Georg Adolf Otto Wüst
Born
Georg Adolf Otto Wüst

15 June 1890 (1890-06-15)
Posen, Germany (today Poland)
Died8 November 1977 (1977-11-09) (aged 87)
Erlangen, Germany
NationalityGerman
Alma materUniversity of Berlin
Known forAtlantic Ocean, German Atlantic expedition
Scientific career
Fieldsoceanographer
InstitutionsUniversity of Kiel
Doctoral advisorAlfred Merz

Georg Adolf Otto Wüst (15 June 1890 - 8 November 1977) was a German oceanographer. His pioneering work on the Atlantic Ocean provided a new view of the motions of water masses between the northern and southern hemispheres and the first evidence of the concentration of water mass spreading in western boundary currents.

Life

Wüst was the son of the Prussian civil servant Max Wüst and his wife Clara. The family soon moved to Berlin, Germany. He attended the Charlottenburg high school in Berlin. He then studied geography and oceanography, with additional education in meteorology, mathematics and physics, at the Friedrich-Wilhelm-University in Berlin (see Humboldt University of Berlin) from 1910 [1] .[2] His most important teachers were Albrecht Penck and in particular Alfred Merz.[3] Penck had been the head of the geographic department, including the Museum of Marine Sciences (German: Museum für Meereskunde), since 1905. The Austrian hydrographer Alfred Merz became his successor in 1910. The Institute and Museum of Marine Sciences became an independent unit of the university in 1920, with Merz as director.[2]

In 1912 Merz made it possible for Wüst to join Bjørn Helland-Hansen in Bergen/Norway, thus getting to know the Norwegian colleagues’ methods. Wüst then gained practical experience in ocean observations by working on lightships, on surveying vessels and during cruises on the Norwegian research vessel “Armauer Hansen” in the Nordic Seas led by Helland-Hansen.[3] Merz became Wüst’s advisor for his doctoral thesis.[4] Although Wüst passed the examinations in 1914, he only received the degree in 1919 when his thesis was printed after World War I. During the war he served as a meteorologist and was wounded near Verdun in 1917.[2] After the war he became an assistant of Merz and participated in several research cruises in the North and Baltic Seas.[1]

Merz was planning a systematic hydrographic survey of the Atlantic Ocean. His proposal was met with approval by the key scientific institution in Germany after World War I, the Emergency Association of German Science (see Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft). The German survey ship Meteor was made available for observations in the South Atlantic and the North Atlantic up to 30°N. Wüst participated in much of the planning and then joined the cruise from 1925 to 1927. When the chief scientist Merz died in Buenos Aires in June 1925, Wüst took over the leadership for the oceanographic observations.[5]

After the expedition Wüst predominantly worked on the evaluation of the obtained data sets at the Berlin institute. He obtained the permission to teach (Habilitation) at the Friedrich-Wilhelm-University in Berlin in 1929 with a thesis on the Florida Current and was appointed Professor in 1936.[1] In the meantime he had become a well-esteemed member of the international marine science community. However, all these connections broke down with the approach of World War II. Wüst had become a member of the NSDAP and served as a member of the nautical-scientific staff at the Supreme Command of the Navy during the war. At the same time, however, he continued teaching at the Friedrich-Wilhelm-University in Berlin.[1]

The Institute and Museum of Marine Sciences in Berlin was destroyed by bombing in 1944 and was never rebuilt after the end of World War II.[6]

