GSTZ1
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesGSTZ1, GSTZ1-1, MAAI, MAI, glutathione S-transferase zeta 1, MAAID
External IDsOMIM: 603758 MGI: 1341859 HomoloGene: 7747 GeneCards: GSTZ1
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

2954

14874

Ensembl

ENSG00000100577

ENSMUSG00000021033

UniProt

O43708

Q9WVL0

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001312660
NM_001513
NM_145870
NM_145871
NM_001363703

NM_001252555
NM_001252556
NM_010363
NM_001364306
NM_001364307

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001299589
NP_665877
NP_665878
NP_001350632

NP_001239484
NP_001239485
NP_034493
NP_001351235
NP_001351236

Location (UCSC)Chr 14: 77.32 – 77.33 MbChr 12: 87.19 – 87.21 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Glutathione S-transferase Zeta 1 (also known as maleylacetoacetate isomerase) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSTZ1 gene on chromosome 14.[5][6][7]

This gene is a member of the glutathione S-transferase (GSTs) super-family, which encodes multifunctional enzymes important in the detoxification of electrophilic molecules, including carcinogens, mutagens, and several therapeutic drugs, by conjugation with glutathione. This enzyme also plays a significant role in the catabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine. Thus, defects in this enzyme may lead to severe metabolic disorders, including alkaptonuria, phenylketonuria and tyrosinaemia, and new discoveries may allow the enzyme to protect against certain diseases related to oxidative stress.[7]

Structure

Glutathione S-transferase Zeta 1 (GSTZ1) has a predominantly hydrophobic dimer, just like many other GST members. It is composed of 24.2 kDa subunits and it consists of an N-terminal thioredoxin-like domain and a C-terminal all alpha-helical domain. Both of these domains are intertwined by a linker region between amino acids 85 and 91. The active site of this enzyme is much smaller and more polar than that of other family members of GST, which allows for GSTZ1 to be more selective in terms of substrates. Also, the C-terminus is truncated and the GSTZ1 enzyme lacks the normal V-shaped dimer interface which are usually common in other GSTs.[8] As for the GSTZ1 gene, it is located on chromosome 14q24.3, has 12 exons, and is approximately 10 kb long.[7] GSTZ1 also contains a distinct motif (Ser14–Ser15–Cys16) which is seen as the active center in catalysis.[9]

Function

GSTZ1 is predominantly found in liver cells; more specifically, it is localized in both the cytosol and the mitochondria.[10] GSTZ1 is essentially known for catalyzing glutathione-dependent isomerization of maleylacetoacetate to fumarylacetoacetate, which is the second-to-last step in the vital phenylalanine and tyrosine degradation pathway. It is the only enzyme in the GST family that catalyses a significant process in intermediary metabolism and it ensures that this enzyme can be found in a variety of species from humans to bacteria.[11] Another function of the GSTZ1 is that it is in control of the biotransformation of alpha-haloacids, like dichloroacetic acid (DCA), to glyoxylic acid. This prevents the buildup of DCA, which can lead to asymptomatic hepatotoxicity and a reversible peripheral neuropathy.[10] Both functions for this enzyme requires the presence of glutathione (GSH) in order to work.[9]

Clinical Significance

Deficiencies in any of the enzymes in the catabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine, like GSTZ1, has led to diseases such as alkaptonuria, phenylketonuria, and several forms of tyrosinemia.[8] A lack of GSTZ1, specifically, leads to the amalgamation of maleylacetoacetate and succinylacetone which has been observed to cause oxidative stress. Also, scarcities have been seen to alter the metabolism of certain drugs and xenobiotics in mice.[12]

Most importantly, researchers have successfully genetically engineered GSTZ1 to mimic one of the most significant antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase (GPX). GPX is most known for its role to protect cells and tissues against oxidative damage by catalyzing the reduction of hydroperoxides using GSH as a reducing substrate and blocking the radical reaction caused by lipid peroxides. By protecting against this oxidative damage, GPX essentially prevents against degenerative diseases such as atherosclerosis, myocardial ischemia, heart failure, diabetes, pulmonary fibrosis, neurodegenerative disorders, and Alzheimer’s disease. However, because of GPX’s poor stability and paucity, it cannot be used in clinical studies and other methods must be considered. The newfound seleno-hGSTZ1–1 (or the engineered GSTZ1 enzyme) has a high GPX activity and a very similar reaction mechanism to that of GPX.[13]

Interactions

GSTZ1 has been seen to interact with:

References

  1. 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000100577 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000021033 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ↑ Board PG, Baker RT, Chelvanayagam G, Jermiin LS (Dec 1997). "Zeta, a novel class of glutathione transferases in a range of species from plants to humans". The Biochemical Journal. 328. 328 (3): 929–35. doi:10.1042/bj3280929. PMC 1219006. PMID 9396740.
  6. ↑ Fernández-Cañón JM, Peñalva MA (Jan 1998). "Characterization of a fungal maleylacetoacetate isomerase gene and identification of its human homologue". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (1): 329–37. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.1.329. hdl:10261/169859. PMID 9417084.
  7. 1 2 3 "Entrez Gene: GSTZ1 glutathione transferase zeta 1 (maleylacetoacetate isomerase)".
  8. 1 2 Polekhina G, Board PG, Blackburn AC, Parker MW (Feb 2001). "Crystal structure of maleylacetoacetate isomerase/glutathione transferase zeta reveals the molecular basis for its remarkable catalytic promiscuity". Biochemistry. 40 (6): 1567–76. doi:10.1021/bi002249z. PMID 11327815.
  9. 1 2 3 Ricci G, Turella P, De Maria F, Antonini G, Nardocci L, Board PG, Parker MW, Carbonelli MG, Federici G, Caccuri AM (Aug 2004). "Binding and kinetic mechanisms of the Zeta class glutathione transferase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (32): 33336–42. doi:10.1074/jbc.M404631200. PMID 15173170.
  10. 1 2 3 Li W, Gu Y, James MO, Hines RN, Simpson P, Langaee T, Stacpoole PW (Feb 2012). "Prenatal and postnatal expression of glutathione transferase ζ 1 in human liver and the roles of haplotype and subject age in determining activity with dichloroacetate". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 40 (2): 232–9. doi:10.1124/dmd.111.041533. PMC 3263939. PMID 22028318.
  11. 1 2 Ketterer B (Oct 2001). "A bird's eye view of the glutathione transferase field". Chemico-Biological Interactions. 138 (1): 27–42. doi:10.1016/s0009-2797(01)00277-0. PMID 11640913.
  12. ↑ Blackburn AC, Matthaei KI, Lim C, Taylor MC, Cappello JY, Hayes JD, Anders MW, Board PG (Feb 2006). "Deficiency of glutathione transferase zeta causes oxidative stress and activation of antioxidant response pathways". Molecular Pharmacology. 69 (2): 650–7. doi:10.1124/mol.105.018911. PMID 16278372. S2CID 18371360.
  13. ↑ Yin L, Song J, Board PG, Yu Y, Han X, Wei J (Jan 2013). "Characterization of selenium-containing glutathione transferase zeta1-1 with high GPX activity prepared in eukaryotic cells". Journal of Molecular Recognition. 26 (1): 38–45. doi:10.1002/jmr.2241. PMID 23280616. S2CID 20923547.

Further reading

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