Gran Turismo
Genre(s)Sim racing[1][2]
Developer(s)Polyphony Digital
Publisher(s)Sony Interactive Entertainment
Creator(s)Kazunori Yamauchi
Platform(s)
First releaseGran Turismo
December 23, 1997
Latest releaseGran Turismo 7
March 4, 2022

Gran Turismo[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 2] (GT) is a series of racing simulation video games developed by Polyphony Digital. Released on PlayStation systems, Gran Turismo games are intended to emulate the appearance and performance of a large selection of vehicles, most of which are licensed reproductions of real-world automobiles. Since the franchise's debut in 1997, over 90 million units have been sold worldwide, making it the best selling video game franchise under the PlayStation brand.[3][4][5] An adapted film based on the series and Jann Mardenborough's career was released in August 2023 and directed by Neill Blomkamp.

Overview

Gameplay from the first Gran Turismo featuring a Mitsubishi FTO GPX on the fictional Trial Mountain Circuit.

The Gran Turismo series is developed by Polyphony Digital and produced by Kazunori Yamauchi. Gran Turismo can trace back its origins to 1992, when Kazunori Yamauchi set out with a group of seven to develop the original Gran Turismo, which took five years to complete.[6][7]

The appeal of the Gran Turismo series is due significantly to its graphics, a large number of licensed vehicles, attention to vehicle detail, accurate driving physics emulation, and the ability to tune performance, hence the subtitle "The Real Driving Simulator", incorporated to the franchise's iconography since Gran Turismo 4. Handling of the vehicles is modeled on real-life driving impressions, tuning is based on principles of physics, and the sound of the vehicle's engine is based on recordings of the actual vehicles. The game has been a flagship for the PlayStation console's graphics capabilities, and is often used to demonstrate the system's potential.

Although Gran Turismo has an arcade mode, most gameplay derives from its simulation mode. Players start with a certain number of credits, usually 10,000, which are used to purchase vehicles from several manufacturer-specific shops, or (more likely at the beginning) from used car dealers, and then tune their car at the appropriate parts store for best performance. Certain events are open only to particular types of vehicles. In order to enter and progress through more difficult races, a license-testing system has been implemented, which guides players through skill development. Players may apply prize money won in events to upgrade their existing car or buy a new one, collecting a garage of vehicles.

Since Gran Turismo 5 Prologue launched on the PS3, an online aspect of the gameplay has started to evolve. GT5 Prologue has enabled users to race online with up to 16 players on track at once. Gran Turismo 4 for the PS2 was actually the first online-enabled Gran Turismo game but the online aspect of the game did not make it past beta stage.

According to Yamauchi, the cars in the first two games were made from 300 polygons,[8] while those in Gran Turismo 3 and 4 were made up of 4,000 polygons,[9] and the "premium cars" in Gran Turismo 5 were made up of 500,000 ("standard cars" are slightly more detailed versions of those in Gran Turismo 4).[10]

With the release of Gran Turismo Sport, it became the first game mainly focusing on online-only racing, whereas offline is limited. However, Gran Turismo Sport provided post-release content at no charge, including cars and tracks, along with offline events, as well as bug fixes.

The most recent game in the series, Gran Turismo 7, was revealed at the 2020 PS5 Future of Gaming event on June 11, 2020.[11] The title was developed for PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 5,[12][13] with a release date of March 4, 2022. Gran Turismo 7 is the first title of the franchise to release on multiple consoles.

Games

Game history

The Gran Turismo series is represented by eight primary releases, two for the PlayStation, two for the PlayStation 2, two for the PlayStation 3, and two for the PlayStation 4, one of which is also on the PlayStation 5. The series is also represented by a title for the PlayStation Portable and many other secondary releases on the PS2 and PS3.

