melissa A; Ayub, Qasim; McCarthy, Shane A; et al. (June 2016). "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences". Nature Genetics. 48 (6): 593–599. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-002A-F024-C.
- ↑ Phylogenetic Tree of Haplogroup O1-F75 at 23mofang
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 YFull Haplogroup YTree v6.03.19 at 24 July 2018
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Phylogenetic Tree of Haplogroup O1a-M119 at 23mofang
- ↑ https://isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpO.html: "MSY2.2 was removed from tree because not providing reliable results."
- ↑ (Li et al. 2008)
- ↑ Yan, Shi (September 2011). "An updated tree of Y-chromosome Haplogroup O and revised phylogenetic positions of mutations P164 and PK4". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (9): 1013–5. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.64. PMC 3179364. PMID 21505448.
- ↑ HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium, HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium (2009). "Mapping Human Genetic Diversity in Asia". Science. 326 (5959): 1541–1545. Bibcode:2009Sci...326.1541.. doi:10.1126/science.1177074. PMID 20007900. S2CID 34341816.
- ↑ HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium, HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium (2009). "Mapping Human Genetic Diversity in Asia". Science. Science Magazine. 326 (5959): 1541–1545. Bibcode:2009Sci...326.1541.. doi:10.1126/science.1177074. PMID 20007900. S2CID 34341816. Retrieved 11 December 2009.
- ↑ "Major East–West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification across Indonesia". Karafet et al. Archived from the original on 2014-06-08. Retrieved 15 May 2010.
- ↑ Karafet, Tatiana (2010). "Major East–West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification across Indonesia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 27 (8): 1833–1844. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq063. PMID 20207712.
- ↑ Shi Yan, Chuan-Chao Wang, Hui Li, Shi-Lin Li, Li Jin, and The Genographic Consortium, "An updated tree of Y-chromosome Haplogroup O and revised phylogenetic positions of mutations P164 and PK4." European Journal of Human Genetics (2011) 19, 1013–1015; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.64; published online 20 April 2011.
- ↑ https://www.23mofang.com/ancestry/ytree/O-M101/detail
- ↑ https://www.23mofang.com/ancestry/ytree/O-SK1573/detail
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Wibhu Kutanan, Jatupol Kampuansai, Metawee Srikummool, et al. (2019), "Contrasting Paternal and Maternal Genetic Histories of Thai and Lao Populations." Mol. Biol. Evol. Advance Access publication April 12, 2019. doi:10.1093/molbev/msz083
- ↑ Phylogenetic tree of haplogroup O-M119 at TheYtree
- ↑ Msaidie, Said; Ducourneau, Axel; Boetsch, Gilles; Longepied, Guy; Papa, Kassim; Allibert, Claude; Yahaya, Ali Ahmed; Chiaroni, Jacques; Mitchell, Michael J (January 2011). "Genetic diversity on the Comoros Islands shows early seafaring as major determinant of human biocultural evolution in the Western Indian Ocean". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (1): 89–94. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.128. PMC 3039498. PMID 20700146.
- ↑ Swapan Mallick, Heng Li, Mark Lipson, et al., "The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 genomes from 142 diverse populations." Nature 538, 201–206 (13 October 2016) doi:10.1038/nature18964
- 1 2 Hurles, Matthew E.; Sykes, Bryan C.; Jobling, Mark A.; Forster, Peter (2005). "The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages". American Journal of Human Genetics. 76 (5): 894–901. doi:10.1086/430051. PMC 1199379. PMID 15793703.
- ↑ Manfred Kayser, Ying Choi, Mannis van Oven, Stefano Mona, Silke Brauer, Ronald J. Trent, Dagwin Suarkia, Wulf Schiefenhövel, and Mark Stoneking (2008), "The Impact of the Austronesian Expansion: Evidence from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Diversity in the Admiralty Islands of Melanesia." Mol. Biol. Evol. 25(7):1362–1374. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn078
- ↑ Karafet et al. 2010.
- ↑ Frederick Delfin, Sean Myles, Ying Choi, David Hughes, Robert Illek, Mannis van Oven, Brigitte Pakendorf, Manfred Kayser, and Mark Stoneking, "Bridging Near and Remote Oceania: mtDNA and NRY Variation in the Solomon Islands." Molecular Biology and Evolution 29(2):545–564. 2012 doi:10.1093/molbev/msr186.
- 1 2 3 Brunelli, Andrea; Kampuansai, Jatupol; Seielstad, Mark; Lomthaisong, Khemika; Kangwanpong, Daoroong; Ghirotto, Silvia; Kutanan, Wibhu (24 July 2017). "Y chromosomal evidence on the origin of northern Thai people". PLOS ONE. 12 (7): e0181935. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181935. PMC 5524406. PMID 28742125.
- ↑ Wibhu Kutanan, Rasmi Shoocongdej, Metawee Srikummool, et al. (2020), "Cultural variation impacts paternal and maternal genetic lineages of the Hmong-Mien and Sino-Tibetan groups from Thailand." European Journal of Human Genetics https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-020-0693-x
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 O Y-Haplogroup Project at Family Tree DNA
- 1 2 3 4 5 Enrico Macholdt, Leonardo Arias, Nguyen Thuy Duong, et al., "The paternal and maternal genetic history of Vietnamese populations." European Journal of Human Genetics (2020) 28:636–645. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-019-0557-4
- 1 2 3 4 5 Monika Karmin, Lauri Saag, Mário Vicente, et al., "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture." Genome Research (2015) 25: 459-466. doi: 10.1101/gr.186684.114
- ↑ Underhill, PA; Shen, P; Lin, AA; Jin, L; Passarino, G; Yang, WH; Kauffman, E; Bonné-Tamir, B; Bertranpetit, J (2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations". Nature Genetics. 26 (3): 358–61. doi:10.1038/81685. PMID 11062480. S2CID 12893406.
- ↑ Y-DNA Haplotree at FamilyTreeDNA
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Websites
- ISOGG (2010). "Y-DNA Haplogroup O and its Subclades. 2010". International Society of Genetic Genealogy. Retrieved 15 May 2010.
Sources for conversion tables
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