Gaius Ateius Capito was a tribune of the plebs in 55 BC. He is known primarily for his opposition to the war against the Parthians launched by Marcus Licinius Crassus.[1]

Opposition to triumvirate

Ateius Capito worked with his fellow tribune Publius Aquillius Gallus in opposition to Crassus and Pompeius Magnus during their second joint consulship in 55 BC.[2] In particular, the two tribunes supported Cato in attempting to block the Lex Trebonia, legislation brought by C. Trebonius to give Crassus and Pompeius each an extended five-year proconsular province.[3] Their objections at the assembly, though strenuous, were unsuccessful: Trebonius had Cato arrested, and physical force was used to eject Ateius and Aquillius when they tried to assert their veto power. Ateius at an unspecified time returned to the assembly to show his wounds and gain sympathy, but was greeted by the consuls' bodyguards.[4]

The Lex Trebonia resulted from political arrangements among Crassus, Pompeius, and Julius Caesar — the so-called "First Triumvirate" — that had been negotiated in meetings held in March 56 BC at Ravenna and the next month at Luca, both in Caesar's province of Gallia Cisalpina. Pompeius received the Spanish provinces, and Crassus the province of Syria, his eagerness for which was universally interpreted as an intention to wage war against Parthia. In separate legislation, Caesar received an extension of his proconsulship in Gaul.[5] Ateius's support of Cato indicates his optimate sympathies.

Omens and curses

In November 55 BC, while Crassus was on the Capitoline performing the ritual vows that preceded an army's departure, Ateius claimed to observe dirae, the worst sort of disastrous portents. Crassus ignored his report.[6] When other attempts at dissuasion failed, Ateius first tried to arrest Crassus before he could set sail and:

Ateius then ran on ahead to the city gate where he set up a brazier with lighted fuel in it. When Crassus came to the gate, [Ateius] threw incense and libations on the brazier and called down on [Crassus] curses which were dreadful and frightening enough in themselves and made still more dreadful by the names of certain strange and terrible deities. … The Romans believe that these mysterious and ancient curses are so powerful that no one who has had them laid upon him can escape from their effect. … So on this occasion people blamed Ateius for what he had done; he had been angry with Crassus for the sake of Rome, yet he had involved Rome in these curses and in the terror which must be felt of supernatural intervention.[7]

Consequences

Crassus, his son Publius, and most of his army of seven legions — as many as 40,000 men — were to die in the sands of Parthia. The Battle of Carrhae went down as one of Rome's worst military catastrophes.

Ateius Capito's execration of Crassus before Carrhae became almost proverbial as an example of the successful curse with unintended consequences. "One wonders how Ateius felt," muses historian of religion Sarah Iles Johnston, "vindicated — or aghast at the magnitude of the loss his curses had precipitated?"[8] Several ancient authors mention the incident.[9]

In 50 BC, the censor Appius Claudius Pulcher, regarded as an authority on the procedures of the augural college, expelled Ateius from the senate on the grounds that he had falsified the auspicia.[10] In the popular view, the disaster at Carrhae was caused by Crassus's ignoring the omens. Cicero, who was himself an augur and thus trained in assessing divine signs, presents a more complex perspective in his book De divinatione. In Book 1, the interlocutor Quintus Cicero, the author's brother, argues that Appius was wrong. Even if the auspices had been fabricated, since they proved true in the outcome, Ateius had made a meaningful connection with the divine will. If they had been false, the blame would have fallen on the man who spoke falsely, not on the man to whom a false statement was made. But omens predict what can happen unless proper precautions are taken, and blame falls on the man who did not listen.[11] Ateius went further, though Cicero omits this point: because he cursed Crassus, in keeping with his own opposition to the Parthian campaign, he was blamed for contributing to the deaths of Roman soldiers.[12]

No public office for Ateius is known after his tribuneship in 55 BC. Despite his earlier opposition to the triumvirate's plans, he became a supporter of Caesar by 46 BC.[13] In 44 BC, Capito was charged by Caesar with the job of distributing land to his veterans.[14]

Fictional accounts

Capito is the main antagonist of the mystery novel The Tribune's Curse, the seventh volume of the SPQR series by John Maddox Roberts. In the novel, Capito performs his curse, which plunges the city into mass panic, and then disappears mysteriously. The Romans perform religious rites to expunge the curse, and the protagonist, Decius Metellus, is charged with finding and arresting Capito.