In early 1946 Wüst was offered the job of rebuilding marine research in Kiel, Germany. The Institute of Marine Science (German: Institut für Meereskunde Kiel) of the University of Kiel (German: Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, CAU) had also lost many members of its staff and its building by a bombing raid. Wüst became Professor of Oceanography and Maritime Meteorology at Kiel University and Director of the Institute of Marine Science.[7][8][9][10] He succeeded in bringing back some of the earlier staff, was provided with an old villa as an institute building, obtained the research cutter Südfall and restarted marine science teaching.[11][12] The main focus of the institute in Kiel had been marine biology in the shallow seas of the Baltic and the North Sea before, with some history of hydrography, marine chemistry and marine geology. Wüst brought his experience in deep-sea research to bear in the scientific orientation of the Kiel institute. He and ultimately his successor from 1959, Günter Dietrich, an earlier collaborator in the Berlin institute, changed the earlier focus towards deep ocean work, in particular in physical oceanography and marine chemistry. With this scientific orientation and the related teaching the Kiel institute took over the legacy of the Berlin institute. In particular the teaching required a close association with Kiel University. From 1950 to 1952 Wüst served as Dean of the Faculty of Philosophy which also enclosed Mathematics and Science at that time.[1]

After his retirement at Kiel University in 1959, Wüst followed an invitation to be a visiting professor at the Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory in Columbia-University, New York, USA. Here, his main focus was the circulation in the Caribbean Sea.[13][14] During this stay in the USA, Wüst also accepted an invitation in 1962 to the Walker-Ames-Chair of the University of Washington in Seattle. After his return to Germany in 1965 he was a visiting professor at the Institute of Meteorology of the University of Bonn (German: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn) in Germany until 1967.[1]

Georg Wüst was married to Martha Wüst from 1921 to 1941. They had two children. From 1943 he was remarried to Maria Wüst.

Scientific achievements

Wüst stood out by the ability of gaining a profound understanding of ocean processes from a systematic description and analysis of oceanic data sets, in particular the property exchange, the origin of water masses and their large-scale motions and transports. His main research themes were: evaporation and precipitation and the water budget of the ocean, the large-scale distribution and circulation of deep water masses in the Atlantic and other oceans, the motions of Gulf Stream and Kuroshio, the origin of polar bottom waters and the circulation in the Mediterranean Sea. In his later years there followed treatises on the history of deep-sea research. Dietrich (1972) [15] presented a complete list of Wüst’s 112 publications in his contribution to the book which was published as a tribute to Wüst’s 80th birthday.

For his doctoral thesis [4] Wüst performed systematic observations of evaporation on several vessels, developed specific analysis methods and discussed distribution patterns of evaporation in the world oceans. He returned to the related topics of evaporation, precipitation and salinity at the ocean-atmosphere interface and their relevance for the water budget at numerous times through the following decades.[16][17][18][19]

During the 1920-1924 period the preparations of the “Meteor”-Expedition (1925-1927) together with Merz dominated his work. However, already at that time there were some fundamental publications on the Atlantic vertical circulation including an important interhemispheric exchange of water masses [20] and on the Florida and Antilles Current,[21] followed up later by work on the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio.[22][23][24] His most productive years occurred after the “Meteor”-Expedition [5] with the analysis of the “Meteor” data sets in cooperation with Albert Defant and the publication of the “Scientific Results of the German Atlantic Expedition of the Research Vessel „Meteor“” 1925-27.[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] His pioneering analysis of the large-scale distribution of Atlantic water masses and their regions of origin showed the strong role of interhemispheric exchange and provided the first evidence for the concentration of water mass spreading in western boundary currents.[34] In this work the Core Method developed by Wüst was an essential tool for the studies of circulation.[31] The series was considered of such importance that the U.S. National Science Foundation facilitated the translation into English during the 1970s and 1980s.[5][30] Until present times the data set is considered a most important basis for research in the Atlantic Ocean.[35]

But Wüst did not limit himself on Atlantic research, other oceans were investigated in comparison.[23][36][37] [38][39][40][41][42] He also had a particular interest in the origin and spreading of deep bottom water.[27][28][40][41][42][38][43] Wüst carried out important studies of adjacent seas. Already in his early years [37] he showed that vertical convection in the Okhotsk Sea produces water masses that provide an essential source of North Pacific Intermediate Water.[44] His results on the European Mediterranean Sea provided an important basis for later investigations[45][46][47][48] He provided an improved view on the circulation in the Caribbean Sea during his stay at Lamont.[49][50][51] He also contributed to some studies in the Baltic[52][53] His studies of sea bottom topography indicated his long-standing interest in geography.[29][54][55][56][57][58][59]