Releases

Release timeline
1997Gran Turismo
1998
1999Gran Turismo 2
2000
2001Gran Turismo 3: A-Spec
2002Gran Turismo Concept
2003Gran Turismo 4 Prologue
2004Gran Turismo 4
2005
2006Gran Turismo HD Concept
2007Gran Turismo 5 Prologue
2008
2009Gran Turismo (PSP)
2010Gran Turismo 5
2011
2012
2013Gran Turismo 6
2014
2015
2016
2017Gran Turismo Sport
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022Gran Turismo 7

Primary releases

Title Year released Platform Cars Tracks Sales[14][15]
Gran Turismo 1997 PlayStation 140 11 10,850,000
Gran Turismo 2 1999 650 27 9,370,000
Gran Turismo 3: A-Spec 2001 PlayStation 2 181 34 14,890,000
Gran Turismo 4 2004 721 51 11,760,000
Gran Turismo 5 2010 PlayStation 3 1,0741 813 11,950,000
Gran Turismo 6 2013 1,2472 1003 5,220,000
Gran Turismo Sport 2017 PlayStation 4 3384 845 12,977,000
Gran Turismo 7 2022 PlayStation 4
PlayStation 5		 420+ 90+ –
Notes:
1. 275 Premium and 850 Standard cars.
2. 388 Premium and 838 Standard cars.
3. Track editor included
4. As of July 2021[16]
5. As of December 2019[17]

Secondary releases

Title Year released Platform Cars Tracks Sales[14][18]
Gran Turismo Concept: 2001 Tokyo 2002 PlayStation 2 51 440,000
Gran Turismo Concept: 2002 Tokyo-Seoul 2002 90,000
Gran Turismo Concept: 2002 Tokyo-Geneva 2002 100 5 1,030,000
Gran Turismo 4 Prologue 2003 50 5 1,400,000
Gran Turismo 4 Online (test version) 2006 —
Gran Turismo HD Concept 2006 PlayStation 3 10 1 —
Gran Turismo 5 Prologue 2007 70 6 5,350,000
Gran Turismo 2009 PlayStation Portable 833 75 4,670,000

Other releases

Title Release date
Gran Turismo (demo version) Late 1998
During Christmas 1998, a special promotional demo of Gran Turismo was included with the PlayStation console. The demo was limited to an Arcade Mode race at Clubman Stage Route 5 with three cars (Subaru Impreza WRX, Honda NSX, and Chevrolet Corvette), with the race limited to ninety seconds (1 minute 30 seconds). Other demos existed in other regions with different restrictions.
Gran Turismo 2000 —
Gran Turismo 2000 was a demo on display at E3 2000/2001 promoting the Gran Turismo franchise as well as the capabilities of the PlayStation 2. Due to a delay in the release date, the name of the final version of the game was changed to Gran Turismo 3: A-Spec.[19] A demo version of the game was given out for the visitors of PlayStation Festival 2000, allowing the players to drive a Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution V in Seattle Circuit for two minutes.
Gran Turismo 4 – Toyota Prius demo disc Mid 2004[20]
In the summer of 2004, Toyota sent a demo disc of GT4 along with a marketing brochure for its 2004 Prius hybrid car by way of customer request from their website.[21] The demo was also given out at a presentation of the Toyota MTRC at the New York International Auto Show. The demo disc featured only two cars, namely the Prius and the Toyota MTRC concept car. Two tracks were included, Fuji Speedway ('90s version) and Grand Canyon rally track, but each was limited to two minutes of play time. Toyota stopped offering the demo discs when the requests for the marketing brochure became disproportional to the real interest in their cars. The disc became a collectible item for Prius owners and is still sometimes available via auction at eBay. The game ran on a modified GT4P engine.
Gran Turismo 4 – BMW 1-Series demo disc
Features two models of the BMW 1 Series (120i and 120d), and three Gran Turismo 4 tracks – including the Nürburgring (driving around this circuit was limited to three minutes). BMW customers in the United Kingdom who ordered a 1-series before its official release date were invited to a private event at the Rockingham Motor Speedway in Northamptonshire. On departure from the event, all guests were given a pack containing the demo disc. The game ran on a modified pre-release GT4 engine.
Gran Turismo 4 – Nissan Micra Edition demo disc
With the release of the Nissan Micra Roma, Nissan distributed a press kit for each concessionaire in several countries in Europe to promote the car. This press kit included several photographs, a press information booklet and three discs. One of the discs included in this kit is an official Gran Turismo demo named Nissan Micra Edition.
Gran Turismo – Nissan 350Z Edition demo disc
Similar to the Nissan Micra Edition, this CD also comes in one of the many press kits available for the Nissan 350Z in the United States. There is no confirmation that a European version exists. The press kit containing the game demo comes with two other discs inside a silver folder. An additional booklet with information and pictures of the Nissan 350Z is also included. The game ran on a modified Gran Turismo Concept engine and races are limited on 150 seconds. Only Côte d'Azur, not available in Gran Turismo Concept but available in Gran Turismo 3: A-Spec, was the available course.
Gran Turismo Academy Time Trial demo December 17, 2009[22]
Featured the Indianapolis GP Circuit for the first time in the franchise's history and also included a tuned and stock Nissan 370Z. The object of the Time Trial was as the first stage of the 2010 GT Academy to find two of the best Gran Turismo drivers to end up competing in a real racing car in a real racing series. The demo showed off a new physics model and some graphical improvements to GT5 Prologue but was also criticised. Its primary objective was as the first stage of the 2010 GT Academy and not as a demonstration of the upcoming Gran Turismo 5.
Tourist Trophy January 26, 2006
Tourist Trophy is a motorcycle racing game. It was designed by Polyphony Digital. It was largely created off of the Gran Turismo 4 game engine. Tourist Trophy is one of only four titles for the PlayStation 2 that is capable of 1080i output, the others being Gran Turismo 4, Valkyrie Profile 2: Silmeria, and Jackass: The Game. Polyphony Digital reused the physics engine, graphical user interface and all but one of the circuits found in Gran Turismo 4. However, the number of AI racers (computer-controlled opponents) has been reduced from five in the Gran Turismo series to only three. Tourist Trophy also uses the License School feature that was popularized by the Gran Turismo series, as well as the Photo Mode introduced in Gran Turismo 4. The B-spec mode, which appeared in Gran Turismo 4, was removed from Tourist Trophy.
Gran Turismo for Boys Unreleased
A youth-focused Gran Turismo was announced in November 2004[23] with a scheduled release date of 2005,[24] though the game was not released at that time. In September 2006, Kazunori Yamauchi confirmed the game was still in development.[25] In April 2008, while discussing plans for Gran Turismo 5, Kazunori Yamauchi was quoted as saying, "we're hoping to make Gran Turismo for Boys a feature within GT5."[26] In a 2013 interview with GTPlanet, Kazunori Yamauchi said that the PSP video game Gran Turismo was a rendition of the Gran Turismo for Boys idea and there was no need for a separate game.[27]
Official Gran Turismo kit with GT Force and Racing Cockpit

