This is a list of wars involving modern France from the abolition of the French monarchy and the establishment of the French First Republic on 21 September 1792 until the current Fifth Republic.
- For wars involving the Kingdom of France (987–1792), see List of wars involving the Kingdom of France.
- For pre-987 wars, see List of wars involving Francia.
- French victory - 99
- French defeat - 22
- Another result * - 10
- Ongoing conflict - 4
*e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, result of civil or internal conflict, result unknown or indecisive, inconclusive
First French Republic (1792–1804)
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First French Empire (1804–1814, 1815)
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Bourbon Restoration (1814–15, 1815–1830)
| Conflict | France & allies | France's opposition | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis (1823) Location: Spain |
 Kingdom of France.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Armée de la Foi |
Partisans of the Cortes |
French and Spanish Royalist victory |
| Greek War of Independence (1821–1829) Location: Greece |
1821: Filiki Eteria Greek revolutionariesAfter 1822: .svg.png.webp){kind=small} Hellenic RepublicSupported by: .svg.png.webp){kind=small} Romanian Revolutionaries (1821) Philhellenes United Kingdom (after 1826) Russian Empire (after 1826) Kingdom of France (after 1826) Serb and Montenegrin volunteers |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Ottoman Empire
|
Greek victory
|
| Franco-Trarzan War of 1825 (1825) Location: Waalo, West Africa |
 France |
Trarza | French victory |
| Irish and German Mercenary Soldiers' Revolt (1825) Location: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Empire of Brazil France United Kingdom |
Irish mercenaries German mercenaries |
Revolt Suppressed |
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July Monarchy (1830–1848)
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Second French Republic (1848–1852)
| Conflict | France & allies | France's opposition | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| First Italian War of Independence (1848–1849) |
 Austrian Empire Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia.svg.png.webp){kind=small} France (1849) |
_crowned.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Kingdom of Sardinia
Supported by: |
French-Austrian Victory
|
| French invasion of Honolulu (1849) |
France |
 Hawaiian Kingdom |
Victory |
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Second French Empire (1852–1870)
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French Third Republic (1870–1940)
| Conflict | France & allies | France's opposition | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Annexation of the Leeward Islands (1880–1897) Location: Society Islands |
France Tahiti (French protectorate) |
 Raiatea-Tahaa Huahine Bora Bora |
French Victory |
| French conquest of Tunisia (1881) Location: Tunisia |
France |
 Beylik of Tunis |
French victory
|
| Mandingo Wars (1883–1898) Location: West Africa |
France |
 Wassoulou Empire |
French victory |
| First Madagascar expedition (1883–1885) Location: Madagascar |
France |
 Merina Kingdom |
French victory |
| Sino-French War (1884–1885) Location: Southeast mainland China, Taiwan, northern Vietnam |
France |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} ChinaBlack Flag Army Nguyễn dynasty |
Both sides declared victory
|
| Tonkin Campaign (1883–1886) Location: Northern Vietnam |
France |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Qing dynasty Black Flag Army Nguyễn dynasty |
French victory |
| First Franco-Dahomean War (1890) Location: Ouémé Department of modern Benin |
France |
 Dahomey |
French victory
|
| Second Franco-Dahomean War (1892–1894) Location: Ouémé Department and Zou Department of modern Benin |
France |
Dahomey |
French victory
|
| Franco-Siamese War (1893) Location: French Indochina, Siam |
French Republic
|
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Siam |
French victory
|
| First Italo-Ethiopian War (1894–1896) |
 EthiopiaSupport: Russia[6][7][8] France[9][10]Eritrean rebels[11] |
Italy
|
Ethiopian victory |
| Second Madagascar expedition (1894–1895) Location: Madagascar |
France |
Merina Kingdom |
French victory |
| Cretan Revolt (1897–1898)
Location: Crete |
 Cretan revolutionaries .svg.png.webp){kind=small} Kingdom of Greece British Empire France Italy Russian Empire.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Austria-Hungary (until April 12, 1898).svg.png.webp){kind=small} German Empire (until March 16, 1898) |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Ottoman Empire |
French victory
|
| Boxer Rebellion (1899) Location: North China |
France British Empire