Wüst always tried to work systematically. He therefore considered the network of stations of the “Meteor” Atlantic Expedition the obvious blueprint for the International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE) 1959-1965.[60] The time was not yet right for his proposal,[61] and only during the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) 1990-1998 (http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/woce/wdiu/updates/Data_Resource.pdf) a station pattern similar to his proposal was established. Several of Wüst’s later papers dealt with historical aspects of marine science, in particular the development of oceanography and important deep-sea expeditions.[62][63][64]

Awards and Honorary Memberships

1928 Honorary Member, Royal Dutch Geographical Society

1928 Carl-Ritter-Medal (Silver), Berlin Geographical Society (German: Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin

1935 Honorary Member, Frankfurt Geographical Society (German:Frankfurter Geographische Gesellschaft)

The German Society for Marine Research (German: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Meeresforschung) awards the Georg-Wüst-Prize since 2005.[65]

References

English translations of titles are provided in parentheses.

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hans Ulrich Roll: Georg Wüst, 1890–1977. In: DGM-Mitteilungen. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Meeresforschung, Hamburg 1987, S. 25-28.
  2. 1 2 3 Gerhard Kortum: "Wüst, Georg" In: Koertge, N. (ed.): New Dictionary of Scientific Biography (= 25). Charles Scribner's Sons, New York 2013, ISBN 978-0-684-10114-9, S. 373-376.
  3. 1 2 Theodor Stocks: "Georg Wüst und seine Stellung in der neueren Ozeanographie." In: Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen 1960, S. 292-295 (Georg Wüst and his standing in recent oceanography).
  4. 1 2 Georg Wüst: "Die Verdunstung auf dem Meere" In: Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Meereskunde (= Neue Folge Reihe A Heft 6). Berlin 1920, p. 1-95. (The evaporation on the ocean)
  5. 1 2 3 Fritz Spiess: Die Meteorfahrt. Forschungen und Erlebnisse der Deutschen Atlantischen Expedition. Dietrich Reimers, Berlin 1928, S. 1-375 (englisch The Stratosphere of the Atlantic Ocean übersetzt vom Al-Ahram Center for Scientific Translations, Translation edited by William J. Emery, Amerind Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1978, 1-112, 1 - 429(The Meteor Expedition. Scientific Results of the German Atlantic Expedition, 1925-1927)
  6. ↑ Hans-Jürgen Brosin: Zur Geschichte der Meeresforschung in der DDR. In: Meereswissenschaftliche Berichte, 17. Warnemünde 1996, S. 1-212 (On the history of marine research in the German Democratic Republic).
  7. ↑ Walter Zenk, Gerold Siedler, Peter C. Wille, Gerd Wegner, Jörn Thiede, Volker Storch, Peter Speth, Eberhard Ruprecht, Manfred Ehrhardt, Bernt Zeitzschel: "Early oceanography and the development of physical and chemical marine sciences in Kiel after World War II." In: "Deutsches Schiffahrtsarchiv, Wissenschaftliches Jahrbuch des Deutschen Schiffahrtsmuseums", Bremerhaven, 39, 2018, (given date 2016, actually published 2018), ISSN 0343-3668 ISBN 978-3-86927-039-5, 38-72.
  8. ↑ Thiede, J., W.W. Hay, M. Sarnthein, P. Schäfer, G. Siedler, P. Stoffers, V. Storch, E. Suess, R. von Huene, P.C. Wille, B. Zeitzschel, W. Zenk: "From a modest start to a flourishing marine research environment: The institutional development of marine geosciences in Kiel/ Germany after World War II." In: "Deutsches Schiffahrtsarchiv, Wissenschaftliches Jahrbuch des Deutschen Schiffahrtsmuseums", Bremerhaven, 39, 2018, (given date 2016, actually published 2018), SSN 0343-3668, ISBN 978-3-86927-039-5, 97-144.
