The Brazilian Navy has a large number of active and planned projects, under the modernization plans of the Brazilian Armed Forces, defined in the National Defense White Paper (Portuguese: Livro Branco da Defesa Nacional - LBDN).[1] From 2010, Brazil started a radical change in its military policy, aiming to consolidate itself as the major power of Latin America,[2][3] then the country's military strategists saw the great importance in modernize the Navy, both in terms of global projection and deterrence against possible threats to national interests by foreign powers from the year 2040, the total estimated budget for the plan was estimated in US$ 119 billion in 2010.[2]

The prospective scenario analysis developed in 2005 by the U.S. Pentagon for the year 2035, foresees a permanent growth of Brazil's influence in international relations.[4] The intensification of projection in the concert of nations and its greater insertion in the global decisions, conduct the Armed Forces to a new structure compatible with the country's new political-strategic status.[4] In 2020, was approved by the MoD the increase of the defense budget from 1.4% to 2% of the GDP.[5]

Active projects

The National Defence White Paper

Nuclear submarines

From 2018 under the PROSUB program (initials in Portuguese to Submarine Development Program), Brazil started the construction of the first national nuclear submarine of the Álvaro Alberto-class SSNs, the estimated costs related to development and construction surpassed the US$ 7.4 billion in 2020.[6][7] The country plans six units of the class by the 2040s.[8]

Conventional submarines

Brazilian Scorpene submarine underway

In 2009, under the PROSUB, Brazil signed cooperation agreements with France, for the joint-development and construction of four Scorpène-class SSKs, in a deal of US$ 10 billion, with construction of the four boats in Brazil and total transfer of technology agreement.[9] The country has launched two of the boats as of 2021, the Riachuelo in 2018, and the Humaitá in 2020. The other two, Tonelero and Angostura will be launched in 2021 and 2022 respectively.[10]

Frigates

Under the PROSUPER program (initials in Portuguese to Surface Means Obtainment Program), Brazil signed in 2020 a € 2 billion contract with Germany's ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems,[11] for the joint-development and construction of four Tamandaré-class general purpose frigates. Same as Scorpenes agreements, this contract define the construction of the four boats in Brazil and also total transfer of technology from Germany.[12] In the same year, was reported that the Brazilian Navy plans to order two more class frigates until 2024–25, extending the total to six boats.[13]

Ocean patrol vessels

The country is conducting the construction of two Macaé-class patrol vessels. The boats designated as Maracanã (P72)[14] and Mangaratiba (P75),[14] other two ships were commissioned in 2009 and 2010 respectively, the Macaé (P70) and Macau (P71). Between 2012 and 2013, Brazil also commissioned three Amazonas-class OPVs of 2,000 tonnes.[15]

Icebreaker and hospital ships

In 2020, the Navy launched a project for the construction of a new research icebreaker for the Brazilian Antarctic Program, in order to replace the ship Ary Rongel (H-44), in operation since 1994,[16] the new boat will be fully operational by 2025.[17] The new hospital ship, named Anna Nery (U-170), is planned to be operational in 2022.[18]

Helicopters

Brazilian EC 725 in flight

Since 2008, the Navy's receive annually new Eurocopter EC 725s from Helibras factory in Itajubá, Minas Gerais, as part of an initial order of 50 EC725s for the Brazilian Armed Forces, the agreement was estimated US$ 1 billion at the time.[19][20] From 2018, Brazil also placed deals for the SH-60 Seahawk, eight units are in operation as of 2020.[21] The Navy's has also a modernization program for the Westland Lynx Mk.21, with upgrade of the eight units with new CTS800 engines and avionics, the helicopter was redesignated as Super Lynx Mk.21B.[22]

Armaments

In the beginning of the 2010s, Brazil's military strategists saw the development's necessity of an anti-ship missile and a heavyweight torpedo for the use in the future ships and submarines of the Navy from the 2020s, and to secure the technological independence in these types of armaments. In 2011, the Ministry of Defence launched both the MANSUP and TPNer programs, to the development of the very first national anti-ship missiles and heavyweight torpedoes. As of 2021, the MANSUP completed three firing tests,[23] the TPNer is still in development.[24] The Navy received in 2020 the first batch of the French torpedo F21 Artemis, for the Scorpene submarines,[25] and the Mark 54 for the use in the S-70B Seahawks.[26][27]

Satellites

Since 2010, through the Brazilian Space Agency, the Brazilian Armed Forces launched several satellites to orbit, like the SGDC-1 and the Amazônia-1 in order to integrate the MoD's military communications with the three branches across the country, also to conduct imagery intelligence, reconnaissance and earth observation operations. Several other are planned to the 2020s.

