HDAC6
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesHDAC6, CPBHM, HD6, PPP1R90, JM21, histone deacetylase 6
External IDsOMIM: 300272 MGI: 1333752 HomoloGene: 31353 GeneCards: HDAC6
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

10013

15185

Ensembl

ENSG00000094631

ENSMUSG00000031161

UniProt

Q9UBN7

Q9Z2V5

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001130416
NM_010413

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001123888
NP_034543

Location (UCSC)Chr X: 48.8 – 48.82 MbChr X: 7.8 – 7.81 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Histone deacetylase 6 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HDAC6 gene.[5][6] HDAC6 has emerged as a highly promising candidate to selectively inhibit as a therapeutic strategy to combat several types of cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.[7]

Function

Histones play a critical role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression, and developmental events. Histone acetylation/deacetylation alters chromatin structure and affects transcription. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to class II of the histone deacetylase/acuc/apha family. It contains an internal duplication of two catalytic domains that appear to function independently of each other. This protein possesses histone deacetylase activity and represses transcription.[8]

It retracts the cilium of the cell, which is necessary prior to mitosis. [9]

HDAC encourages cell motility and catalyzes α-tubulin deacetylation.[10] As a result the enzyme encourages cancer cell metastasis.[11]

HDAC6 affects transcription and translation by regulating heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90).

HDAC6 is required in the formation of stress granule (SG) proteins and is instrumental in SG formation; pharmacological inhibition or genetic removal of HDAC6 abolished SG formation.[11]

HDAC6 bonds with high affinity to ubiquitinated proteins.[12]

HDAC6 is involved in leptin sensitivity.[13]

HDAC6 deacetylates tyrosine residue T178 on TAK1.[14]

Clinical relevance

Mutations in this gene have been associated to Alzheimer's disease.[15]

Over expression of this protein correlates with tumorigenesis and cell survival. HDAC6 also encourages metastasis of cancer cells.[11]

Since HDAC6 is dysregulated and/or implicated in several cancers and neurodegenerative disorders, pharmacological inhibition of this specific enzyme holds great therapeutic potential and could also limit side effects associated with pan-inhibitors of multiple HDAC enzymes.[7] Selective inhibition of HDAC6 as a strategy to treat cancers is however also subject of debate, since some HDAC6 inhibitors exhibited anti-tumor activity in vitro and in vivo only when administered in high concentrations, which also produced off-target effects. The findings suggest that further study is needed to clarify data on anti-cancer effects of selective HDAC6 inhibitors.[16]

Interactions

HDAC6 has been shown to interact with HDAC11[17] and Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 16.[18]

HDAC6 interacts with SG (Stress granule) protein G3BP1.[12]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000094631 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000031161 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ↑ Grozinger CM, Hassig CA, Schreiber SL (April 1999). "Three proteins define a class of human histone deacetylases related to yeast Hda1p". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 96 (9): 4868–4873. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96.4868G. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.9.4868. PMC 21783. PMID 10220385.
  6. ↑ Nagase T, Ishikawa K, Suyama M, Kikuno R, Hirosawa M, Miyajima N, et al. (December 1998). "Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XII. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro". DNA Research. 5 (6): 355–364. doi:10.1093/dnares/5.6.355. PMID 10048485.
  7. 1 2 Geurs S, Clarisse D, Baele F, Franceus J, Desmet T, De Bosscher K, D'hooghe M (May 2022). "Identification of mercaptoacetamide-based HDAC6 inhibitors via a lean inhibitor strategy: screening, synthesis, and biological evaluation". Chemical Communications. 58 (42): 6239–6242. doi:10.1039/D2CC01550A. PMID 35510683. S2CID 248527466.
  8. ↑ "Entrez Gene: HDAC6 histone deacetylase 6".
  9. ↑ Krishnamurthy K, Wang G, Silva J, Condie BG, Bieberich E (February 2007). "Ceramide regulates atypical PKCzeta/lambda-mediated cell polarity in primitive ectoderm cells. A novel function of sphingolipids in morphogenesis". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282 (5): 3379–3390. doi:10.1074/jbc.M607779200. PMID 17105725.*Lay summary in: "Lipid helps cells find their way by keeping their 'antennae' up". phys.org/news. July 9, 2012.
  10. ↑ Gao YS, Hubbert CC, Lu J, Lee YS, Lee JY, Yao TP (December 2007). "Histone deacetylase 6 regulates growth factor-induced actin remodeling and endocytosis". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 27 (24): 8637–8647. doi:10.1128/MCB.00393-07. PMC 2169396. PMID 17938201.
  11. 1 2 3 Aldana-Masangkay GI, Sakamoto KM (2011). "The role of HDAC6 in cancer". Journal of Biomedicine & Biotechnology. 2011: 875824. doi:10.1155/2011/875824. PMC 2975074. PMID 21076528.
  12. 1 2 Kwon S, Zhang Y, Matthias P (December 2007). "The deacetylase HDAC6 is a novel critical component of stress granules involved in the stress response". Genes & Development. 21 (24): 3381–3394. doi:10.1101/gad.461107. PMC 2113037. PMID 18079183.
  13. ↑ Lavars N (2022-01-18). "Targeting an enzyme in fat cells drives rapid weight loss in obese mice". New Atlas. Retrieved 2022-01-18.
  14. ↑ Xu G, Niu L, Wang Y, Yang G, Zhu X, Yao Y, et al. (October 2022). "HDAC6-dependent deacetylation of TAK1 enhances sIL-6R release to promote macrophage M2 polarization in colon cancer". Cell Death & Disease. 13 (10): 888. doi:10.1038/s41419-022-05335-1. PMC 9587286. PMID 36270986.
  15. ↑ Cook C, Gendron TF, Scheffel K, Carlomagno Y, Dunmore J, DeTure M, Petrucelli L (July 2012). "Loss of HDAC6, a novel CHIP substrate, alleviates abnormal tau accumulation". Human Molecular Genetics. 21 (13): 2936–2945. doi:10.1093/hmg/dds125. PMC 3373241. PMID 22492994.
  16. ↑ Depetter Y, Geurs S, De Vreese R, Goethals S, Vandoorn E, Laevens A, et al. (August 2019). "Selective pharmacological inhibitors of HDAC6 reveal biochemical activity but functional tolerance in cancer models". International Journal of Cancer. 145 (3): 735–747. doi:10.1002/ijc.32169. PMID 30694564.
  17. ↑ Gao L, Cueto MA, Asselbergs F, Atadja P (July 2002). "Cloning and functional characterization of HDAC11, a novel member of the human histone deacetylase family". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (28): 25748–25755. doi:10.1074/jbc.M111871200. PMID 11948178.
  18. ↑ Chauchereau A, Mathieu M, de Saintignon J, Ferreira R, Pritchard LL, Mishal Z, et al. (November 2004). "HDAC4 mediates transcriptional repression by the acute promyelocytic leukaemia-associated protein PLZF". Oncogene. 23 (54): 8777–8784. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1208128. PMID 15467736.

Further reading

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