Official simulator kits

Polyphony Digital has collaborated with peripherals manufacturer Logitech and auto parts maker Sparco to design official driving simulator kits for the Gran Turismo franchise. The most recent product designation is Driving Force GT. Two other racing wheels are compatible with Gran Turismo.

Official model car kits

In 2009, radio-control model car company HPI Racing released an official RC car tie-in: the HPI E10 RTR Ford GT LM Race Car Spec II designed by Gran Turismo (200mm), a pre-built officially licensed radio-control car kit built to look exactly like the cover car for Gran Turismo 4 . Plans for future releases include releasing more kits to replicate other Gran Turismo cover cars.

Gran Turismo cafe

In 2009, a cafe opened at the Twin Ring Motegi racetrack.[28][29]

Street namings

In acknowledgment of the Mount Panorama Circuit's inclusion in Gran Turismo 6, the City of Bathurst in Australia unveiled a new street called Gran Turismo Drive in December 2013. Mayor of Bathurst, Gary Rush said "Driving a lap of our world famous motor racing circuit is a life changing experience for those who have the chance, and the Bathurst Regional Council is very excited about opening up the Mount Panorama experience through the launch of Gran Turismo 6."[30]

Also in 2013, series creator Kazunori Yamauchi had a street named in honor of him in the city of Ronda, Spain. Named Paseo de Kazunori Yamauchi, the street snakes around the Parador de Ronda. According to Ronda's city mayor Maria de la Paz Fernandez Lobato, "There is no doubt that his work has a huge cultural resonance with people today. He has driven the racing game genre to new levels of realism and his creations are as much art as technology. Ronda’s association with Gran Turismo is also a reflection that our ancient city is a modern, vibrant place to live and very much part of the 21st century.”[31]

Sponsorships and partnerships with the car industry

The series has been involved in sponsoring various sporting events and teams, including Super GT, Super Formula, the Pikes Peak International Hill Climb as of November 2014,[32] D1GP since the 2008 season, the 2004 Race of Champions, the first chicane on the Mulsanne Straight at Circuit de la Sarthe until 2012, and racing teams/drivers such as Prost Grand Prix, Pescarolo Sport, Audi/Oreca, Peugeot, Abt Sportsline, Signatech-Nissan, Audi A4 DTM, Vita4One-BMW Z4, Aston Martin Rapide S, Igor Fraga, Lewis Hamilton, and Sébastien Loeb.