SisGAAz

The Blue Amazon Management System, is a surveillance system developed by the Brazilian Navy, in order to oversee the Blue Amazon, the country's exclusive economic zone and a resource-rich area covering about 4,500,000 km2 (1,700,000 sq mi) off the Brazilian coast. This area is home to a huge diversity of marine species, valuable metallic minerals and other mineral resources, petroleum, and the world's second largest rare-earth reserve.[28] The SisGAAz integrates equipment and systems composed of radars incorporated on land and vessels, as well as high resolution cameras and features such as the fusion of information received from collaborative systems.[29]

Planned projects

Aircraft carrier

The future aircraft carrier possibly named as Rio de Janeiro is planned under the PAEMB program (initials in Portuguese to Brazilian Navy Coordination and Equipment Plan), aiming to a completely operational carrier in the 2040s. The plan was revised in the last LBDN edition and accepted by the Ministry of Defence, the National Congress and former President Jair Bolsonaro in 2020.[30] In 2018, the Former Brazilian Navy Commander Eduardo Bacellar Leal Ferreira, confirmed the plans for a national aircraft carrier of 50,000 tonnes,[2] possibly using the original projects of the French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle, offered to Brazil in 2012, the doubt was the propulsion system and its costs, estimated in US$ 3.5 billion for a conventional carrier with catapults, and US$ 5.25 billion for a nuclear powered carrier, using an adapted version of the naval reactor under development for the Álvaro Alberto-class SSNs.[31]

Air-defense destroyers

Under PROSUPER, the Navy also plans up to five 6,000-7,000 tons air-defence destroyers, to be part of the future carrier strike group.[2] In 2019, the Admiralty began evaluating the deal for ships already operating in foreign navies, the Arleigh Burke class Flight 1 destroyer, was reported to be one of the candidates, with an estimated budget of US$ 1 billion for future negotiations.[32] In 2020, the Thyssenkrupp Marine Systems presented to the Navy its most modern 7,200 tonnes MEKO A-400 air defense destroyer, an updated version of the German F-125-class frigates. The similarities of the F-125 class frigates with the Tamandaré-class frigate made a good impression with the Admiralty.[13]

Maritime fighters

The Brazilian Navy plans up to 48 naval fighters for the use in the new aircraft carrier.[2] The Navy has shown interest in a proposed naval version of the Saab JAS 39 Gripen, already in operation in the Brazilian Air Force.[33]

