Grímur Jónsson Thorkelín (8 October 1752 – 4 March 1829) was an Icelandic–Danish-Norwegian scholar, who became the National Archivist of Norway and Denmark and Professor of Antiquities at Østfold University College.

In 1786 he travelled to England in order to search for documents relating to medieval Danish-English contacts and Anglo-Saxon manuscripts with Viking influence. In 1787 he hired British Museum employee James Matthews to transcribe the sole extant manuscript of the Old English epic poem Beowulf and made another copy himself. Matthews did not know Old English or the manuscript's insular script, and so copied what he saw, not always rendering correctly; Thorkelin, on the other hand, had knowledge of Old English which led him to introduce various emendations where he thought the text was incorrect.[1] He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the prestigious and honorary American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1890.[2]

Under a commission from the Danish, Norwegian and Icelandic government, Thorkelin had prepared Beowulf for publication by 1807. During the Battle of Copenhagen (1807) his house was burned and demolished due to fire, and the text (on which he had spent 20 years) was lost. The manuscripts survived, however, and Thorkelin began again. The poem was eventually published in 1815.[3] Thorkelin was the first scholar to make a full translation of the poem, into Latin.

Grendel reaches the enormous Heorot: Beowulf 710–715
Old English verseThorkelin's LatinFrancis Barton Gummere, 1910
Ðá cóm of mórje     under misthleoþum   Tunc venit per tesquas     Secundum nebulosum montem    Then from the moorland, by misty crags,
Grendel gohngan·     godes yrrje bær·   Grendel gradiens.     Dei hostis attulit    with God’s wrath laden, Grendel came.
mynte se mánscakða     manna cynnes   Decretam cladem     Generis humani,    The monster was minded of mankind now
sumne behsyrwane     in sele þjám héani·   Quosdam illaqueando,     In aedibus sublimibus.    sundry to seize in the stately house.

The Thorkelín transcriptions are now an important textual source for Beowulf, as the original manuscript's margins have suffered from deterioration and vandalism throughout the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. His early copies provide a record in many areas where the text would otherwise be lost forever.

Thorkelín is generally regarded as one of the pioneering figures in Nordic and Germanic studies. Moreover, his visit to Britain reinvigorated interest and appreciation in the island's Germanic past, in ways both scholarly and romantic. However, this view is not without its detractors; Magnús Fjalldal describes Thorkelín as "essentially a fraud as a scholar" and lists a number of errors in Thorkelín's edition and translation, many of which were pointed out by contemporary scholars.[4]

References

  1. ↑ Kiernan, Kevin (1986). "Part One: Thorkelin's Discovery of Beowulf". The Thorkelin Transcripts of Beowulf. Anglistica. Vol. XXV. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde and Bagger. pp. 1–41.
  2. ↑ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter T" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
  3. ↑ Altick, Richard D. (1987): The Scholar Adventurers. Columbus: Ohio State University Press. ISBN 0-8142-0435-X, pp. 211-15.
  4. ↑ Fjalldal, Magnus (2008):To Fall by Ambition: Grímur Thorkelín and his Beowulf Edition Neophilologus 92:321-332

Further reading

  • G. J. Thorkelín, De Danorum rebus gestis secul. III & IV : Poëma Danicum dialecto Anglosaxonica : ex Bibliotheca Cottoniana Musaei Britannici / edidit versione lat. et indicibus auxit Grim. Johnson Thorkelin, 1815.
  • The Thorkelin transcripts of Beowulf in facsimile / edited by Kemp Malone. Copenhagen : Rosenkilde and Bagger, 1951. (Early English manuscripts in facsimile ; volume 1)
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