  9. ↑ Website of SSOAR. Access on September 25, 2018.
  10. ↑ Website of SSOAR. Access on September 25, 2018.
  11. ↑ Georg Wüst et al.: Das Institut für Meereskunde der Universität nach seinem Wiederaufbau. In: Kieler Meeresforschungen. Kiel 1956 (= 12). S. 127-153 (The institute of marine sciences of the university after its rebuilding).
  12. ↑ Hartwig Weidemann: Georg Wüst und das Kieler Institut für Meereskunde (zum 100. Geburtstag am 15. 6. 1990). In: DGM-Mitteilungen. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Meeresforschung, Hamburg 1990, S. 10-11 (Georg Wüst and the institute of marine sciences in Kiel (to his 100th birthday on 15 June 1990).
  13. ↑ Arnold L. Gordon: Editor’s Preface. In: Arnold L. Gordon (Hrsg.): Studies in Physical Oceanography (= 1.). Gordon and Breach Science).
  14. ↑ Wolfgang Schott: Early German Oceanographic Institutions, Expeditions and Oceanographers In: Fourth International Congress on the History of Oceanography. Deutsches Hydrographisches Institut, Hamburg 1987, S. 42-43.
  15. ↑ Günter Dietrich: Georg Wüst’s Scientific Work. Dedication to His Eightieth Birthday. In: Arnold L. Gordon (Hrsg.): Studies in Physical Oceanography (= 1.). Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, New York 1972, S. xi-xx.
  16. ↑ Georg Wüst: Verdunstung und Niederschlag auf der Erde. In: Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde. 1922, p. 33-43 (Evaporation and precipitation on the earth).
  17. ↑ Georg Wüst: Temperatur- und Dampfdruckgefälle in den untersten Metern über der Meeresoberfläche. In: Meteorologische Zeitschrift. (= 54). Braunschweig 1937, S. 4-9 (The gradient of temperature and vapor pressure in the lowest meters above the sea surface).
  18. ↑ Georg Wüst: Wasserdampf und Niederschlag auf dem Meere als Glieder des Wasserkreislaufs (unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Ergebnissen der „Meteor“-Expedition und neuerer Arbeiten). In: Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift. Hamburg 1950, S. 111-127 (Water vapour and precipitation on the ocean as links of the water cycle (with particular consideration of results from the “Meteor“ expedition and recent work)).(
  19. ↑ Georg Wüst: Gesetzmäßige Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Ozean und Atmosphäre in der zonalen Verteilung von Oberflächensalzgehalt, Verdunstung und Niederschlag. In: Archiv für Meteorologie und Bioklimatologie. (= A Nr.7). Wien 1954, S. 305-328 (Valid interrelationships between ocean and atmosphere regarding the zonal distribution of surface salinity, evaporation and precipitation).
  20. ↑ Alfred Merz, Georg Wüst: Die atlantische Vertikalzirkulation. In: Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde. 1922, p. 1-35 (The Atlantic vertical circulation).
  21. ↑ Georg Wüst: Florida und Antillenstrom - Eine hydrodynamische Untersuchung In: Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Meereskunde (= Neue Folge Reihe A Heft 12). Berlin 1924, p. 1-48 (Florida and Antilles Current – A hydrodynamic study).
  22. ↑ Georg Wüst: Der Golfstrom. In: Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde. 1930, p. 42-59 (The Gulf Stream).
  23. 1 2 Georg Wüst: Kuroshio und Golfstrom. Eine vergleichende hydrodynamische Untersuchung In: Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Meereskunde (= Neue Folge Reihe A Heft 29). Berlin 1936, S. 1-69 (Kuroshio and Gulf Stream. A comparison hydrodynamic study).