Russia.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Japan Germany.svg.png.webp){kind=small} United States Italy Austria-Hungary Netherlands.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Belgium Spain Mutual Protection of Southeast China |
 Boxers Qing dynasty |
Allied victory |
| Rabih War (1899–1901) Location: West Africa |
France |
 Kanem–Bornu Empire |
French victory |
| 1904–1905 uprising in Madagascar (1904–1905) Location: Madagascar |
France |
Rebels | French victory
|
| Ouaddai War (1909–1911) Location: Ouaddai Empire |
France |
Ouaddai Empire | French victory
|
| French conquest of Morocco (1911–1934) Location: North Africa |
France
|
Zaian Confederation Varying other Berber tribes |
French victory |
| Zaian War (1914–1921) Location: French protectorate of Morocco |
France
|
Zaian Confederation Varying other Berber tribes Supported during the First World War by the Central Powers |
French victory |
| First World War (1914–1918) Location: Europe, Africa, Asia, Middle East, the Pacific Islands, and coast of North and South America |
Allied Powers
|
Central Powers |
Allied victory
|
| Volta-Bani War (1915–1917) Location: Burkino Faso, Mali |
France
|
Marka, Bwa, Lela, Nuni, and Bobo people | French victory |
| Kaocen revolt (1916–1917) Location: Northern Niger |
France
|
Tuareg guerrillas | French victory |
| Thái Nguyên uprising (1917–1918) Location: Northern Vietnam |
France |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Vietnamese rebels |
French victory
|
| Occupation of Constantinople (1918–1923) Location: Istanbul |
United Kingdom France Italy Greece.svg.png.webp){kind=small} United States[12] Japan[12] |
Ottoman Empire |
Temporary occupation |
| Hungarian-Romanian War (1918–1919) Location: Hungary, and Transylvania |
 RomaniaSupported by: France
|
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Hungarian Republic(until 21 March 1919)  Soviet HungarySupported by: .svg.png.webp){kind=small} Soviet Russia |
Romanian victory |
| Franco-Turkish War (1918–1921) Location: Cilicia and Upper Mesopotamia |
France
|
 Grand National Assembly
|
French loss
|
| Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War (1918–1920) |
|
|
Allied withdrawal
|
| 1919 Luxembourgish rebellion (January 1919) Location: Luxembourg |
French Third Republic Grand Duchy of Luxembourg |
Comité de Salut Public (Luxembourg) Republic of Luxembourg |
French and Luxembourgish monarchist victory
|
| Bender Uprising (1919) Location: Tighina, Kingdom of Romania (present day Bender, Moldova) |
France Romania |
 Red Guards.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Ukrainian SSR |
Franco-Romanian victory |
| Franco-Syrian War (1920) Location: Syria |
France
|
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Arab Kingdom of Syria
|
French victory
|
| Rif War (1920–1927) Location: Morocco |
Spain France (1925–1926) Jebala tribes |
 Republic of the RifJebala tribes |
Franco-Spanish victory
|
| Great Syrian Revolt (1925–1927) Location: French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon  Damascus in flames as the result of the French air raid on October 18, 1925. |
France
|
Syrian rebels | French victory |
| Kongo-Wara rebellion (1928–1931) Location: French Equatorial Africa, French Cameroon |
France
Co-belligerents: |
Gbaya people and clans
Co-belligerents: |
French victory |
| Yên Bái mutiny (1930) Location: Vietnam |
France
|
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng |
French victory
|
| Second World War (1939–1945) Location: Europe, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Southeast Asia, East Asia, Middle East, Mediterranean, North Africa, Oceania, North and South America |
Allied Powers
|
Axis Powers
|
Allied victory
|
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Vichy France (1940–1944)
| Conflict | France & allies | France's opposition | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Franco-Thai War (1940–1941) Location: French Indochina |
France
|
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Thailand |
Indecisive
|
French Fourth Republic (1946–1958)
| Conflict | France & allies | France's opposition | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| War in Vietnam (1945–1946) Location: Vietnam |
France British Empire Japan Allied captured soldiers. |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Việt Minh |
Operational success
|
| First Indochina War (1946–1954) Location: French Indochina
|
France
Supported by: |
Viet Minh
Supported by: |
French defeat
|
| Malagasy Uprising (1947–1948) Location: Madagascar |
France |
 MDRM |
French victory
|
| Korean War (1950–1953) Location: Korea |
