Building of the Herzogliche Landesbank in Altenburg, erected 1862-1865[1]

The German public banking sector (German: Öffentliches Kreditwesen) represents a significant share of the broader banking sector in Germany. Unlike in most other Western and Central European countries, German public-sector banks have been present since the early phases of formalization of banking entities in the early modern period and have never lost their collective significance. They are typically referred to as one of the three “pillars” of the German banking system, the other two pillars being the cooperative banks and commercial banks.

Following many steps of development, consolidation, and restructuring, the German public banking sector (leaving aside the Deutsche Bundesbank) consists mainly of two clusters: the Sparkassen-Finanzgruppe, which competes with commercial and cooperative banks and includes local Sparkassen and regional Landesbanks; and promotional and development banks (German: Förderbanken) owned by the Federal Republic of Germany (in the case of KfW) or the individual states of Germany.

History

Government-owned banks are among the oldest financial institutions in Germany, with several appearing in the late 18th century simultaneously as the first municipally-owned Sparkassen. Throughout the 19th century, governments of individual states or provinces of Prussia established (respectively) Landesbanken and Provinzialbanken to lend to various kinds of borrowers, inlcluding Sparkassen but not limited to them.[2]: 28  Unlike in most European countries where banking was an exclusive activity of the private sector, government-owned banks thus remained a structural feature of the German financial system, even as joint-stock Grossbanken gained relative importance in the second half of the century.[2]

The beginning of the 20th century saw the emergence of a number of Girozentralen acting as centralizing entities for their region's Sparkassen, a trend that was greatly accelerated by government policy choices during World War I even though it had started slightly earlier;[3]: 209  numerous episodes of consolidation followed, leading to the current Landesbank landscape.[4] By 1929, government-owned banks accounted for at least 40 percent of all banking assets in Germany.[5]: 6  That feature set Germany apart from other European countries in which, aside from the Soviet Union of course, the bulk of the banking sector was in private-sector hands.[6]: 16 

As a consequence of the European banking crisis of 1931, further German banks were nationalized, but they were soon reprivatized in 1935-1937 by Nazi Germany.[5] Still, by 1938, government-owned banks represented 42 percent (in terms of aggregated assets) of the 25 largest banks in Germany, not counting those in annexed Austria. These included the Prussian and Bavarian Staatsbanken, Berliner Sparkasse, Reichs-Kredit-Gesellschaft, Deutschlandkasse, Deutsche Girozentrale, and eight regional Girozentralen, namely those in Düsseldorf (serving the Rhineland), Dresden (Saxony), Munich (Bavaria), Magdeburg (central Germany), Berlin (city), Hanover (Lower Saxony), Berlin (Brandenburg), and Breslau (Silesia). (The other 11 banks in the top 25 were Deutsche Bank, Dresdner Bank, Bank der Deutschen Arbeit, Commerzbank, the indirectly government-owned Deutsche Verkehrs-Kredit-Bank, cooperative Deutsche Rentenbank-Kreditanstalt, Bayerische Hypotheken- und Wechsel-Bank, Deutsche Centralbodenkredit AG, part-government-owned Deutsche Industriebank and Deutsche Bau- und Bodenbank, and Bayerische Vereinsbank.) By 1943, the share had risen to 54 percent.[6]: 54 

With the delineation of West Germany's Länder between 1948 and 1957, the Landesbanks started acting as "house banks" of their respective Land, thus expanding into some of largest foreign issuers in Germany. By the early 21st century, other European countries that had nationalized swathes of their banking sectors in the 1930s and 1940s had mostly brought them back into the private sector, and Germany again stood out for the large share of its banking sector under government control,[7] a situation that has not much changed in the subsequent two decades.

The Förderbanken emerged more recently as a distinct category. KfW was established in 1948 and a few regional promotional banks in the early 1950s, but in most German states they were created (in Eastern Germany) or spun off from the local Landesbank (in the West) in the 1990s and 2000s.

