Fowzi Badavi Nejad
فوزي بدوي نجاد
Born
Ahvaz, Iran
NationalityIranian
Criminal statusReleased on parole since 2008
Criminal chargeConspiracy to murder, false imprisonent and possessing firearms with intent
PenaltyLife imprisonment with a 25-year minimum term
Military career
Allegiance DRFLA
(1979–1980)
Years of service1979–1980
RankMember of DRFLA
Battles/wars1979 Khuzestan uprising, Iranian embassy siege

Fowzi Badavi Nejad (Arabic: فوزي بدوي نجاد; Persian: فوزی بداوی نژاد) is an Iranian Arab, the only survivor of a six-person group of the Democratic Revolutionary Front for the Liberation of Arabistan (DRFLA) that seized the Iranian Embassy for six days in London in 1980. Two hostages were shot dead by the group and the siege was ended when the British Army's elite Special Air Service (SAS) killed the other terrorists. Nejad was sentenced to life imprisonment nine months later.

Biography

He was born in the Iranian province of Khūzestān, home to most of Iran's Arab population which had suffered marginalisation and persecution under the regime of the Shah and subsequently that of the Islamic Republic of Iran. His father died when he was young. He became an Iranian Army soldier aged 18 for two years' national service before employment as a labourer in the city of Khorramshahr's docks. He witnessed the massacre of protesting Khūzestān Arabs on 30 May 1979, known locally as Black Wednesday, by the Iranian Revolutionary Guards. To avoid becoming part of the Arabs' round-up by the Revolutionary Guards, Nejad went to the Iraqi border and asked the police for asylum. As he was well-educated and bilingual in Arabic and Persian, he was taken to Basra, given a home and employed by Iraqi intelligence translating Iranian radio broadcasts. Said Hadi, Sheik of Shalamcheh introduced himself as the chief of the political movement of Ahwazi Arabs (the largest Arab community of Khūzestān). He told Nejad that he was now under a death-sentence in Iran and encouraged him to take part in an operation in London.[1][2][3]

Nejad agreed, the 22-year-old arriving in London at the beginning of 1980 on the pretext of requiring medical treatment. He and the five other members of the team were put up in a block of flats and given money to spend; the young Iraqi caretaker of the flats was told they were language students. After a few weeks, other residents complained about their raucous behaviour and they were asked to leave. They moved to another London flat in Lexham Gardens, South Kensington owned by a Jordanian. They toned down their behaviour and received visits from more-senior DRFLA members for training and support. During April, they reconnoitred the Iranian Embassy in pairs or threes. On 29 April, they received final instructions and distributed the weapons. Nejad, now using the alias "Ali", received a 9mm Browning pistol.[1]

The group took control of the Embassy on the morning of 30 April. During the takeover, Nejad was regarded by Metropolitan Police Diplomatic Protection Group Constable Trevor Lock (also a hostage) with particular negativity, saying he could not "connect with him," adding that Nejad had fired his pistol over the head of Gholam Ali Afrouz, the chargé d'affaires, to amuse himself. On 5 May at 13:45, Abbas Lavasani, the Embassy's chief press officer, was shot dead by the group's leader, Salim Towfigh (real name Oan Ali Mohammed), and his body was dumped outside. At 19:23, when the SAS stormed the Embassy, Ahmad Dadgar, the embassy's medical clerk, heard a shout to the other terrorists, "They attacked, go to the hostages room and kill everybody," and saw Nejad and two others enter but turned his back to the terrorists and did not know who then fired the bullets which critically injured him; the gunfire left a PhD student Ali Samadzadeh dead, the second and final hostage to die before the SAS killed the five other terrorists.[1][4]

Nejad hid amongst the hostages as they were led out by the SAS but was immediately singled out as a terrorist by BBC sound-recordist Sim Harris. Soldier Robin Horsfall separated him from the hostages. He was led away by another soldier but Horsfall, aware of the change of situation, told his colleague to "put him down", i.e. not to kill him. Later it was reported that some hostages intervened to stop him being killed; inside they had persuaded some other terrorists drop their weapons and surrender before they were then pointed out by hostages and shot by the soldiers.[5][6][7][8][9][10]

On 14 January 1981, Nejad appeared at the Old Bailey in London charged with murder, conspiracy to murder, false imprisonment and possessing firearms with intent. He pleaded not guilty to murder of the two hostages but admitted the other charges. Under interrogation prior to his court appearance, he said that the plan was hatched with the guidance of the Iraqi authorities and that he was told that British police did not carry weapons (P.C. Lock, who had been amateurishly searched, was armed throughout the siege). It was alleged during the trial by the doorman, Abbas Fellahi, that Nejad had been one of four gunmen who panicked and opened fire on the hostages when the SAS arrived. Dadgar explained how he had tried in vain to shield his friend Samadzadeh from the hail of bullets. Nejad claimed in his testimony that the original plan was to begin shooting hostages if their demands were not met within a day; he said there had been a split amongst the gunmen after the leader, Towfigh, would not relate the conversation he had with the police outside. Nejad said that he'd refused to shoot a hostage when directed and was told by Towfigh that he would be shot as a result.[1][11][8][12][13]