The Lamborghini Lambo V12 Vision Gran Turismo at the Museo Lamborghini.

Gran Turismo has partnerships with Japan Race Promotion, Brembo, Michelin, Mazda, Toyota Gazoo Racing, BBS, and Fanatec.[33][34][35]

The series has worked with Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Mitsubishi, Volkswagen, Nissan, Chaparral, Subaru, Mazda, Infiniti, Alpine, Dodge, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Ferrari, and various other car manufactures to come up with cars for the future with the Vision Gran Turismo project.[36]

Participating manufacturers in the Gran Turismo World Series are Alfa Romeo, AMG, Aston Martin, Audi, BMW, Chevrolet, Citroën, Dodge, Ferrari, Ford, Genesis, Honda, Hyundai, Jaguar, Lamborghini, Lexus, Mazda, McLaren, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Peugeot, Porsche, Renault, Subaru, Suzuki, Toyota, and Volkswagen.[37]

Competitions

GT Academy

2011 GT Academy winner Jann Mardenborough joins competitors at the UK National Final in 2013.

The GT Academy was a driver discovery/development program initiated through a partnership between Sony Computer Entertainment Europe, Polyphony Digital, and Nissan Europe. The program lasted from 2008 to 2016.

Online qualifiers were held within Gran Turismo, with the top qualifiers being invited to National Finals in each participating country. The top winners of each country were sent to a Race Camp held at Silverstone, UK for the final selection. The winners were to undergo an intensive Driver Development Program designed by Nissan with the intention to train and license them into a professional driver, competing in races worldwide. The four winning drivers were to join the Nismo Global Driver Exchange and go on to race in the following years' Dubai 24 Hour. Winners of the Gran Turismo Academy include Lucas Ordóñez, Jordan Tresson and Jann Mardenborough, who have all gone on to compete in professional real-life racing. Some of these winners, who would normally be seen as "non-professionals", have received praise relating to how they are as skilled as drivers with years of experience. Based on this merit, four GT Academy drivers have been barred entry to the British GT (specifically the 'gentleman driver' section of the competition).[38]

Gran Turismo World Series

The Gran Turismo World Series is a series of Gran Turismo tournaments held around the world since 2018.

Olympic Virtual Series

In 2021, the FIA and the International Olympic Committee collaborated and hosted the Olympic Virtual Series, in which Gran Turismo Sport was used as one of the games used to host the motorsport event. The motorsport virtual series was an online time trial competition, in which entry is open to all players of Gran Turismo Sport's Sport Mode.[39]

In 2023, it was announced that Gran Turismo would be a part of the Olympics Esports Series 2023 as the motorsport event.[40] Gran Turismo 7 was used for the inaugural Olympic Esports Week motorsport event in Singapore, held from 22 June to 25 June, and the final was won by France's Kylian Drumont.[41]

Reception

Aggregate review scores
Game Metacritic
Gran Turismo (1997) (PS1) 96/100[42]
Gran Turismo 2 (PS1) 93/100[43]
Gran Turismo 3: A-Spec (PS2) 95/100[44]
Gran Turismo Concept: 2001 Tokyo (PS2) 77%[45][lower-alpha 3]
Gran Turismo Concept: 2002 Tokyo-Geneva (PS2) 75%[46][lower-alpha 3]
Gran Turismo 4 Prologue (PS2) 68%[47][lower-alpha 3]
Gran Turismo 4 (PS2) 89/100[48]
Gran Turismo HD Concept (PS3) 82/100[49]
Gran Turismo 5 Prologue (PS3) 80/100[50]
Gran Turismo (2009) (PSP) 74/100[51]
Gran Turismo 5 (PS3) 84/100[52]
Gran Turismo 6 (PS3) 81/100[53]
Gran Turismo Sport (PS4) 75/100[54]
Gran Turismo 7 (PS4) 82/100[55]
(PS5) 87/100[56]

The Gran Turismo video game series has been one of the most popular over its lifetime, appealing to an audience ranging from casual gamers to fans of realistic racing sims.