The German public banking sector has witnessed numerous episodes of distress, in part because of its inherently politicized governance. In mid-1931, the default of the Landesbank der Rheinprovinz, following aggressive and uncontrolled expansion of its credit to German municipalities, was a major trigger of Germany's economic depression, even though other Landesbanken such as the Mitteldeutsche Landesbank survived the episode largely unscathed.[8] Other cases of major difficulties have included the troubles of Westdeutsche Landesbank (WestLB) in the 1970s; Bankgesellschaft Berlin in the early 2000s; Landesbank Sachsen and (again) WestLB in 2007-2008; and HSH Nordbank and NORD/LB in the 2010s.

The following lists detail the path of formation of the current landscape, which has tended to be understudied because of its complexity and heterogeneity.[9] For relative readability, developments are classified in broad geographical categories, and individual Sparkassen are omitted. The list also omits and various entities set up at the time of Nazi Germany and discontinued in 1945.

National entities

Berlin and Eastern Germany

Northwestern Germany

  • 1619: Hamburger Bank established in Hamburg
  • 1765: Herzogliche Leyhaus established in Braunschweig[39]
  • 1825: Calenberger Kreditverein established in Hanover[40]
  • 1840: Hannoversche Landeskreditanstalt established in Hanover[41]
  • 1875: Hamburger Bank taken over by the Bank of Prussia[42]
  • 1883: Bodencredit-Anstalt des Herzogtums Oldenburg established in Oldenburg, renamed Staatliche Kreditanstalt des Herzogtums Oldenburg in 1906 and Staatliche Kreditanstalt Oldenburg in 1922[43]
  • 1917: Landesbank Schleswig-Holstein Girozentrale established in Kiel[44]
    • Landesbank der Provinz Hannover established in Hanover[45]
  • 1918: Niedersächsische Wohnungskreditanstalt Stadtschaft established in Hanover[41]
  • 1919: Herzogliche Leyhaus in Braunschweig renamed Braunschweigische Staatsbank[39]: 368 
  • 1928: Hansa-Bank established in Bremen[46]
  • 1933: Landesbank der Provinz Hannover renamed Niedersächsische Landesbank Girozentrale[45]
  • 1938: Staatliche Kreditanstalt Oldenburg-Bremen formed by merger of Hansa-Bank and Staatliche Kreditanstalt Oldenburg[43]
    • Bremer Landesbank – Girozentrale established in Bremen[47]
    • Hamburgische Landesbank – Girozentrale (HLB) established in Hamburg[48]
  • 1951: Bremer Aufbau-Bank (BAB) established in Bremen[49]
  • 1952: Hamburgische Wohnungsbaukasse established in Hamburg, renamed Hamburgische Wohnungsbaukreditanstalt (WK) in 1973[50]
  • 1970: Norddeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale (later branded as NORD/LB) formed by merger of Braunschweigische Staatsbank, Hannoversche Landeskreditanstalt, Niedersächsische Landesbank Girozentrale, Niedersächsische Wohnungskreditanstalt Stadtschaft, and Braunschweigische Landessparkasse)[41]
  • 1983: Bremer Landesbank Kreditanstalt Oldenburg – Girozentrale (also known as Bremer Landesbank, or BLB) formed by merger of Bremer Landesbank – Girozentrale and Staatlichen Kreditanstalt Oldenburg-Bremen[43]
  • 2001: Investitionsbank Schleswig-Holstein (IB.SH) established in Kiel[51]
  • 2003: HSH Nordbank AG formed by merger of Hamburgische Landesbank – Girozentrale and Landesbank Schleswig-Holstein Girozentrale, with joint head offices in Hamburg and Kiel[52]
  • 2004: Investitions- und Förderbank Niedersachsen (NBank) established in Hanover[53]
  • 2005: Hamburgische Investitions- und Förderbank (IFB Hamburg) established in Hamburg[54]
  • 2013: IFB Hamburg takes over Hamburgische Wohnungsbaukreditanstalt[50]
  • 2017: BLB merged into NORD/LB[55]
  • 2019: HSH Nordbank privatized and renamed Hamburg Commercial Bank;[56] Landesbank role in Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein taken up by NORD/LB