Eventually, Decius discovers that Capito has been suborned by King Ptolemy XII Auletes of Egypt, who wanted revenge on Crassus for voting against Ptolemy's request for a Roman military expedition to reinstate him to the Egyptian throne. Though Capito has failed in his mission to stop Crassus departing for Syria, ultimately his curse is thought to have been successful, given Crassus's ignominious defeat and death. Capito is found hiding inside the Egyptian embassy, where he is arrested and then executed (a departure from the historical account).

See also

References

  1. ↑ T.R.S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, vol. 2 (New York 1952), pp. 216 and 533.
  2. ↑ Pompeius and Crassus held their first consulship in 70 BC.
  3. ↑ Plutarch, Cato Minor 43; Cassius Dio 39.32.3 and 39.35–38.
  4. ↑ Robin Seager, Pompey the Great: A Political Biography (Blackwell Publishing, 2002, originally published 1979), 2nd edition, p. 124 online; Elaine Fantham, The Roman World of Cicero's De Oratore (Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 233 online.
  5. ↑ Erich S. Gruen, "Pompey, the Roman Aristocracy, and the Conference of Luca," Historia 18 (1969) 71–108, especially 107–108. The literature on the triumvirate's political deal-making in 56 BC is vast; see for instance Ronald Syme, The Roman Revolution (Oxford University Press, 1939, reissued 2002), limited preview online, particularly Chapter 3, "The Domination of Pompeius"; J.P.V.D. Balsdon, "Consular Provinces under the Late Republic, II," Journal of Roman Studies 29 (1939) 167–183; Colm Luibheid, "The Luca Conference," Classical Philology 65 (1970) 88–94; and Anthony J. Marshall, review of Crassus: A Political Biography by B.A. Marshall (Amsterdam 1976) and Marcus Crassus and the Late Roman Republic by A.M. Ward (University of Missouri Press, 1977), Phoenix 32 (1978) 261–266.
  6. ↑ The case is discussed at length by C.F. Konrad, "Vellere signa," in Augusto Augurio (Franz Steiner, 2004), pp. 181–185 online.
  7. ↑ Plutarch, Crassus 16.5–6, from Sarah Iles Johnston, Religions of the Ancient World (Harvard University Press, 2004), p. 510 online (transl. Warner).
  8. ↑ Johnston, Religions of the Ancient World, p. 510.
  9. ↑ Cicero, De divination 1.29–30; Velleius Paterculus 2.46.3, on which see the commentary of A.J. Woodman (Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 73 online; Plutarch, Crassus 16; Appian, Bellum civile 2.18; Florus 1.46.3. For more on the departure, see Cicero, Ad Atticum 4.13.2 and Ad familiares 1.9.20, and Lucan 3.43ff., as cited by Broughton, Magistrates of the Roman Republic, p. 216; see also Lucan 3,126-127.
  10. ↑ Ronald Syme, Sallust (University of California Press, 2002, originally published 1964), p. 34 online. The expulsion of Ateius was not unique; Appius conducted a thorough housecleaning, removing any man who was the son of a freedman and others such as the historian Sallust.
  11. ↑ Cicero, De divinatione 1.29–30; the case of Ateius discussed at some length in the commentary of David Wardle, Cicero on Divination (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2006), pp. 180–187 online.
  12. ↑ J. Gwyn Griffiths, The Divine Verdict: A Study of Divine Judgement in the Ancient Religions (Brill, 1991), p. 98 online.
  13. ↑ Cicero, Ad familiares 13.29.2, Ad Atticum 13.33.4 and 16.16.
  14. ↑ Cicero, Ad Atticum 16.16c, f
  • Some information in this article was originally taken from Quien es quien en la Antigua Roma (Editions: Acento Editorial, 2002).
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