 South Korea United States United Kingdom.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Australia Belgium.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Canada France.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Philippines Colombia.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Ethiopia Greece Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand.svg.png.webp){kind=small} South Africa Thailand Turkey |
 North Korea China.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Soviet Union |
Uno Victory
|
| Algerian War (1954–1962) Location: Algeria |
France |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} FLN |
Military stalemate
|
| Bamileke War (1955–1964) Location: French Cameroon |
Before 1960 France
|
UPC |
French-Cameroonian victory |
| Suez Crisis (1956) Location: Gaza Strip and Egypt (Sinai and Suez Canal zone) |
 Israel United Kingdom France |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Egypt |
Coalition military victory Egyptian political victory |
| Ifni War (1957–1958) Location: Spanish Sahara, Ifni, Morocco  French wars since 1958 |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Spain France |
 Moroccan Army of Liberation |
Franco-Spanish victory |
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French Fifth Republic (1958–present)
| Conflict | France & allies | France's opposition | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Basque conflict (1959–2011) Location: Basque country |
 Spain
|
Neo-fascist paramilitaries:
Basque National Liberation Movement:
|
Victory |
| Bizerte crisis (1961) |
France |
 Tunisia |
French victory |
| Western Sahara War (1975–1991) Location: Western Sahara |
Morocco.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Mauritania (1975–1979) France (1977–78) Operation Lamantin, aid from 1978)Supported by:  Saudi Arabia United States |
 Western Sahara
|
Inconclusive
|
| Corsican conflict (1976–2011) Location: Corsica |
France |
Corsican nationalist paramilitaries
|
Victory |
| Shaba I (1977) Location: Shaba Province, Zaire |
France.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Zaire Morocco.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Egypt BelgiumSupported by: United States China Saudi Arabia Sudan Nigeria |
 Front for the National Liberation of the Congo (FNLC)Supported by:  Angola Soviet Union East Germany |
Zairian victory |
| Chadian–Libyan Conflict (1978–1987) Location: Chad |
 Anti-Libyan Chadian factions
|
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Libya
|
Chadian-French victory
|
| Shaba II (1978) |
France Zaire Belgium Morocco United States Supported by China |
Front for the National Liberation of the Congo (FNLC) Supported by Angola Cuba (alleged) Soviet Union (alleged) |
Zairian victory |
| Rwandan Civil War (1990−1994) Location: Rwanda |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Rwanda Zaire (1990) France |
 Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) |
Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) victory |
| Gulf War (1990–1991) Location: Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and |
 Kuwait United States United Kingdom Saudi Arabia Egypt France Syria Morocco.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Oman Pakistan.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Canada United Arab Emirates Qatar Bangladesh Italy Australia Netherlands |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Iraq |
Coalition victory
|
| Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994) Location: Northern Djibouti |
 Djibouti Supported by : France |
 FRUD |
Franco-Djiboutian victory
|
| Bosnian War (1992–1995) Location: Bosnia and Herzegovina |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Bosnia and Herzegovina Herzeg-Bosnia CroatiaSupport:  NATO |
 Republika Srpska.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Serbian Krajina.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Western Bosnia (from 1993)Support: .svg.png.webp){kind=small} FR Yugoslavia |
Croatian and Bosnian victory |
| Kosovo War (1998–1999) Location: Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija (then part of Serbia |
 KLA Belgium Canada Denmark France Germany Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Turkey United Kingdom.svg.png.webp){kind=small} United States |
FR Yugoslavia |
NATO Victory |
| War in Afghanistan (2001–2014) Location: Afghanistan |
 ISAF |
 Taliban al-Qaeda |
Taliban victory
|
| Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) |
 Algeria Mauritania Tunisia Libya Mali Niger Chad France Turkey |
al-Qaeda |
Ongoing |
| First Ivorian Civil War (2002–2007) Location: Ivory Coast  A Forces nouvelles's member caught by the French Foreign Legion in 2004 after a plundering. |
 Ivory Coast Young Patriots of Abidjan militia Liberian mercenaries Supported by: Russia Bulgaria Belarus
|
Forces Nouvelles de Côte d'Ivoire | Victory |
| Haitian coup d'état (2004) Location: Haiti |