Gran Turismo 5 Prologue booth at Games Convention 2008

Because of the success of the Gran Turismo series, Guinness World Records awarded the series 7 world records in the Guinness World Records: Gamer's Edition 2008. These records include "Largest Number of Cars in a Racing Game", "Highest Selling PlayStation Game", "Oldest Car in a Racing Game", and "Largest Instruction Guide for a Racing Game". The success of the series has led to other studios creating simulation racing games similar to the franchise. It started with Sega GT, Sega's answer to the franchise, which was released on the short-lived Dreamcast console and later had a sequel on the original Xbox before the franchise died off after low sales success. Turn 10 would later create the Forza Motorsport series for the Xbox consoles, which later saw releases on Windows, which has been often seen as the primary rival of the Gran Turismo series. Other similar titles include Driving Emotion Type-S by Square and Enthusia Professional Racing by Konami.

In the final issue of the Official UK PlayStation Magazine, Gran Turismo 2 was chosen as the 5th best game of all time.[57] Edge said the first game was one of the 10 greatest video games of the last 20 years.[58]

In 2005, Maeda Corporation, in association with Tokyo University of Science, researched the feasibility of making a real-life replica version of the fictional Grand Valley Speedway used in the series.[59]

Gran Turismo 7 was strongly criticized by players for its implementation of microtransactions and a "pay-to-play" system. The user score in Metacritic as of 20 March 2022 is 2.2 out of 10, which is Sony's lowest user rating and the lowest score in PlayStation exclusive history on the site to date.[60] [61]

As of November 16, 2022, more than 90 million copies of Gran Turismo titles have been sold.[62]

Films

Documentary

At the Jalopnik Film Festival, Kazunori announced a documentary film covering the past 15 years of the game series up until that point, titled KAZ: Pushing The Virtual Divide. It was released on January 22, 2014 on Hulu.[63]

Adaptation

In 2013, Sony Pictures announced it was developing a Gran Turismo film with Michael De Luca and Dana Brunetti producing it,[64] with a script by Alex Tse.[65] In 2015, Joseph Kosinski was set to direct the film,[66] with a new screenplay by Jon and Erich Hoeber.[67] By 2018, the Kosinski version was no longer moving forward.[68]

On May 26, 2022, a new iteration of the Gran Turismo film was revealed to be in development, with Neill Blomkamp eyed to direct.[69] On June 14, 2022, it was confirmed that Blomkamp would direct and announced that the film would be released on August 11, 2023, which is intended to be a non-fiction Bildungsroman focusing on GT Academy 2011 graduate Jann Mardenborough and his transition from gamer to race car driver.[70] It was also confirmed that Jason Hall and Zach Baylin would write the screenplay.[71] Asad Qizilbash, Carter Swan, Doug Belgrad and Dana Brunetti will serve as producers. David Harbour is set to star in the film as Jack Salter, who teaches Mardenborough how to drive a real car.[72] Archie Madekwe will play Jann Mardenborough, with Orlando Bloom as Danny Moore. Filming began in November 2022 in Hungary, and wrapped in December.[73][74] Darren Barnet will play a racer who is ranked at the top at the GT academy and who is not thrilled to see Mardenborough excel.[75] Both Djimon Hounsou and Geri Halliwell-Horner will play Mardenborough's parents and Daniel Puig as his brother, Josha Stradowski as Mardenborough's rival and Thomas Kretschmann as his father.[76]

Notes

  1. ↑ Japanese: グランツーリスモ, Hepburn: Guran Tsūrisumo
  2. ↑ "Gran Turismo" is Italian for "grand touring"
  3. 1 2 3 GameRankings score

