ꦲ

ha
Aksara nglegena
Aksara pasangan
Javanese script
Latin orthography	ha, a
Phoneme	[h], [ɔ], [a]
Unicode	A9B2

ꦲ (ha), is a syllable in the Javanese script which represent the sound /ɦɔ/ or /ɦa/. The letter can also represent a null consonant, in which it would be pronounced as /ɔ/ or /a/. It is commonly transliterated to Latin as "ha" or "a" and sometimes as "ho" and "o".

Pasangan

The letter's pasangan (◌꧀ꦲ) is one of six which are located on the right hand side of previous syllable, making it possible to stack two pasangans without the use of pangkon.

Extended form

ꦲ doesn't have a murda form.

Final consonant

ꦲ has a syllable-final form called wignyan (ꦃ) which replaces ha-pangkon combination. For example: "gajah" (elephant) is written as ꦒꦗꦃ, not ꦒꦗꦲ꧀

Glyphs

Orthography

There are several rules regarding the writing of ꦲ, whether pronounced as "ha" or "a".

1. ꦲ in front of a word is always transliterated as "a", except for foreign loan words. The same rule applies when sandhangan swara (vowel diacritics) is used.
   • Read as "a": ꦲꦏꦸ - aku (me), ꦲꦺꦴꦫ - ora (not), ꦲꦶꦭꦁ - ilang (lost)
   • Read as "ha": ꦲꦗꦶ - haji (hajj), ꦲꦺꦴꦠꦺꦭ꧀ - hotèl, ꦲꦶꦏ꧀ꦩꦠ꧀ - hikmat (wisdom)

   (Whether a word is considered a native Javanese or not will depend on the dictionary definition.)

2. ꦲ in the middle of a word is almost always transliterated as "ha".
   • ꦠꦲꦸ - tahu (tofu), not tau
   • ꦫꦲꦪꦸ - ra-hayu (blessed), not rah-ayu (from rootword ꦲꦪꦸ ayu (beauty))

   With the exception

   • Certain words such as ꦩꦲꦺꦴꦱ꧀ - maos (reading) or ꦏꦺꦴꦱ꧀ - kaos (shirt)
   • Words that end with "a" and has suffix -a, such as ꦲꦤꦲ - ana-a (let there be)
   • Reduplicated word, where ꦲ in the beginning of the second word always transliterated as "a"
3. In root word that ends with /h/ sound (in this sense, using wignyan) and has suffix (-i, -an, etc.), ꦲ (as in "ha") is added before the suffix.
   • ꦥꦤꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦃꦲꦤ꧀ - panembah-han (to address a royalty), from the rootword ꦤꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦃ - nembah (to bow, to respect)
4. Rootwords that ends with vowel sound and has suffix -ake, its suffix is written as ꦏ꧀ꦲꦏꦺ
   • ꦏꦠꦩ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦏ꧀ꦲꦏꦺ - katamtokaké (have been chosen), not katamtokhaké, from the rootword ꦠꦩ꧀ꦠꦸ - tamtu - (certain)
5. ꦲ are added in front of rootwords with prefix ng-, ny-, m-, and n-, although this is not mandatory.
   • ꦲꦔꦤ꧀ꦢꦶꦏ - ngandika (said), not hangandika nor angandika
6. Rootword that starts with ꦲ if added prefix pi- or pri-, the syllable ꦲ became ꦪ (ya)
   • ꦥꦶꦪꦒꦼꦩ꧀ - piyagem, from root word ꦲꦒꦼꦩ꧀ - agem.

Unicode block

Javanese script was added to the Unicode Standard in October, 2009 with the release of version 5.2.

References