 National Revolutionary Front for the Liberation of Haiti
|
Republic of Haiti |
Victory |
| Chadian Civil War (2005–2010) Location: Chad |
Chad France NMRD JEM |
Rebels Janjaweed Alleged support: Sudan (until 2010) |
Victory |
| Somali Civil War (2009–present) Location: Somalia |
 Somalia United States European Union |
Al-Qaeda |
Ongoing |
| Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present) Location: Northeast Nigeria |
Nigeria Cameroon Chad Niger TurkeySupported by:  Benin Canada China France Iran Israel Italy Spain United Kingdom United States |
Boko Haram |
Ongoing |
| Second Ivorian Civil War (2010–2011) Location: Ivory Coast |
New Forces Liberian mercenaries RDR UNOCI France |
Military of Ivory Coast Liberian mercenaries Young Patriots of Abidjan Ivorian Popular Front |
Victory |
| First Libyan Civil War (2011) Location: Libya  Part of a group of six, Italian-built, Palmaria self-propelled howitzers of the Gaddafi regime's forces, destroyed by French Rafale airplanes at the west-southern outskirts of Benghazi, Libya, in Opération Harmattan on March 19, 2011. |
NATO
|
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya:
|
Victory
|
| Northern Mali Conflict (2012–2022) Location: Northern Mali |
Government of Mali
|
 National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad(MNLA)
|
Mixed Results
|
| Central African Republic Civil War (2012–2021) Location: Central African Republic  French soldiers as part of Operation Sangaris, authorized in late 2013. |
 Central African Republic MINUSCA (since 2014)MISCA (2013–2014) MICOPAX (2013)
|
 FPRC UPC MPC |
France ended support for Central African Republic in 2021.[18] |
| Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017) Location: Iraq |
 Iraq CJTF–OIR
|
 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant |
Victory |
| Opération Chammal (2014–present)  French Dassault Rafale of Squadron 11F prepares to land on USS Carl Vinson. Carl Vinson is deployed as part of maritime security operations and strike operations in Iraq and Syria. |
France |
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Syria |
Ongoing
|
Wars France was not involved in but provided support (material, political, advisory etc.)
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Civil wars and revolutions
| Conflict | French Government | Rebels | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| French Revolution (1789–1799) Location: France |
 Kingdom of France
|
Revolutionaries | French Republican victory
|
| War in the Vendée (1793-1796) Location: Western France |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} French First Republic:
|
French Royalists:
Supported by:
|
French Republican victory |
| July Revolution (July 1830) Location: France |
Bourbon Restoration (Legitimists) |
Orléanists | Orléanist victory
|
| June Rebellion (1832) Location: Paris, France |
July Monarchy |
Republicans |
Orléanist victory, rebellion crushed |
| French Revolution of 1848 (February 1848) |
July Monarchy Supported by: United Kingdom |
Republicans Socialists |
Republican victory
|
| June Days uprising (June 1848) Location: France |
French Second Republic |
Socialist rebels |
Second Republic victory
|
| Paris Commune (1871) Location: Paris |
French Third Republic |
Communards National Guards |
Third Republic victory |
| November 1918 in Alsace-Lorraine
Location: Alsace-Lorraine |
French Third Republic |
 Alsace-Lorraine Soviet Republic |
Third Republic victory
|
See also
Notes
- ↑ The French Revolutionary Army overthrew the Dutch Republic and established the Batavian Republic as a puppet state in its place.
- ↑ Formed in French-allied Italy in 1797, following the abolition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth after the Third Partition in 1795.
- ↑ Re-entered the war as an ally of France after signing the Second Treaty of San Ildefonso.
- ↑ Nominally the Holy Roman Empire, of which the Austrian Netherlands and the Duchy of Milan were under direct Austrian rule. Also encompassed many other Italian states, as well as other House of Habsburg states such as the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and Liechtenstein
- ↑ Left the war after signing the Peace of Leoben with France.
- ↑ Left the war after signing the Peace of Basel with France.
- ↑ Left the war after signing the Treaty of Paris with France.
- ↑ Left the war after signing the Peace of Basel with France.
- ↑ Abolished following the restoration of the neutral Papal States in 1799.
- ↑ Short lived state that replaced the Kingdom of Naples in 1799.
- ↑ Nominally the Holy Roman Empire, of which the Austrian Netherlands and the Duchy of Milan were under direct Austrian rule. Also encompassed many other Italian states, as well as other Habsburg states such as the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.
