Frog and Mouse by Getsuju, a Japanese artist of the Edo period

Frogs play a variety of roles in culture, appearing in folklore and fairy tales such as the Brothers Grimm story of The Frog Prince. In ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, frogs symbolized fertility, while in classical antiquity, the Greeks and Romans associated frogs with fertility, harmony, and licentiousness.

Frogs are the subjects of fables attributed to Aesop, of proverbs in various cultures, and of art. Frog characters such as Kermit the Frog and Pepe the Frog feature in popular culture. They are eaten in some parts of the world including France. In Australia, a fondant dessert is known as frog cake.

History

Folklorist Andrew Lang listed myths about a frog or toad that swallows or blocks the flow of waters occurring in many world mythologies.[1]

On the other hand, researcher Anna Engelking drew attention to the fact that studies on Indo-European mythology and its language see "a link between frogs and the underworld, and – by extension – sickness and death".[2]

Ancient Mesopotamia

In the Sumerian epic poem of Inanna and Enki, the goddess Inanna tricks Enki, the god of water, into giving her all of the sacred mes,[3] prompting Enki to send various watery creatures to retrieve them.[3] The first of these is a frog, whom Enki grasps "by its right hand."[3] Frogs also appear as filling motifs on cylinder seals of the Kassite Period.[3]

Ancient Egypt

Early Dynastic (c. 3000 BC) frog statuette)

To the Egyptians, the frog was a symbol of life and fertility, since millions of them were born after the annual flooding of the Nile, which brought fertility to the otherwise barren lands. Consequently, in Egyptian mythology, there began to be a frog-goddess, who represented fertility, named Heqet. Heqet was usually depicted as a frog, or a woman with a frog's head, or more rarely as a frog on the end of a phallus to explicitly indicate her association with fertility.[4] A lesser known Egyptian god, Kek, was also sometimes shown in the form of a frog.[5]

Texts of the Late Period describe the Ogdoad of Hermepolis, a group of eight "primeval" gods, as having the heads of frogs (male) and serpents (female), and they are often depicted in this way in reliefs of the Greco-Roman period.[6] The god Nu in particular is sometimes depicted either with the head of a frog surmounted by a beetle.[5]

Hapi was a deification of the annual flood of the Nile River, in Egyptian mythology, which deposited rich silt on the banks, allowing the Egyptians to grow crops. In Lower Egypt, he was adorned with papyrus plants, and attended by frogs, present in the region, and symbols of it.[7]

Classical antiquity

A frog being eaten by King Stork, an illustration by Milo Winter in a 1919 Aesop anthology

The Greeks and Romans associated frogs with fertility and harmony, and with licentiousness in association with Aphrodite.[4] The combat between the Frogs and the Mice (Batrachomyomachia) was a mock epic, commonly attributed to Homer, though in fact a parody of his Iliad.[8][9][10] The Frogs Who Desired a King is a fable, attributed to Aesop. The Frogs prayed to Zeus asking for a King. Zeus set up a log to be their monarch. The Frogs protested they wanted a fierce and terrible king, not a mere figurehead. So Zeus sent them a Stork to be their king. The new king hunted and devoured his subjects. Aesop wrote a fable about a frog trying to inflate itself to the size of an ox. Phaedrus (and later Jean de La Fontaine) wrote versions of this fable. The Frogs is a comic play by Aristophanes, in which the choir of frogs sings the famous onomatopoeic line: "Brekekekex koax koax."[11]

In the Bible, the Second Plague of Egypt described in the Book of Exodus 8:6 is of frogs. In the New Testament, frogs are associated with unclean spirits in Revelation 16:13.[4]

Medieval and Early Modern

Medieval Christian tradition based on the Physiologus distinguished land frogs from water frogs representing righteous and sinful congregationists, respectively. In folk religion and occultism, the frog also became associated with witchcraft or as an ingredient for love potions.[12]

The Japanese poet Matsuo Bashō wrote one of his most famous haiku about a frog jumping into an old pond.[13]

In folk and fairy tales

The frog is also a character in many fairy tales, be it tales from oral tradition or literary reworkings by later writers.[14]

The frog or toad appears as a potential suitor to a female human in variants of the Aarne–Thompson–Uther type ATU 440, "The Frog King".[15] The most famous is the story of The Frog Prince. It also appears as a female bride in tales of type ATU 402, "The Animal Bride",[16] such as Puddocky (German fairy tale), The Frog Princess (Russian fairy tale) and The Three Feathers (German fairy tale).