Western-central Germany

  • 1832: Provinzial-Hülfskasse Westfalen established in Münster, sometimes referred to as the first Landesbank[4][63]
    • Landeskreditkasse established in Kassel[18]: 14 
  • 1840: Landeskreditkasse established in Wiesbaden, reorganized in 1849 as Nassauische Landesbank[18]: 16 
  • 1854: Rheinische Provinzial-Hülfskasse established in Cologne;[64]: 45  relocated in 1877 to Düsseldorf,[64]: 48  and renamed in 1888 Landesbank der Rheinprovinz[65]
  • 1890: Provinzial-Hülfskasse Westfalen renamed Landesbank der Provinz Westfalen[65][63]
  • 1903: Hessische Landes-Hypothekenbank AG established in Darmstadt[66]
  • 1914: Landesbank der Rheinprovinz becomes the payments clearing house (German: Girozentrale) for the savings banks in the Rheinisch-Westfälische Sparkassentag, in substitution of the Stadtsparkasse Köln which had taken up that role in 1911 for the Rhine Province of Prussia
  • 1921: Westfälisches Pfandbriefamt für Hausgrundstücke established in Münster[67]
  • 1923: Hessische Landesbank - Staatsbank established in Darmstadt[68]
  • 1929: Landeskommunalbank - Girozentrale für Hessen established in Darmstadt[69]
  • 1931: Landesbank der Rheinprovinz in distress, suspends payments despite emergency liquidity assistance from Deutsche Girozentrale, Preussische Staatsbank and the Reichsbank;[8] clearing house role transferred to the Cologne branch of the Deutsche Girozentrale[65]
  • 1935: Landesbank der Rheinprovinz renamed Rheinische Girozentrale und Provinzialbank[65]
  • 1940: Hessische Landesbank Darmstadt Girozentrale formed by merger of Landeskommunalbank - Girozentrale für Hessen, Hessische Landes-Hypothekenbank AG, and Hessische Landesbank - Staatsbank, with seat in Darmstadt[70]
  • 1941: Landesbank und Girozentrale Westmark established in Saarbrücken, renamed Landesbank und Girozentrale Saar in 1946 (also known as Landesbank Saar, later SaarLB)[71]
  • 1943: Landesbank für Westfalen (Girozentrale) formed by merger of Landesbank der Provinz Westfalen and Westfälisches Pfandbriefamt für Hausgrundstücke[63]
  • 1948: Landesbank und Girozentrale Kaiserslautern established in Kaiserslautern[72]
  • 1951: Saarländische Investitionskreditbank established in Saarbrücken[73]
  • 1953: Hessische Landesbank Girozentrale (Helaba) formed by merger of Landeskreditkasse Kassel, Nassauische Landesbank, and Hessische Landesbank Darmstadt Girozentrale, with seat in Frankfurt[74]
  • 1958: Landesbank Rheinland-Pfalz (LRP) formed by merger of the branch of the Rheinische Girozentrale und Provinzialbank in Koblenz, that of the Hessen-Nassauische Landesbank in Mainz and Landesbank und Girozentrale Kaiserslautern, with seat in Mainz
  • 1969: Westdeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale (WestLB) formed by merger of Rheinische Girozentrale und Provinzialbank and Landesbank für Westfalen (Girozentrale), with joint head offices in Düsseldorf and Münster and branches in Cologne, Dortmund, Bielefeld, and Essen[65]
  • 1972: WestLB starts its international expansion by opening a branch in Luxembourg, followed by London in 1973 and New York in 1975
  • 2002: WestLB spins off NRW.Bank,[75] converts itself into a joint-stock company as WestLB AG, and sells its private banking business to Merck Finck Privatbankiers
    • Förderbank Hessen, known as Wirtschafts- und Infrastrukturbank (WI-Bank) established in Frankfurt and Offenbach am Main[76]
  • 2004: Investitions- und Strukturbank Rheinland-Pfalz established in Mainz[77]
  • 2012: WestLB dismantled with assets transferred to Portigon Financial Services; Landesbank role in North Rhine-Westphalia taken up by Helaba[78]