  24. ↑ Georg Wüst: Neuere Auffassungen über das Wesen des Golfstromsystems und die Benennung seiner Glieder In: Der Seewart (=6). Hamburg 1937, S. 359-367 (Recent views on the character of the Gulf Stream system and the naming of its parts).
  25. ↑ Georg Wüst et al.: "Ozeanographische Instrumente und Methoden" In: Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Atlantischen Expedition auf dem Vermessungs- und Forschungsschiff „Meteor“ 1925-1927 (= Bd. IV, Nr.1). Berlin 1932, p- 1 - 177 (Oceanographic instruments and methods).
  26. ↑ Georg Wüst: Das ozeanographische Beobachtungsmaterial (Serienmessungen) In: Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Atlantischen Expedition auf dem Vermessungs- und Forschungsschiff „Meteor“ 1925-1927 (= Band IV II.Teil). Berlin 1932, p. 1-290 (The oceanographic observational material (serial measurements)).
  27. 1 2 Georg Wüst: Bodenwasser und Bodenkonfiguration der atlantischen Tiefsee. In: Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde. Berlin 1933, p. 1-18. (Bottom water and bottom structure of the Atlantic deep sea)
  28. 1 2 Georg Wüst: Das Bodenwasser und die Gliederung der atlantischen Tiefsee In: Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Atlantischen Expedition auf dem Vermessungs- und Forschungsschiff „Meteor“ 1925-1927 (= Band VI 1.Lieferung). Berlin 1933, S. 1-107 (English Bottom Water and the distribution of the Deep Water of the Atlantic, M. Slessers, translator B. E. Olson, ed. 1967, U.S.Naval Oceanographic Office, Washington, D.C., p. 1-145).
  29. 1 2 Theodor Stocks, Georg Wüst: Die Tiefenverhältnisse des offenen Atlantischen Ozeans (Begleitworte zur Übersichtskarte 1:20 Mill) In: Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Atlantischen Expedition auf dem Vermessungs- und Forschungsschiff „Meteor“ 1925-1927 (= Band III 1.Teil). Berlin 1935, p. 1-32 (The depths of the open Atlantic Ocean (Explanation for the general map 1:20 Mill)).
  30. 1 2 Georg Wüst: Die Stratosphäre des Atlantischen Ozeans In: Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Atlantischen Expedition auf dem Vermessungs- und Forschungsschiff „Meteor“ 1925-1927 (= Band VI 2.Lieferung). Berlin 1935, p. 1-144, 253-28 (englisch The Stratosphere of the Atlantic Ocean übersetzt vom Al-Ahram Center for Scientific Translations, Translation edited by William J. Emery, Amerind Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1978, 1-112.
  31. 1 2 Georg Wüst: Die Vertikalschnitte der Temperatur, des Salzgehaltes und der Dichte In: Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Atlantischen Expedition auf dem Vermessungs- und Forschungsschiff „Meteor“ 1925-1927 (= Teil A des „Atlas“ zu Band VI Beilage II-XLVI). Berlin 1936 (The vertical sections of temperature, salinity and density).
  32. ↑ Georg Wüst: Die Horizontalkarten In: Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Atlantischen Expedition auf dem Vermessungs- und Forschungsschiff „Meteor“ 1925-1927 (= Teil A des „Atlas“ zu Band VI Beilage XLVII-XCL). Berlin 1936 (The horizontal maps).
  33. ↑ Georg Wüst: Blockdiagramme der atlantischen Zirkulation auf Grund der „Meteor“-Ergebnisse. In: Kieler Meeresforschungen. Kiel 1950, (= 7 Nr.1) S. 24-34. (Block diagrams of the Atlantic circulation based on the „Meteor“ results).
  34. ↑ Philip L. Richardson: On the history of meridional overturning circulation schematic diagrams. In: Progress in Oceanography. (= 76.). 2008, DOI:10.1016/j.pocean.2008.01.005, pp. 466-486.
  35. ↑ John Gould et al.: Ocean Observations. In: Gerold Siedler et al.: Ocean Circulation and Climate – A 21st Century Perspective. Elsevier - Academic Press, Amsterdam, 2013, pp. 59-81.