It also acts as a helper of the heroes and heroines, such as in the beginning of the story of the Sleeping Beauty, and in French literary fairy tales The Benevolent Frog (by MMe. d'Aulnoy) and The Little Green Frog.

In Hans Christian Andersen's lengthy fairy tale "The Marsh King's Daughter," a beautiful young woman is transformed, night after night, into a large, mournful frog. With the first rays of dawn, she changes back to human form.

The toad appears as a transformation for the hero Jiraiya in the Japanese story The Tale of the Gallant Jiraiya.

The frog appears in the form of a beautiful maiden, named Bheki, in a tale from Sanskrit legend. The amphibian, in this story, symbolizes the sun.[17]

In modern culture

The "frog in a well" saying about having a narrow vision of life is found in Sanskrit ("Kupa Manduka", कुपमन्डुक),[18] in Bengali, কুপমন্ডুক), in Vietnamese "Ếch ngồi đáy giếng coi trời bằng vung" ("Sitting at the bottom of wells, frogs think that the sky is as wide as a lid"), and in Malay "Bagai katak dibawah tempurung" ("Like a frog under a coconut shell").. The Chinese versions are "坐井觀天" ("sitting in the well, looking to the sky") and "井底之蛙" ("a frog in a well") from the Taoist classic Zhuangzi that has a frog living in an abandoned well, who talks about things big and small with the turtle of the Eastern Sea.[19]

Other frog proverbs include the American "You can't tell by looking at a frog how high he will jump" and the Iranian "When the snake gets old, the frog gets him by the balls."[20]

In Chinese traditional culture, frogs represent the lunar yin, and the Frog spirit Ch'ing-Wa Sheng is associated with healing and good fortune in business, although a frog in a well is symbolic of a person lacking in understanding and vision.[4]

The supposed behavior of frogs illustrating nonaction is told in the often-repeated story of the boiled frog: put a frog in boiling water and it will jump out, but put it in cold water and slowly heat it, and it will not notice the danger and will be boiled alive. The story was based on nineteenth century experiments in which frogs were shown to stay in heating water as long as it was heated very slowly.[21] The validity of the experiments is however disputed. Professor Douglas Melton, Harvard University Biology Department, says: "If you put a frog in boiling water, it won't jump out. It will die. If you put it in cold water, it will jump before it gets hot—they don't sit still for you."[22]

The short poem "What a queer bird", which appeared in magazines in the 1920s, is about the qualities of a frog from a bird's perspective.[23][24][25]

In Finland, miniature wooden coffins containing frogs have been discovered under the floors of some churches, and in other places such as in a field, under a cowshed, in rapids, or in a hearth. They are thought to have been part of a practice of magic, or to protect against magic.[26]

According to researcher Anna Engelking, there is a certain naming taboo in Polish folk belief regarding calling a child a frog, since it may stunt the child's growth. Hence, there is a verbal avoidance of mentioning the frog by its name, instead using a euphemism that denotes some trait (i.e, 'the one that jumps').[27]

In art

The Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped animals and often depicted frogs in their art.[28] Painters of the Dutch Golden Age sometimes included frogs in their compositions;[29] for example, Ambrosius Bosschaert II painted a vanitas still life Dead Frog with Flies c. 1630; in 2012, the artists Rob and Nick Carter created a silent digital version, lasting three hours, in which the "still" image "slowly, imperceptibly" changes with the movement of the sun, and occasionally an insect such as a dragonfly enters the scene.[30]