References

  1. ↑ "The Top 10 Most Influential Racing Games Ever". 3 April 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
  2. ↑ The Greatest Games of All Time: Gran Turismo, * GameSpot
  3. ↑ "Gran Turismo Series Software Title List". Polyphony Digital & Sony Computer Entertainment. September 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  4. ↑ Cheeda, Saim (2 February 2021). "Sony: The 12 Best PlayStation Franchises, Ranked According To Units Sold". Game Rant. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  5. ↑ "Celebrating 25 Years of Gran Turismo". 22 December 2022.
  6. ↑ Takahashi, Dean (14 January 2010). "Gran Turismo's creator takes a fifth stab at a perfect racing game". VentureBeat.
  7. ↑ "製品情報 – Polyphony Digital – ポリフォニー・デジタル". Retrieved 12 March 2017.
  8. ↑ "Comparison: Gran Turismo 3 vs. Driving Emotion and PSone's Gran Turismo 2". Psxextreme.com. Archived from the original on 31 August 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  9. ↑ "Gran Turismo 3 - PRODUCTS - gran-turismo.com". Us.gran-turismo.com. 10 July 2001. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  10. ↑ "Gran Turismo 5 only uses 80% of PS3 processing power - Geek.com". 15 January 2010. Archived from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
  11. ↑ Carpenter, Nicole (11 June 2020). "Gran Turismo 7 is speeding to PlayStation 5". Polygon. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  12. ↑ "Hermen Hulst Q&A: What's Next for PlayStation Studios". PlayStation.Blog. 2 June 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  13. ↑ Peters, Jay (11 June 2020). "Gran Turismo 7 announced for PlayStation 5". The Verge. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  14. 1 2 "製品情報 – Polyphony Digital – ポリフォニー・デジタル". 27 April 2018. Archived from the original on 27 April 2018.
  15. ↑ "Gran Turismo Sport has sold an estimated 8 million copies". 18 June 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  16. ↑ "Gran Turismo Sport Car List". gran-turismo.com.
  17. ↑ "Gran Turismo Sport Tracks List". gran-turismo.com.
  18. ↑ ""Gran Turismo" Series Software Title List". Polyphony Digital. Sony Computer Entertainment. Archived from the original on 6 February 2007. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
  19. ↑ Katayev, Arnold (10 July 2001). "Gran Turismo 3 A-Spec Review". PSX Extreme. Archived from the original on 26 August 2010. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
  20. ↑ Thorsen, Tor (3 June 2004). "Toyota offering free Gran Turismo 4 demo disc". GameSpot. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  21. ↑ Thorsen, Tor (2 June 2004). "Toyota offering free Gran Turismo 4 demo disc". GameSpot. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
  22. ↑ Yoshimoto, Stephanie (3 December 2009). "Announcing the Gran Turismo 5 Time Trial Challenge". PlayStation Blog. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  23. ↑ Gantayat, Anoop (9 November 2004). "New Gran Turismo". IGN. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
  24. ↑ Gantayat, Anoop (29 December 2004). "Gran Turismo For Boys in 2005". IGN. Archived from the original on 22 December 2010. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
  25. ↑ Gantayat, Anoop (25 September 2006). "Gran Turismo Still For Boys". IGN. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
  26. ↑ Jackson, Mike (4 April 2008). "John Power Interview". CVG. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
  27. ↑ "Kazunori Yamauchi on GT6's Course Maker, B-Spec, New Documentary Film, & More". 24 September 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
  28. ↑ Archived November 13, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  29. ↑ Nunnely, Stephany (3 April 2009). "Gran Turismo Café opens in Japan". VG247.
  30. ↑ "Bathurst local road renamed after Gran Turismo video game". Retrieved 12 March 2017.
  31. ↑ "Street Named in Honor of Kazunori Yamauchi in Ronda, Spain". 3 December 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
  32. ↑ "GRAN TURISMO BECOMES FIRST PLATINUM SPONSOR IN THE HISTORY OF THE BROADMOOR PIKES PEAK INTERNATIONAL HILL CLIMB". Pikes Peak International Hill Climb. PPIHC. Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  33. ↑ "Gran Turismo 7 partners with Brembo as official technical partner in braking systems". racinggames.gg. 7 October 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
  34. ↑ "New Partnership Between Japan Race Promotion and Polyphony Digital, the SF23 To Be Added with April Update - Information - Gran Turismo 7". gran-turismo.com. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
  35. ↑ "Gran Turismo World Series 2023 Overview". gran-turismo.com. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
  36. ↑ "Vision Gran Turismo". gran-turismo.com. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