Southern Germany

  • 1780: Hochfürstlich-Brandenburg-Anspach-Bayreuthische Hofbanco established in Ansbach, successively renamed as Königlich Baierische Banco (1806), Königliche Bank Nürnberg (1807), Königliche Filialbank in Munich (1875), and Bayerische Staatsbank (1918)
  • 1818: Württembergische Landessparkasse established in Stuttgart as national savings bank of the Kingdom of Württemberg[82]
  • 1884: Landeskultur-Rentenanstalt established in Munich[83]
    • Städtische Sparkasse Stuttgart established in Stuttgart[84]
  • 1914: Bayerische Girozentrale founded, permanently established in 1917 in Nuremberg and relocated in 1920 in Munich
  • 1916: Zentralstelle des Württembergischen Giroverbands – Stuttgart established in Stuttgart, later renamed Landesbank Stuttgart
  • 1923: Württembergische Notenbank (est. 1871 in Stuttgart) becomes government-owned[85]: 466 
  • 1924: Württembergische Wohnungskreditanstalt established in Stuttgart; renamed Württembergische Landeskreditanstalt in 1932
    • Badische Landeskreditanstalt für Wohnungsbau established in Karlsruhe[86]
  • 1925: Bayerische Girozentrale reorganized and renamed Bayerische Gemeindebank (Girozentrale) Öffentliche Bankanstalt
  • 1929: Badische Kommunale Landesbank established in Mannheim
  • 1931: Bank of Baden (est. 1870 in Mannheim) becomes government-owned; relocated to Karlsruhe in 1932[85]: 466 
  • 1934: Bank of Baden and Württembergische Notenbank deprived of their note-issuing role and repurposed as commercial entities; the latter renamed Württembergische Landeskommunalbank - Girozentrale (also known as Württembergische Bank) in 1935
  • 1949: Landeskultur-Rentenanstalt renamed Bayerische Landesbodenkreditanstalt (Bayern Labo)[83]
  • 1951: LfA Förderbank Bayern established in Munich[87]
  • 1971: Bayerische Staatsbank privatized and acquired by Bayerische Vereinsbank
  • 1972: Bayerische Landesbank Girozentrale (BayernLB) formed by merger of Bayerische Gemeindebank (Girozentrale) Öffentliche Bankanstalt and Bayerische Landesbodenkreditanstalt[83]
    • Landeskreditbank Baden-Württemberg formed by merger of Württembergische Landeskreditanstalt and Badische Landeskreditanstalt für Wohnungsbau
  • 1975: Landessparkasse – Girokasse öffentliche Bank formed by merger of Württembergische Landessparkasse and Städtische Spar- und Girokasse Stuttgart, renamed Landesgirokasse Stuttgart in 1977[84]
  • 1978: Baden-Württembergische Bank (BW-Bank) formed by merger of Bank of Baden, Württembergische Bank and private-sector Handelsbank Heilbronn, with seat in Stuttgart[84]
  • 1988: Südwestdeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale (SüdwestLB) formed by merger of Landesbank Stuttgart and Badische Kommunale Landesbank, with seat in Stuttgart[84]
  • 1998: Landeskreditbank Baden-Württemberg – Förderbank (L-Bank) formed from the development finance activities of Landeskreditbank Baden-Württemberg[88]
  • 1999: Landesbank Baden-Württemberg (LBBW) formed by merger of SüdwestLB, Landesgirokasse Stuttgart and the commercial activities of Landeskreditbank Baden-Württemberg[84]
  • 2005: BW-Bank merged into LBBW[84]

Cross-regional consolidation

  • 1992: Hessische Landesbank Girozentrale takes up Landesbank role in Thuringia, and is renamed Landesbank Hessen-Thüringen Girozentrale while keeping the shorthand name Helaba
  • 1993: NORD/LB takes up Landesbank role in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern[36]
  • 2001: BayernLB acquires majority control of SaarLB[89]
  • 2005: LRP merged into LBBW[84]
  • 2007: SachsenLB acquired by LBBW[30]
  • 2010-2013: Saarland acquires control of SaarLB from BayernLB[90]