  36. ↑ Georg Wüst: Schichtung und Tiefenzirkulation des Pazifischen Ozeans auf Grund zweier Längsschnitte In: Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Meereskunde (= Neue Folge Reihe A Heft 20). Berlin 1929, p. 1-64. (Stratification and deep circulation of the Pacific Ocean based on two longitudinal sections)
  37. 1 2 Georg Wüst: Meridionale Schichtung und Tiefenzirkulation in den Westhälften der drei Ozeane. In: Journal du Conseil / Conseil Permanent International pour l’Exploration de la Mer. (= 5(1))1930, pp. 42-49 (Meridional stratification and deep circulation in the western halves of the three oceans).
  38. 1 2 Georg Wüst: Anzeichen von Beziehungen zwischen Bodenstrom und Relief in der Tiefsee des Indischen Ozeans. In: Naturwissenschaften. 22, Nr. 16, Berlin 1934, pp. 241-244 (Indications of relationships between bottom current and relief in the deep sea of the Indian Ocean). (
  39. ↑ Georg Wüst: Zur Frage des indischen Tiefenstroms. In: Naturwissenschaften. 23, Nr. 9, Berlin 1935, pp. 137-139 (On the question of the Indian deep current).
  40. 1 2 Georg Wüst: Die Ausbreitung des antarktischen Bodenwassers im Atlantischen und Indischen Ozean. In: Zeitschrift für Geophysik. 11, Braunschweig 1935, p. 40-49 (The spreading of Antarctic Bottom Water in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean).
  41. 1 2 Georg Wüst: Bodentemperatur und Bodenstrom in der pazifischen Tiefsee In: Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Meereskunde (= Neue Folge Reihe A Heft 35). Berlin 1937, S. 1-56 (Bottom temperature and bottom current in the Pacific deep sea).
  42. 1 2 Georg Wüst: Bodentemperatur und Bodenstrom in der atlantischen, indischen und pazifischen Tiefsee. In: Gerlands Beiträge zur Geophysik. Braunschweig 1938, 54 Nr.1 S. 1-8 (Bottom temperature and bottom current in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific deep sea).
  43. ↑ Georg Wüst: Der subarktische Bodenstrom in der westatlantischen Mulde. In: Annalen der Hydrographie und maritimen Meteorologie.(=71). Berlin 1943, S. 249-255 (The sub-Arctic bottom current in the West Atlantic hollow).
  44. ↑ Janet Sprintall, Gerold Siedler, Herlé Mercier: Interocean and Interbasin Exchanges. In: Gerold Siedler et al.: Ocean Circulation and Climate – A 21st Century Perspective. Elsevier - Academic Press, Amsterdam, 2013, S. 493-518.
  45. ↑ Georg Wüst: Remarks on the circulation of the intermediate and deep water masses in the Mediterranean Sea and the methods of their further exploration. In: Annali Instituto Universitario Navale. Neapel 1959, 28, 12 S.
  46. ↑ Georg Wüst: Die Tiefenzirkulation des Mittelländischen Meeres in den Kernschichten des Zwischen- und des Tiefenwassers. In: Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift. Hamburg 1960, 13 Nr.3 S. 105-131 (The deep circulation in the core layers of the intermediate and the deep water masses in the Mediterranean Sea).
  47. ↑ Georg Wüst: Das Bodenwasser und die Vertikalzirkulation des Mittelländischen Meeres. In: Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift. Hamburg 1961, 14 Nr.3 S. 81-92 (The bottom water and the vertical circulation of the Mediterranean Sea).
  48. ↑ Georg Wüst: On the vertical circulation of the Mediterranean Sea. In: Journal of Geophysical Research. New York 1963, 10 S. 163-167.
  49. ↑ Georg Wüst: On the stratification and circulation of the cold water sphere of the Caribbean-Antillean basins. In: Deep-Sea Research. London-New York 1963, 10 S. 163-167.