- ↑ Duchy of Warsaw as a state was in effect fully occupied by Russian and Prussian forces by May 1813, although most Poles remained loyal to Napoleon.
- ↑ From 1854
- 1 2 From 1855
- ↑ Until 1855
- ↑ Until 1854
- ↑ The Anti-Terrorist Liberation Groups (GAL) was supported by some officials of the Spanish government, most notably José Barrionuevo.
- ↑ Battle of Daugavpils
- ↑ After 1920
- 1 2 Volunteers
- ↑ From 1936 until it surrendered in 1937 to the Italian Corpo Truppe Volontarie in the Santoña Agreement.
- ↑ The only party under Francisco Franco from 1937 onward, a merger of the other factions on the Nationalist side.
- 1 2 3 4 1936–1937, then merged into FET y de las JONS
References
Citations
- ↑ "Belgian Corps 1832-35 in Portugal's Liberal Wars". 11 June 2006. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
- ↑ "Siege of Rome | Summary | Britannica".
- ↑ Brown 1976, p. 239.
- ↑ Brown 1976, p. 240.
- ↑ Robert Ryal Miller (1961). "The American Legion of Honor in Mexico". Pacific Historical Review. Berkeley, California, United States: University of California Press. 30 (3). ISSN 0030-8684. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
- ↑ "The activities of the officer the Kuban Cossack army N. S. Leontjev in the Italian-Ethiopic war in 1895–1896".
- ↑ Richard, Pankhurst. "Ethiopia's Historic Quest for Medicine, 6". The Pankhurst History Library. Archived from the original on 2011-10-03.
- ↑ Patman 2009, pp. 27–30
- ↑ "Soviet Appeasement, Collective Security, and the Italo-Ethiopian war of 1935 and 1936". libcom.org.
- ↑ Thomas Wilson, Edward (1974). Russia and Black Africa Before World War II. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–58.
- ↑ Haggai, Erlich (1997). Ras Alula and the scramble for Africa – a political biography: Ethiopia and Eritrea 1875–1897. African World Press.
- 1 2 "Occupation during and after the War (Ottoman Empire) | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)". encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net.
- ↑ Rettig, pp. 316–317.
- ↑ Radvanyi, Janos (1980). "Vietnam War Diplomacy: Reflections of a Former Iron Curtain Official" (PDF). Paramaters: Journal of the US Army War College. Carlise Barracks, Pennsylvania. 10 (3): 8–15.
- ↑ Teretta 2013, pp. 178–179.
- ↑ "Cameroon - Moving toward independence | history - geography". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
- ↑ French Soldiers Quit Mali After 9 Years, Billions Spent and Many Lives Lost
- ↑ France suspends military, budgetary support to Central African Republic, 8 June 2021
- ↑ Olesen, Jens E. (2008). "Schwedisch-Pommern in der schwedischen Politik nach 1806". In North, Michael; Riemer, Robert. Das Ende des Alten Reiches im Ostseeraum. Wahrnehmungen und Transformationen (in German). Böhlau. pp. 289. ISBN 3-412-20108-1.
- ↑ Nicole Grimaud (1 January 1984). La politique extérieure de l'Algérie (1962-1978). KARTHALA Editions. p. 198. ISBN 978-2-86537-111-2.
L'armée française était en 1963 présente en Algérie et au Maroc. Le gouvernement français, officiellement neutre, comme le rappelle le Conseil des ministres du 25 octobre 1963, n'a pas pu empêcher que la coopération très étroite entre l'armée française et l'armée marocaine n'ait eu quelques répercussions sur le terrain. == The French Army was in 1963 present in Algeria and Morocco. The French government, officially neutral, as recalled by the Council of Ministers on October 25, 1963, could not prevent the very close cooperation between the French army and the Moroccan army from having some repercussions on the ground.
- ↑ Ottaway 1970, p. 166.
- ↑ Brian Latell (24 April 2012). Castro's Secrets: Cuban Intelligence, The CIA, and the Assassination of John F. Kennedy. St. Martin's Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-137-00001-9.
In this instance, unlike several others, the Cubans did no fighting; Algeria concluded an armistice with the Moroccan king.
- ↑ "Within weeks the war ended in stalemate." Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1 edited by Alexander Mikaberidze Read here.