National representation

Two overlapping organizations represent the German public banking sector: the Deutscher Sparkassen- und Giroverband (DSGV), the umbrella organization for the Sparkassen-Finanzgruppe; and the Association of German Public Banks, which brings together the Landesbanks (also members of the DSGV) and the Förderbanken.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Ehemalige Landesbank in Altenburg gewährt seltene Einblicke". lvz.de. 1 September 2021.
  2. 1 2 Timothy W. Guinnane (2001), Delegated Monitors, Large and Small: The Development of Germany's Banking System, 1800-1914 (PDF), New Haven CT: Yale University Economic Growth Center
  3. 1 2 P. Barrett Whale (1930), Joint Stock Banking in Germany: A Study of the German Creditbanks Before and After the War (PDF)
  4. 1 2 3 Sparkassenhistorisches Dokumentationszentrum des Deutschen Sparkassen- und Giroverbandes, Sparkassen: Seit über 200 Jahren ein wesentlicher Teil der Gemeinschaft, DSGV
  5. 1 2 3 4 Germà Bel (February 2010), "Against the mainstream: Nazi privatization in 1930s Germany", Economic History Review (63:1): 34–55
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Federal Reserve Board (March 1945), Army Service Forces Manual M356-5 / Military Government Handbook - Germany - Section 5: Money and Banking, Washington DC: U.S. Army Service Forces
  7. ↑ Allan Brunner, Jörg Decressin, Daniel Hardy, & Beata Kudela (2004), Germany's Three-Pillar Banking System: Cross-Country Perspectives in Europe (PDF), Washington DC: International Monetary Fund{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. 1 2 Albert Fischer. "Die Landesbank der Rheinprovinz in der großen Bankenkrise der 1920er Jahre". Portal Rheinische Geschichte.
  9. ↑ Christopher Kopper & Sebastian Knake. "220132 Geschichte der öffentlichen Banken (S) (WiSe 2013/2014)". University of Bielefeld.
  10. 1 2 3 "the History of DZ Bank: Die genossenschaftlichen Werte". DZ Bank.
  11. ↑ Dietmar Grichnik (2013), Bankenverbände: Strategisches Netzwerkmanagement in der Bankwirtschaft, Springer-Verlag
  12. 1 2 "50 Jahre Landeszentralbank in Berlin und Brandenburg 1949 - 1999". Deutsche Bundesbank.
  13. ↑ "History of KfW". KfW.
  14. ↑ Thorsten Beckers, "Gründung und erste Jahre der deutschen Kapitalanlagegesellschaft mbh 1956-1970" (PDF), Die DekaBank seit 1918, Deutscher Sparkassenverlag, pp. 231–304
  15. ↑ "Germany's DekaBank fires CEO after spat over bonus". Reuters. 2 April 2012.
  16. ↑ Bernhard Wolters (2008), Entstehung und Entwicklung ländlicher Kapitalmärkte in Deutschland im 19. Jahrhundert (PDF), University of Cologne
  17. ↑ Jacob Riesser (1911), The German Great Banks and Their Concentration in connection with The Economic Development of Germany (PDF), Washington DC: National Monetary Commission
  18. 1 2 3 Vincenz Schaefer (1896), Chronologie des deutschen Bankwesens, Munich: G. Franz'scher Verlag
  19. 1 2 "I 93 Magdeburg Mitteldeutsche Landesbank, Magdeburg, 1922-1945 (Bestand)[Location: Magdeburg]". Landesarchiv Sachsen-Anhalt.
  20. ↑ "Schlesische Landesbank und Girozentrale". ZBW Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
  21. 1 2 "Thüringische Staatsbank, Weimar". sammleraktien-online.de.
  22. ↑ "Landesbank zu Altenburg (1819-1923)". Archivportal Thüringen.
  23. 1 2 "Über die GSW". GSW.
  24. ↑ "Berliner Stadtbank – Girozentrale der Stadt Berlin". ZBW Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