Imprisonment and release

Nejad was convicted of conspiracy to murder, false imprisonment and possessing firearms with intent and sentenced to life imprisonment with a 25-year minimum term at HMP Wellingborough. In prison he was called "Fozzy" and was regarded as gentle and quiet. He wrote to some of his victims who spoke Arabic to apologise. As the years passed, the feelings of some of those involved in the siege about his incarceration changed or were simply made known. In 2000, his lawyers submitted new evidence: hostages interviewed for a documentary said he had prevented more deaths, and lawyers added that, having been duped by Iraqi intelligence and unaware of the true purpose and outcome of the siege, with a false promise that the Jordanian ambassador would get involved before any bloodshed, he went along with it for his and his family's safety after receiving threats. The Lord Chief Justice recommended to Home Secretary David Blunkett that the 25-year minimum term be reduced. Blunkett ignored the recommendation. The Court of Appeal criticised Blunkett and quashed his decision not to reduce the term. In 2005, the BBC's Harris said he thought he should be released and this view was supported by soldier Horsfall (the killer of another terrorist at the embassy), who said he had "done his time." Because of procedural problems, it was two years before Nejad was moved to an open prison and then, because of a security concern due to a large number of absconding prisoners, was returned to a closed prison to wait longer before release.[6][10][7]

The UK Government stated that as Nejad is a foreign convicted terrorist he is unable to apply for asylum but could not be deported under human-rights law: the Iranian authorities continue to want to try Nejad separately for the murder of the two hostages but were unable to offer acceptable assurances to the British that he would not be tortured or executed upon repatriation (during his trial they had said he should receive "islamic justice"). Also, there is now a Shia-majority government in Iraq with closer relations with its Shia-cleric-led neighbour and no third country was willing to accept him. He was freed from HM Prison Ford in October 2008 after 27 years in gaol and allowed to remain in the UK. On 12 October, Iran's deputy foreign minister, Mehdi Safari, summoned the British ambassador, Geoffrey Adams, to protest at this "condemnable and indefensible" act. P.C. Lock wrote to the UK Government protesting against his release. Despite suffering life-threatening injuries, medical clerk Dadgar said he had forgiven him and signed a release petition with other hostages, commenting, "He has been punished. Fair enough." He added that if returned to Iran they would "shoot him as soon as he got off the plane." He lives in south London with a new identity.[14][15][16]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Firmin, Rusty; Pearson, Rusty; Stern, Gillian (2010). Go! Go! Go!: The Definitive Inside Story of the Iranian Embassy Siege. Orion Books.
  2. ↑ "An Inside Report on the Ma'shour Massacre in Ahwaz". www.dusc.org. 23 December 2019. Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  3. ↑ "A hostage's tale". www.theguardian.com. 15 October 2008. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  4. ↑ "Dilemma for Clarke over Iranian embassy siege survivor". www.theguardian.com. 20 February 2005. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  5. ↑ "Six days of fear". news.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  6. 1 2 "Terrorist's release bid backed by hostages". www.standard.co.uk. 13 April 2012. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  7. 1 2 "Iranian embassy terrorist dating hostage". www.dailyrecord.co.uk. 12 October 2008. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  8. 1 2 "Diplomat tells of embassy shooting". The Irish Times. Dublin. 21 January 1981.
  9. ↑ "SAS shot three after surrender". The Irish Times. Dublin. 15 January 1981.
  10. 1 2 "The last hostage". www.theguardian.com. 25 May 2006. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  11. ↑ "Fowzi Badavi Nejad: charged with murder, conspiracy to murder, unlawful imprisonment and possessing firearms with intent. With photographs". discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  12. ↑ "Siege trial opens". The Irish Times. Dublin. 14 January 1981.
  13. ↑ Borders, William (14 January 1981). "An Arab Who Seized Iran's London Mission Said to Accuse Iraqis". New York Times. New York.
  14. ↑ "Iranian embassy siege terrorist Fowzi Badavi Nejad is to be freed". www.thetimes.co.uk. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  15. ↑ "Dilemma for Clarke over Iranian embassy siege survivor". www.theguardian.com. 20 February 2005. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  16. ↑ "Iran Summons British Envoy Over Freeing Of Gunman". www.rferl.org. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
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