- ↑ Diamond, Stanley (2007). "Who Killed Biafra?". Dialectical Anthropology. 31 (1/3): 339–362. doi:10.1007/s10624-007-9014-9. JSTOR 29790795. S2CID 144828601.
- 1 2 3 4 "The Biafran War, Nigerian History, Nigerian Civil War". Archived from the original on 12 March 2008.
- ↑ "Biafran Airlift: Israel's Secret Mission to Save Lives." Press, Eitan. United With Israel. www.unitedwithisrael.org Published 13 October 2013. Accessed 13 January 2017.
- ↑ Genocide and the Europeans, 2010, p. 71.
- 1 2 There's A Riot Going On: Revolutionaries, Rock Stars, and the Rise and Fall of '60s Counter-Culture, 2007. Page 213.
- ↑ The USSR in Third World Conflicts: Soviet Arms and Diplomacy in Local Wars 1945–1980, 1986, p. 91.
- ↑ Hurst, Ryan (21 June 2009). "Republic of Biafra (1967–1970)".
- ↑ "Republic of Biafra 1967-1970". 21 June 2009.
- ↑ "NIGERIAN REJECTS HELP FROM GROUPS THAT AIDED BIAFRA". The New York Times. 14 January 1970.
- ↑ "ASM_35_129.pdf - Page 138" (PDF).
- ↑ Griffin, "French military policy in the Nigerian Civil War" (2015), p. 122. "Starting in October 1967, there were also direct Czech arms flights, by a network of pilots led by Jack Malloch, a Rhodesian in contact with Houphouët-Boigny and Mauricheau-Beupré."
- ↑ Malcolm MacDonald: Bringing an End to Empire, 1995, p. 416.
- ↑ Ethnic Politics in Kenya and Nigeria, 2001, p. 54.
- ↑ Africa 1960–1970: Chronicle and Analysis, 2009, p. 423.
- ↑ Griffin, "French military policy in the Nigerian Civil War" (2015), p. 122. "The most important dimension of French military assistance was the shipment of weapons to Biafra, which had severe shortages of not only heavy weapons, but also small arms and ammunition. Portugal also provided weapons to Biafra, as did Czechoslovakia, until the Soviet invasion in 1968. The Biafrans set up an office in Paris called the 'Biafran Historical Research Centre', which was Ojukwu's contact point with Mauricheau-Beupré, Falques and Denard. The Centre allowed Ojukwu to purchase arms directly from European arms dealers. Denard would purchase arms from Czechoslovakia and ship them by sea to Biafra via Libreville. Starting in October 1967, there were also direct Czech arms flights, by a network of pilots led by Jack Malloch, a Rhodesian in contact with Houphouët-Boigny and Mauricheau-Beupré."
- ↑ Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs (25 October 2005). "Nigerian Civil War". 2001-2009.state.gov.
- ↑ "Israel, Nigeria and the Biafra Civil War, 1967–1970".
- ↑ Nigeria Since Independence: The First Twenty-five Years : International Relations, 1980. Page 204
- ↑ Sadleman, Stephen (2000). The Ties That Divide. Columbia University Press. p. 86. ISBN 9780231122290. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
- ↑ Stearns, Jason K. Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa (2011), p. 115.
- ↑ Wrong, Michela. In the Footsteps of Mr. Kurtz: Living on the Brink of Disaster in Mobutu's Congo (2000), p. 266.
- ↑ Biafra Revisited, 2006. Page 5.
- ↑ Spencer C. Tucker, The Roots and Consequences of Civil Wars and Revolutions: Conflicts that Changed World History, (ISBN 9781440842948)
- ↑ McSherry, J. Patrice (2011). "Chapter 5: "Industrial repression" and Operation Condor in Latin America". In Esparza, Marcia; Henry R. Huttenbach; Daniel Feierstein (eds.). State Violence and Genocide in Latin America: The Cold War Years (Critical Terrorism Studies). Routledge. p. 107. ISBN 978-0415664578.
- ↑ Greg Grandin (2011). The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War. University of Chicago Press. p. 75. ISBN 9780226306902
- ↑ Walter L. Hixson (2009). The Myth of American Diplomacy: National Identity and U.S. Foreign Policy. Yale University Press. p. 223. ISBN 0300151314
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