"My Old Friend Dr. Frog". Promotional postcard for "Frog In Your Throat" Company throat medicine

Contemporary pop culture

The theme of transformation features prominently in popular culture, from The Frog Prince to fantasy settings such as the Final Fantasy and Chrono Trigger video games with magic spells that turn people into frogs.[31]

Michigan J. Frog featured in a Warner Brothers cartoon.[32] Kermit the Frog is the straight man character in Sesame Street and The Muppet Show.[33]

Several Pokémon species are based on frogs and toads, such as the Poliwrath, Politoed, Seismitoad, Toxicroak, and Greninja evolutionary families.[34][35]

Tsuyu Asui/Froppy, a superhero with frog related powers, features in the manga and anime series My Hero Academia.[36]

Pepe the Frog is a frog character from a webcomic which became a popular Internet meme, and was eventually used as a symbol of the alt-right movement.[37][38]

Suwako Moriya is a goddess whose looks are inspired by frogs. She is from the bullet hell video game Touhou Fuujinroku: Mountain of Faith. [39]

In the Disney animated series Amphibia, anthropomorphic frogs are one of the fictional races from an alternate universe of the same namesake and as anthropomorphic amphibians are the sentient beings there, the frogs seem to play the role of humans.

In the webcomic Homestuck, universes exist in the form of enormous Genesis Frogs. In the game Undertale, which took inspiration from it, frogs exist as the common monster enemy Froggits.

Cuisine and confectionery

Freddo Frog advertisement, 1930

Frogs are eaten, notably in France. One dish is known as cuisses de grenouille, frogs' legs, and although it is not especially common, it is taken as indicative of French cuisine. From this, "frog" has also developed into a common derogatory term for French people in English.[40]