  25. ↑ "Brandenburgische Provinzialbank und Girozentrale". ZBW Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
  26. ↑ "Dessau in Trümmern - Anhalt-Dessauische Landesbank". Staatsarchiv Dessau-Rosslau. 2 April 2020.
  27. 1 2 Klaus Riebschläger (1987), "Die Wohnungsbau-Kreditanstalt Berlin: Porträt eines öffentlich-rechtlichen Kreditinstituts", Zeitschrift für öffentliche und gemeinwirtschaftliche Unternehmen: ZögU / Journal for Public and Nonprofit Services, 10 (10): 62–68, JSTOR 20763142
  28. ↑ Oliver Bortz & Torsten Bonnet (2010). Eine Bank für Berlin: Die Geschichte der Berliner Bank von 1950 bis heute. Nicolaische Verlag.
  29. ↑ "Sächsische Aufbaubank (SAB)". Fördermittel Deutschland.
  30. 1 2 Hugh Williamson (31 August 2007). "Takeover strips shine from star state". Financial Times.
  31. ↑ "We are there for you". Investitionsbank des Landes Brandenburg.
  32. ↑ "30 Jahre Thüringer Aufbaubank: 21. Juli 1992 – 21. Juli 2022". Thüringer Aufbaubank. 21 July 2022.
  33. ↑ "Investitionsbank Berlin". Investitionsbank Berlin.
  34. 1 2 Sebastian Seemann (1 March 2023). "100 Prozent Sachsen-Anhalt". WochenSpiegel.
  35. ↑ Ian Johnson, Cecilie Rohwedder & Marcus Walker (2 August 2001). "Berlin Bank's Collapse Puts Spotlight On Many Roles of Klaus Landowsky". Wall Street Journal.
  36. 1 2 "Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Special" (PDF). NORD/LB. 13 October 2014.
  37. ↑ "Geschichte der L‑Bank". L-Bank.
  38. ↑ "German Savings Bank Association in Landesbank Berlin Acquisition; Landmark Deal for German Financial Sector". Cleary Gotlieb. 15 June 2007.
  39. 1 2 Wolfgang Kellner (1964), "Das Fürstliche Leyhaus zu Braunschweig", Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 51 (3): 302–369, JSTOR 20729055
  40. ↑ "Calenberger Kreditverein". Pfandbrief Market.
  41. 1 2 3 "NORD/LB Norddeutsche Landesbank – Girozentrale". Nord/LB.
  42. ↑ Ulrich Bindseil (September 2019), Early French and German central bank charters and regulations (PDF), Frankfurt: European Central Bank
  43. 1 2 3 Florian Schwiegershausen (7 March 2020). "Den Anfang machte 1883 die "Bodencredit-Anstalt"". Weser Kurier.
  44. ↑ "Landesbank Schleswig-Holstein Girozentrale". ZBW Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
  45. 1 2 "Landesbank der Provinz Hannover". ZBW Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
  46. ↑ Harald Wixforth (2017), Die Beziehungen der Norddeutschen Wollkämmerei und Kammgarnspinnerei zu den Banken (PDF), Frankfurt: Institut für Bank- und Finanzgeschichte / Institute for Banking and Financial History
  47. ↑ Bremer Landesbank (2015), EUR 50,200,000 Perpetual Non-cumulative Fixed to Reset Rate Additional Tier 1 Notes of 2015, p. 63
  48. ↑ Moody's (December 2002), Hamburgische Landesbank Girozentrale (PDF), p. 5
  49. ↑ "Bremer Aufbau-Bank BAB". Fördermittel Deutschland.
  50. 1 2 1953 bis 2013 - 60 Jahre WK : Geförderter Wohnungsbau in Hamburg (PDF), Hamburgische Wohnungsbaukreditanstalt, 2013
  51. ↑ "Investitionsbank Schleswig-Holstein IB.SH". Fördermittel Deutschland.
  52. ↑ Moody's (October 2015), HSH Nordbank AG (PDF)
  53. ↑ IBM Corporation (2021), Investitions- und Förderbank Niedersachsen (NBank) - Moving to the cloud: a big step for a small bank (PDF)
  54. ↑ "Investitions- und Förderbank (IFB HH)". Fördermittel Deutschland.
  55. ↑ Ian Lewis (30 August 2017). "Nullmeyer quits shipping desk as part of BLB merger with Nord/LB". TradeWinds.
