The Haida are one of the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America. Their national territories lie along the west coast of Canada and include parts of south east Alaska. Haida mythology is an indigenous religion that can be described as a nature religion, drawing on the natural world, seasonal patterns, events and objects for questions that the Haida pantheon provides explanations for. Haida mythology is also considered animistic for the breadth of the Haida pantheon in imbuing daily events with Sǥā'na qeda's.

There are innumerable Haida supernatural beings, or Sǥā'na qeda's, including prominent animal crests, wind directions, and legendary ancestors.[1] John R. Swanton, while documenting Haida beliefs as part of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition recorded that the highest being in all Haida mythology and the one who gave power to the Sǥā'na qeda's was Sîns sǥā'naǥwa-i, translated as 'Power-of-the-Shining-Heavens'. Some have the ability to transform between animal and human forms while others do not. In the art creatures can sometimes be found with anthropomorphic features, especially human faces, inside or as part of their bodies denoting this transformative ability.

Raven

Bill Reid's sculpture The Raven and the First Men, showing Raven releasing humans from a cockle shell. Museum of Anthropology at the University of British Columbia.

Within Haida mythology, Raven is a central character, as he is for many of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas; see Raven Tales. While frequently described as a "trickster", Haidas believe Raven, or Yáahl[2] to be a complex reflection of one's own self. Raven can be a magician, a transformer, a potent creative force, ravenous debaucher but always a cultural hero. He is responsible for creating Haida Gwaii, releasing the sun from its tiny box and making the stars and the moon.[3][4] In one story he released the first humans from a cockle shell on the beach; in another story, he brought the first humans up out of the ground because he needed to fill up a party he was throwing. Raven stories on one level teach listeners how to live a good life, but usually by counterexample. Raven has been described as the greediest, most lecherous and mischievous creature known to the Haida, but at the same time Raven often helps humans in our encounters with other supernatural beings. Raven acquired such things as freshwater, salmon and the house for humans. Robert Bringhurst has noted that Raven never actually creates anything; he made the world by stealing, exchanging, redistributing, and generally moving things around.

Other figures

Ta'xet and Tia are death gods among the Haida. Ta'xet rules violent death, while Tia rules peaceful death. Dzalarhons, a woman associated with frogs and volcanoes, and her husband, Kaiti (bear god), arrived at the homeland of the Haida from the Pacific Ocean along with six canoes full of people. Gyhldeptis is a kindly forest goddess. Lagua is an invisible spirit who helped the Haida discover the uses of iron. Shamans could speak with Lagua's voice by clenching their teeth.

Some of the mythology has been collected by poet Anne Cameron, who created interpretations for adults and children. Epic versions of the mythology by 19th century Haida storyteller-poets Skaay and Ghandl have been translated by Robert Bringhurst, whose Story as Sharp as a Knife, a collection of their works, won the Governor General's Award. His translations, though, are controversial in Haida circles and some have charged him with cultural appropriation.

Contemporary artwork

Robert Davidson has incorporated Xe-ū', Southeast Wind, in a variety of media including a 2002 serigraph print,[5] as the solitary being in a 2010 totem pole,[6] and as the main being on a 2015 cedar panel.[7] As recently as 2019 Davidson released a serigraph print titled Supernatural Beings showing five unnamed Sǥā'na qeda's inscribed within a Chilkat robe.[8]

In 2019, Terri-Lynn Williams-Davidson, alongside her stepdaughter Sara Florence Davidson, published a children's book titled Magical Beings of Haida Gwaii, which features ten supernatural beings of ancient Haida storytelling and presents them in a visual medium. The book engages children and teaches them empowering and meaningful examples of living in balance with nature.[9][10]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Swanton, John R. (1905). Contributions to the Ethnology of the Haida. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 13–22.
  2. ↑ Lawrence, Erma (1974). "Yáahl (Xaadas Gyaahláang)". Society for the Preservation of Haida Language and Literature.
  3. ↑ "How Raven brought Light to the World". www.firstpeople.us.
  4. ↑ "History - Creation Story". The Kids' site of Canadian Settlement. Archived from the original on 20 February 2009.
  5. ↑ Davidson, Robert. "serigraphs". www.robertdavidson.ca.
  6. ↑ Davidson, Robert. "Totem Poles". www.robertdavidson.ca. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  7. ↑ "Panels of the Northwest Coast". Douglas Reynolds Gallery. 8 September 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  8. ↑ "Supernatural Beings". Coastal Peoples. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  9. ↑ Williams-Davidson, Terri-Lynn. "Magical Beings of Haida Gwaii". Retrieved March 16, 2020.
  10. ↑ "B.C.: 15 bestselling books for the week of March 21". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
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