  37. ↑ "Gran Turismo World Series 2023 Overview". gran-turismo.com. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
  38. ↑ George, Patrick (9 February 2013). "Expert Gran Turismo Drivers Can't Race In Real Life Because They're Too Fast". Jalopnik.
  39. ↑ "Olympic Season Kicks off with Virtual Racing World Final". Forbes.
  40. ↑ "Olympic Esports Events For 2023 Include Gran Turismo, Just Dance, Chess". GameSpot. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
  41. ↑ Goh, ZK (25 June 2023). "Olympic Esports Series 2023: Kylian Drumont wins Gran Turismo 7 motor sport event with perfect strategy".
  42. ↑ "Gran Turismo Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  43. ↑ "Gran Turismo 2 Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  44. ↑ "Gran Turismo 3: A-Spec Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  45. ↑ "Gran Turismo Concept 2001 Tokyo Reviews". GameRankings. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  46. ↑ "Gran Turismo Concept 2002 Tokyo-Geneva Reviews". GameRankings. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  47. ↑ "Gran Turismo 4 Prologue Reviews". GameRankings. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  48. ↑ "Gran Turismo 4 Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  49. ↑ "Gran Turismo HD Concept Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  50. ↑ "Gran Turismo 5 Prologue Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  51. ↑ "Gran Turismo (PSP) Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  52. ↑ "Gran Turismo 5 Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  53. ↑ "Gran Turismo 6 Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  54. ↑ "Gran Turismo Sport Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
  55. ↑ "Gran Turismo 7 for PlayStation 4 Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  56. ↑ "Gran Turismo 7 Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  57. ↑ Official UK PlayStation Magazine issue 108, page 28, Future Publishing, March 2004
  58. ↑ "Edge Magazine – GamesRadar+". Edge. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
  59. ↑ "前田建設 ファンタジー営業部". Maeda.co.jp. 27 June 2005. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  60. ↑ "Gran Turismo 7 now has Sony's lowest user score ever on Metacritic". 19 March 2022.
  61. ↑ "Gran Turismo 7 PS5, PS4 User Score the Lowest in PlayStation Exclusive History". 20 March 2022.
  62. ↑ "Celebrating 25 Years of Gran Turismo". 22 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
  63. ↑ Chan, Ken (16 January 2014). "KAZ: Pushing the Virtual Divide Premieres On Hulu 1/22". PlayStation Blog. Sony. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
  64. ↑ "'Sony Fires Up 'Gran Turismo' Movie With 'Fifty Shades' Producers (Exclusive)". The Wrap. 23 July 2013. Archived from the original on 25 July 2013.
  65. ↑ "'Watchmen' Scribe Tackling 'Gran Turismo' for Columbia (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. 21 November 2013.
  66. ↑ Kit, Borys (2 March 2015). "Joseph Kosinski in Talks to Direct 'Grand Turismo". The Hollywood Reporter.
  67. ↑ Kit, Borys (2 October 2015). "'Red' Writers Tackling Sony's 'Gran Turismo' Movie (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter.
  68. ↑ Greer, Jordan (7 February 2018). "The Gran Tourismo Movie Might Be Dead". GTPlanet.
  69. ↑ Makuch, Eddie (27 May 2022). "Gran Turismo Movie Coming From District 9 Director - Report". GameSpot. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  70. ↑ Hipes, Patrick; Kroll, Justin (14 June 2022). "'Gran Turismo' Pic From Neill Blomkamp Gets Sony Release Date, New Details – Update". Deadline. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  71. ↑ Santa Maria, Alex (14 June 2022). "Gran Turismo Film's Release Date Confirmed Alongside Plot Synopsis".
  72. ↑ Kit, Borys; Galuppo, Mia (14 November 2022). "David Harbour Set to Star in 'Gran Turismo' for Sony and PlayStation (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  73. ↑ Borys Kit, Borys Kit (15 September 2022). "'Gran Turismo' Casts 'See' Actor Archie Madekwe in Starring Role Opposite David Harbour (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
  74. ↑ Justin, Kroll (16 September 2022). "Orlando Bloom Set To Co-Star Opposite David Harbour In 'Gran Turismo' Movie For Sony And PlayStation". Deadline. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
  75. ↑ Borys Kit, Borys Kit (19 September 2022). "'Gran Turismo': 'Never Have I Ever' Breakout Darren Barnet Joins David Harbour, Orlando Bloom in Sony's Racing Movie (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  76. ↑ Borys Kit, Borys Kit (4 November 2022). "'Gran Turismo': Djimon Hounsou, Spice Girls' Geri Halliwell-Horner Join Sony's Racing Movie (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
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