Medium-range air defense system

The Ministry of Defence will start in the 2020s,[34] the acquisition of a medium-range air defense system. In December 2020, the MoD approved the prerequisites. The system will be operated by the three branches of the Brazilian Armed Forces, in order to reduce operational costs and to facilitate the integration between all systems already in operation in the forces. The battery will have to comply with the following operational requirements: must be able to effectively engage aerospace threats simultaneously in a minimum horizontal engagement range not exceeding 2,000 meters; maximum horizontal engagement range not less than 40,000 meters; minimum vertical engagement range not exceeding 50 meters; and maximum vertical engagement range not less than 15,000 meters. The system will be capable of engaging fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, UAVs, cruise missiles and guided bombs.[34]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Livro Branco da Defesa Nacional" (PDF). Brazilian Government. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Brazilian Navy modernization". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
  3. ↑ "La Marina Brasilera avanza en un ambicioso Plan Estratégico para el 2040". Zona Militar. 24 September 2020.
  4. 1 2 "Leopard 1A5 BR, a modernização pode estar próxima". DefesaNet (in Portuguese). 17 December 2020.
  5. ↑ "Multinacional de armas escala militar brasileiro para lobby na Defesa". Folha de Pernanbuco. 11 October 2020.
  6. ↑ "Atrasado pela crise, projeto do submarino nuclear já recebeu R$ 21 bilhões" (in Portuguese). Gazeta do Povo. 8 February 2018.
  7. ↑ "Programas da MB em 2019: PROSUB". Poder Naval (in Portuguese). 12 January 2020.
  8. ↑ "Programa Nuclear da Marinha" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 3 August 2019.
  9. ↑ "O Prosub e o submarino nuclear brasileiro SN-BR" (in Portuguese). Poder Naval. 20 February 2018.
  10. ↑ "LAAD 2017: Brazilian submarine programme moves into construction". IHS Jane's 360. 11 April 2017. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
  11. ↑ "Marinha compra quatro fragatas por R$ 9,1 bilhões". UOL (in Portuguese). 4 March 2020.
  12. ↑ "Classe Corveta Tamandaré - As corvetas podem virar fragatas". Defesa Net (in Portuguese). 10 January 2018.
  13. 1 2 "EXCLUSIVO: Marinha já planeja a quinta Tamandaré". Poder Naval (in Portuguese). 28 December 2019.
  14. 1 2 "Marinha vai concluir a construção dos NPa Maracanã e Mangaratiba no AMRJ". Poder Naval. 29 December 2019.
  15. ↑ "BAE Systems sells patrol vessels to Brazil". BBC News. 2 January 2012.
  16. ↑ "Marinha do Brasil anuncia a Short List para o NApAnt". Defesa Aérea & Naval (in Portuguese). 25 February 2021.
  17. ↑ "Marinha receberá propostas para NApAnt até 30 de novembro". Defesa Aérea & Naval. 25 November 2020.
  18. ↑ "Novo navio de assistência hospitalar será batizado de Anna Nery". Brazilian Navy. 13 May 2021.
  19. ↑ Farias, Ivy (8 September 2008). "Brasil produzirá em Minas Gerais helicópteros para as Forças Armadas". Agência Brasil. Retrieved on 11 July 2009.
  20. ↑ "Brazil's $1B+ Order for EC725 Cougar Helicopters." Archived 25 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine Defense Industry Daily, 5 January 2012.
  21. ↑ Hoyle, Craig (4 December 2018). "ANALYSIS: 2019 World Air Forces Directory". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 23 January 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  22. ↑ Harding, Ian (December 2017). "Modernised Super Lynx for Brazilian Navy". Air International. Vol. 93, no. 6. p. 16. ISSN 0306-5634.
  23. ↑ "Marinha do Brasil lança terceiro protótipo do Míssil Antinavio de Superfície (MANSUP)". Poder Naval (in Portuguese). 10 July 2019.
  24. ↑ "Ministério da Defesa coloca o Projeto do Torpedo Pesado Nacional como Produto Estratégico de Defesa". Defesa Aerea e Naval (in Portuguese). 30 November 2014.
  25. ↑ "Naval Group entrega torpedos pesados F21 a Marinha do Brasil". Tecnodefesa (in Portuguese). 1 March 2020.
  26. ↑ "Proposed Purchase of MK 54 Torpedoes by Brazil Approved". U.S. Embassy and Consulates in Brazil. 2 December 2019.
  27. ↑ "Brazil - Mk 54 Lightweight Torpedoes". DSCA. 2 December 2019.
  28. ↑ "Brasil tem segunda maior reserva mundial de terras raras, mas não aparece entre os maiores produtores" (in Portuguese). O Globo. 30 May 2019.
  29. ↑ "SisGAAz: Proteção e Monitoramento das Águas Jurisdicionais Brasileiras". Brazilian Navy (in Portuguese).
  30. ↑ "Em documento, Ministério da Defesa vê risco de crises e tensões no entorno estratégico do Brasil". G1. 16 July 2020.
  31. ↑ "Marinha considera auxílio francês no projeto do futuro porta-aviões brasileiro". SINAVAL. 19 February 2021.
  32. ↑ "Marinha do Brasil avalia compra de navios usados da Austrália, do Canadá, dos EUA e do Japão". Portos e Navios. 2 June 2019.
  33. ↑ Jennings, Gareth (18 December 2013). "Brazilian F‐X2 gives fresh impetus to Saab's Sea Gripen concept". IHS Jane's Defence Weekly. London. Archived from the original on 30 January 2014 – via IHS Jane's 360.
  34. 1 2 "MD aprova os Requisitos Operacionais Conjuntos para o Sistema de Artilharia Antiaérea de Média Altura/Médio Alcance". Defesa Aerea e Naval (in Portuguese). 27 December 2020.
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