Freddo Frog is a popular Australian chocolate,[41] while frog cake is a Heritage Listed South Australian fondant dessert.[42] Crunchy Frog is a fictitious confectionery from a Monty Python skit of the same name.[43] Chocolate Frogs are a popular sweet in the Harry Potter universe.[44]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lang, Andrew. Myth, Ritual and Religion. Vol. I. London: Longmans, Green. 1906. pp. 42-46.
  2. ↑ Engelking, Anna. The Curse - On Folk Magic of the Word. Translated by Anna Gutowska. Monographs. Warsaw: Institute of Slavic Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences. 2017 [2000]. p. 320 (footnote nr. 23). ISBN 978-83-64031-63-2.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992). Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary. The British Museum Press. p. 118. ISBN 0-7141-1705-6.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Cooper, JC (1992). Symbolic and Mythological Animals. London: Aquarian Press. pp. 106–08. ISBN 1-85538-118-4.
  5. 1 2 Budge, E. A. Wallis (1904). The Gods of the Egyptians: Or, Studies in Egyptian Mythology. Vol. 2. Methuen & Co. pp. 284–286.
  6. ↑ Smith, Mark (2002). On the Primaeval Ocean. p. 38.
  7. ↑ Wilkinson, Richard H. (2003). The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. p. 107. ISBN 0-500-05120-8.
  8. ↑ Plutarch. De Herodoti Malignitate, 43, or Moralia, 873f.
  9. ↑ A. Ludwich (1896).
  10. ↑ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Batrachomyomachia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  11. ↑ Aristophanes, Frogs. Kenneth Dover (ed.) (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), p. 2.
  12. ↑ Becker, Udo (January 2000). The Continuum Encyclopedia of Symbols. ISBN 9780826412218. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
  13. ↑ "Matsuo Bashō's Frog Haiku (Thirty-one Translations and One Commentary)". Bureau of Public Secrets. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  14. ↑ Eccleshare, Julia (2015-11-16). "The best frogs in children's books". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-04-21.
  15. ↑ Thompson, Stith. The Folktale. University of California Press. 1977. pp. 101-102, 179.ISBN 0-520-03537-2
  16. ↑ Aarne, Antti; Thompson, Stith. The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1961. p. 131.
  17. ↑ "‘Cupid, Psyche, and the “Sun-Frog”’, Custom and Myth: (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1884)." In The Edinburgh Critical Edition of the Selected Writings of Andrew Lang, Volume 1: Anthropology, Fairy Tale, Folklore, The Origins of Religion, Psychical Research, edited by Teverson Andrew, Warwick Alexandra, and Wilson Leigh, 66-78. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2015. Accessed June 25, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt16r0jdk.9.
  18. ↑ Pattanaik, Devdutt (2011-09-08). "Frog in the well". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 2013-06-28. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  19. ↑ Zhuangzi, Chapters 秋水 ("The Floods of Autumn") and 至樂 ("Perfect Enjoyment"). Chinese text and James Legge's English translation.
  20. ↑ Quoted at the end of Embroideries by Marjane Satrapi.
  21. ↑ Sedgwick, William (July 1888). "Studies From the Biological Laboratory". N. Murray, Johns Hopkins University. in one experiment the temperature was raised at a rate of 0.002°C. per second, and the frog was found dead at the end of 2½ hours without having moved. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  22. ↑ "Next Time, What Say We Boil a Consultant". Retrieved 2006-03-10.
  23. ↑ "Pleasantries". Christian Register. Vol. 101, no. 39. 1922-09-28.
  24. ↑ "The Frog". American Consular Bulletin. Vol. 4. 1922.
  25. ↑ "The Frog Round: a Children's Folk Song sung as a Round". Music Files Ltd. Retrieved 2018-03-15.
  26. ↑ Hukantaival, Sonja (2015). "Frogs in Miniature Coffins from Churches in Finland - Folk Magic in Christian Holy Places" (PDF). Mirator. 16 (1): 192–220.
  27. ↑ Engelking, Anna. The Curse - On Folk Magic of the Word . Translated by Anna Gutowska. Monographs. Warsaw: Institute of Slavic Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences. 2017 [2000]. pp. 64-66, 71. ISBN 978-83-64031-63-2
  28. ↑ Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. New York: Thames & Hudson, 1997.
  29. ↑ "Frog". National Gallery. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  30. ↑ Waters, Florence (6 March 2013). "Dead frog painting that rots before your eyes". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  31. ↑ Badger, David P. Frogs (S.l.: Voyageur Press, 2001) includes chapters on "frogs in popular culture, their physical characteristics and behavior, and environmental challenges."Are There Fewer Frogs? Archived 11 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  32. ↑ Mahan, Colin (26 July 2005). "Michigan J. Frog has no leg to stand on". TV.com. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  33. ↑ "Characters / The Muppet Show. Kermit the Frog". TV Tropes.org. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
  34. ↑ "The Poliwag Family". Bogleech. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
  35. ↑ "The Froakie Family". Bogleech. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
  36. ↑ My Hero Academia (TV Series 2016– ) - IMDb, retrieved 2020-03-28
  37. ↑ Furie, Matt (October 13, 2016). "Pepe the Frog's Creator: I'm Reclaiming Him. He Was Never About Hate". Time. Retrieved November 19, 2017.
  38. ↑ Segal, Oren (September 29, 2016). "Pepe the Frog: yes, a harmless cartoon can become an alt-right mascot". The Guardian. Retrieved November 19, 2017.
  39. ↑ "Suwako Moriya".
  40. ↑ "Why do the French call the British 'the roast beefs'?". BBC News. 3 April 2003. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
  41. ↑ "Freddo The Frog creator dies". The Sydney Morning Herald. 29 January 2007.
  42. ↑ "Protection for frog cake". The Advertiser. 12 September 2001. p. 9.
  43. ↑ Chapman, Graham; Cleese, John; Gilliam, Terry; Idle, Eric; Jones, Terry; Palin, Michael (1989). Wilmut, Roger (ed.). The Complete Monty Python's Flying Circus: All the Words, Volume One. New York, New York: Pantheon Books. pp. 71–73. ISBN 0-679-72647-0.
  44. ↑ "J.K. Rowling Web Chat Transcript". The Leaky Cauldron. 30 July 2007. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2007.

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