  50. ↑ Georg Wüst: Stratification and circulation in the Antillean-Caribbean basins In: Vema-Research Series (= 2). New York 1964, S. 1-201.
  51. ↑ Georg Wüst: Wasser- und Wärmehaushalt und Zirkulation in der Warmwassersphäre des Karibischen Meeres. In: Kieler Meeresforschungen. Kiel 1965, (= 21 Nr.1). pp. 3-11 (Water and heat budget and circulation in the Warm Water Sphere of the Caribbean Sea).
  52. ↑ Georg Wüst, W. Brogmus: Ozeanographische Ergebnisse einer Untersuchungsfahrtmit dem Forschungskutter „Südfall“ durch die Ostsee Juni/Juli 1954 In: Kieler Meeresforschungen. Kiel 1955, (= 11 Nr.1) S. 3-21. (Oceanographic results from a research cruise with research cutter “Südfall“ across the Baltic Sea in June/July 1954).
  53. ↑ Georg Wüst: Ergebnisse eines hydrographisch-produktionsbiologischen Längsschnitts durch die Ostsee im Sommer 1956. Teil 1: Die Verteilung von Temperatur, Salzgehalt und Dichte. In: Kieler Meeresforschungen. Kiel 1956, (= 13 Nr.2). S. 163-185 (Results of a hydrographic-production-biological section along the Baltic Sea in summer 1956. Part 1: The distribution of temperature, salinity and density).
  54. ↑ Georg Wüst: Die Gliederung des Weltmeeres In: Petermanns geographische Mitteilungen, 2. 1936, S. 46-53 (The divisions of the oceans).
  55. ↑ Georg Wüst: Die Erforschung der Bodenkonfiguration des Austral-asiatischen Mittelmeeres durch die holländische „Snellius“-Expedition. In: Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde. Berlin 1936, S. 347-358 (The exploration of the bottom structure of the Austral-Asian Mediterranean Sea by the Dutch “Snellius“ expedition).
  56. ↑ Georg Wüst: Die Großgliederung des atlantischen Tiefseebodens. In: Geologische Rundschau. XXX, Nr. 1/2, Stuttgart 1935, S. 132-137 (The large-scale structure of the Atlantic deep-sea bottom).
  57. ↑ Georg Wüst: Relief und Bodenwasser im Nordpolarbecken. In: Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde. Berlin 1941, S. 163-180 (Relief and bottom water in the Arctic Basin).
  58. ↑ Georg Wüst: “Die morphologischen und ozeanographischen Verhältnisse des Nordpolarbeckens.“ In: “Veröffentlichungen des deutschen Wissenschaftlichen Instituts (DWI) zu Kopenhagen“, Reihe 1: Arktis, Nr. 6. Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin 1942 (The morphological and oceanographic conditions of the Arctic Basin).
  59. ↑ Georg Wüst: Die größten Tiefen des Weltmeeres in kritischer Betrachtung. In: Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde. Berlin 1950/51, S. 203-214 (The greatest depths of the global ocean under critical inspection).
  60. ↑ Warren S. Wooster: International studies of the Indian Ocean, 1959–1965. In: Deep-Sea Research, Part A, 31, 6-8. 1984, S. 589-597.
  61. ↑ Georg Wüst: Proposed International Indian Oceanographic Expedition 1962-1963. In: Deep-Sea Research. Oxford 1960, 6 Nr.3 S. 245-249.
  62. ↑ Georg Wüst: Repräsentative Tiefsee-Expeditionen und Forschungsschiffe 1873-1960. In: Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau. 1963, 16 Nr.6 S. 211-214 (Representative deep-sea expeditions and research vessels 1873-1960).
  63. ↑ Georg Wüst: The major deep-sea expeditions and research vessels 1873-1960 - A contribution to the history of oceanography. In: Progress in Oceanography. London-New York 1964, 2 S. 1-52.
  64. ↑ Georg Wüst: History of the investigations about the longitudinal deep-sea circulation (1800-1922). In: Bulletin Institut Océanographique Monaco. 1968, Numéro 2 S. 109-120.
  65. ↑ [http:// www.dg-meeresforschung.de/georg-wuest-preis.html Website in German]
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