  56. ↑ "HSH Nordbank finally sold and renamed Hamburg Commercial Bank". World Cargo News. 1 December 2018.
  57. ↑ "Deutsche Nationalbank". Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Bremen.
  58. ↑ "Sparkassenverband Niedersachsen Hannover". Architektur Bildarchiv.
  59. ↑ "Landesbank/Girozentrale Kiel". Architektur Bildarchiv.
  60. ↑ "Norddeutsche Landesbank Hannover". Architektur Bildarchiv.
  61. ↑ "Bürogebäude Nord/LB Hannover". Architektur Bildarchiv.
  62. ↑ "Bremer Landesbank Headquarters". Caruso St John Architects. 19 November 2019.
  63. 1 2 3 "Landesbank für Westfalen - Girozentrale". ZBW Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
  64. 1 2 Hans Pohl (1982), WestLB. Von der Hülfskasse von 1832 zur Landesbank, Westdeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale
  65. 1 2 3 4 5 Sibylle Backmann (2018), "Hilfskassen, Landesbankinstitute und Girozentralen in Westfalen und im Rheinland. Ein Werkstattbericht zur Erschließung der Vorgängerprovenienzen der WestLB" (PDF), Archivpflege in Westfalen-Lippe (88)
  66. ↑ "Hessische Landes-Hypothekenbank AG". ZBW Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
  67. ↑ "Westfälisches Pfandbriefamt für Hausgrundstücke". ZBW Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
  68. ↑ "Hessische Landesbank - Staatsbank". ZBW Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
  69. ↑ "Landeskommunalbank - Girozentrale für Hessen". ZBW Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
  70. ↑ "Landesbank Hessen-Thüringen Girozentrale". ZBW Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
  71. ↑ "Weitsicht durch Nähe : Eckpunkte unserer Geschichte". SaarLB.
  72. ↑ "Geschäftsbericht / Landesbank und Girozentrale Kaiserslautern". Zeitschriften Datenbank.
  73. ↑ "Saarländische Investitionskreditbank (SIKB)". Fördermittel Deutschland.
  74. ↑ Moody's (August 2023), Landesbank Hessen-Thueringen Girozentrale (PDF)
  75. ↑ "NRW.Bank". Fördermittel Deutschland.
  76. ↑ "Förderbank Hessen (WIBank)". Fördermittel Deutschland.
  77. ↑ "Investitionsbank Rheinland-Pfalz (ISB)". Fördermittel Deutschland.
  78. ↑ Matthias Inverardi (1 July 2012). "Germany waves goodbye to WestLB as bank broken up". Reuters.
  79. ↑ "ehem. WestLB Düsseldorf (Herzogterrassen)". Baukunst-NRW.
  80. ↑ "Ehemaliger Hauptsitz WestLB Münster". Baukunst-NRW.
  81. ↑ "DOC - Dortmunder Centrum für Medizin & Gesundheit (ehemalige WestLB)". Baukunst-NRW.
  82. ↑ Hundertfünfzig Jahre Württembergische Landessparkasse: 1818 - 1968. Stuttgart: Württembergische Landessparkasse. 1968.
  83. 1 2 3 "Die Geschichte der BayernLabo". Bayern Labo.
  84. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "LBBW is celebrating its bicentenary". LBBW.de. 9 May 2018.
  85. 1 2 Frank Heintzeler (1997), "Die Baden-Württembergische Bank AG - Ein Unternehmensportrait", Zeitschrift für öffentliche und gemeinwirtschaftliche Unternehmen: ZögU / Journal for Public and Nonprofit Services, Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (20:4): 465–471
  86. ↑ "Badische Landeskreditanstalt für Wohnungsbau". ZBW Leibniz Information Centre for Economics.
  87. ↑ "LfA Förderbank Bayern". Fördermittel Deutschland.
  88. ↑ "L-Bank". Fördermittel Deutschland.
  89. ↑ Caspar Busse Handelsblatt (30 October 2001). "Bayern to Purchase Majority Stake In Rival Bank in Western Germany". Wall Street Journal.
  90. ↑ "Saarland kauft Bayern aus SaarLB heraus". Manager Magazin. 20 November 2013.
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