Filipino American LGBT Studies is a field of studies that focus on the issues met by people at the intersection of Filipino American and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender identities.

Like queer studies, Filipino American LGBT Studies spans multiple disciplines, such as history, psychology, sociology, and political science. Although it centers around Americans of Filipino descent, the field also expands to studies of Filipino culture, history, and politics in relation to Filipino Americans who are LGBT. It also highlights Filipino American LGBT immigration and colonialist history, community and culture, and scholars.

Due to a lack of literature, research primarily focuses on gay Filipino men and, to a lesser extent, lesbian Filipino women. As such, bisexual, and transgender Filipino Americans are not well-studied.[1]

Immigration

Filipino immigration to the United States is influenced by the Philippine's past history of colonization by the United States, which continues to affect Filipino American immigrants today.[2]

U.S. colonial period

Over the first decade of the period the Philippines was a United States colony, no regulations were put in place regarding cross-dressing with only "oblique" regulations regarding same-sex acts. In 1870 the Spanish Penal Code, which had been used as a guideline for criminal law by the Spanish colonialists, began to be used by the United States in the Philippines and was used until the 1930s. This, too, did not formally regulate sodomy, though it was informally policed despite a lack of legislation. In its place, laws against vagrancy were introduced and linked certain public spaces, such as gambling houses or cockpits, with immorality. These laws resulted in greater amounts of prosecutions of United States veterans in the Philippines than Philippine natives. Regulation of same-sex acts (e.g. sodomy) occurred only in a "limited and oblique fashion" as opposed to the manner in which it was managed in the United States mainland.[3]

First-generation immigrants

First-generation Filipino LGBT immigrants, even those who immigrated at an early age, may face certain challenges as a result of their immigrant status, such as contention with the concept of coming out or of political activism. Success and "making it" in America is considered to be more important than the idea of coming out.[4]

Second-generation immigrants

Second-generation Filipino LGBT immigrants may clash with their first-generation Filipino parents, resulting in adverse effects on their life in such dimensions as educational achievement. In contrast to first-generation Filipino LGBT immigrants, second-generation immigrants may have greater desire to come out.[5]

Community and culture

Notable Members

The Filipino American LGBT community has several notable members, such as (in alphabetical order):

Activism

Although there are prominent Filipino American LGBT activists, such as Richard Adams, some Filipino Americans — particularly first-generation immigrants — report a disavowing of activism or certain LGBT community events, such as gay pride parades, which are described as baklang karnabal (or carnival bakla).[4] Cultural attitudes encouraging rapid assimilation into American society contribute to expectations contrary to activism. However, groups like the Union of Democratic Filipinos (Katipunan ng mga Demokratikong Pilipino, or the KDP) formed in 1972, have existed nonetheless.[6]

Coming out

Coming out may be seen as "desirable" among second-generation immigrants,[5] but for first-generation immigrants it poses potential legal trouble, particularly for undocumented immigrants. Coming out is not a cultural tenet in the Filipino American LGBT community as it is in the "mainstream" gay community and verbal declaration of one's identity is considered to be less important than pakiramdaman, or "feeling out" one's identity.[4]

Organizations

Several LGBT organizations exist, some of which serve solely Filipino Americans and some of which serve Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders as a whole:

  • Gay Asian Pacific Support Network
  • Barangay
  • Filipino American Foundation of New Mexico
  • National Queer Asian Pacific Islander Alliance
  • API Equality (with branches in Northern California and Los Angeles)

Bakla and Tomboys

Bakla is a word meaning "homosexual" in Tagalog. It is embodied by the stereotype of the parlorista, a cross-dresser who works in a beauty salon[7] and typically denotes effeminate or cross-dressing men.[8] Like the word faggot in the United States, it is a controversial term that may be considered offensive.[9] In Filipino LGBT culture, tomboy does not refer only to a masculine girl, but can also take on the specific connotation of "lesbian."[10]

Beauty pageants and drag

Gay beauty pageants are found across the Filipino diaspora and are important sources of revenue for event organizers; entertainment for attendees; and opportunities to present one's strengths for pageant contestants.[11]

An example of a famous Filipino American drag queen is Manila Luzon, former contestant on RuPaul's Drag Race, a popular internationally-airing drag queen competition television show. Other Filipino queens have competed on the show, as well.[12]

Racism

Gay and lesbian Asian Americans are often targeted by racism or stigmatization in the LGBT community.[13][14] Gay Latino Americans similarly face racial stigmatization.[13][15] Filipino Americans racially or ethnically are sometimes considered to fall into either or both categories, and they experience higher rates of racial discrimination than East Asian Americans with types of racial discrimination experienced comparable to Black or Latino Americans. Filipino American LGBT people also report such issues as managing identifying as Asian American versus Filipino American, dealing with stereotypes due to their race and racial gender roles, and difficulties in having to "shift" identities across reference groups (such as ethnicity, sexual orientation, and gender) that they may identify with.[10]

In 2015, same-sex marriage was Same-sex marriage in the United States in the United States. Although the upheaval of the Defense of Marriage Act allowed for gay and lesbian couples to legally marry, the benefits of same-sex marriage often do not extend to Filipino/a immigrants who may be undocumented, and mainly benefit documented, middle-class White Americans.[16]

Religion

The vast majority of the Philippines identifies as Roman Catholic,[17] which considers homosexuality immoral.[18] As a result of the influence of Catholicism, Filipino American LGBT youth report "opposition to homosexuality" and "guilt and shame" of one's own homosexuality.[10]

Some Filipino American LGBT immigrants modify or adapt traditional Catholicism as it is practiced in the Philippines to be congruent with their new American lifestyle, with some shifting to a more agnostic or atheistic view (perhaps a manifestation of their separation from their families).[4]

Notable Scholars and Works

Although the field of Filipino American LGBT studies is relatively new, there are a couple of notable scholars in the field of that include (in alphabetical order):

Martin F. Manalansan IV

Professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign. His research includes Filipino immigration and queer people of color.[19] He is the author of Global Divas[20] and has received numerous awards, such as the Association for Asian American Studies Award for excellence in mentoring.[21]

Kevin Nadal

Scholar, activist, and professor. Nadal is considered to be a leading expert in the field of Filipino American mental health and his research encompasses "multicultural issues in psychology," including LGBT people of color.[22] He founded the LGBTQ Scholars of Color network in 2015, and his areas of expertise include Filipino American identity and American LGBT issues.[23] His publications include works like Filipino American Psychology: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice and That's So Gay!: Microaggressions and the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Community.[24][25]

Anthony Ocampo

Sociologist and professor at California State Polytechnic University.[26] He focuses on issues such as immigration, race, ethnicity, sexuality, and gender within Filipino, Latin, and Asian Americans in Los Angeles, California.[27] He is the author of The Latinos of Asia: How Filipino Americans Break the Rules of Race,[28] and he has contributed to other works on race and ethnicity.[29]

Notes

    References

    1. ↑ Nadal, Kevin L. (2011). Filipino American psychology a handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. ISBN 9781118019771.
    2. ↑ David, E.J.R.; Nadal, Kevin, L. (2013). "The colonial context of Filipino American immigrants' psychological experiences". Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology. 19 (3): 298–309. doi:10.1037/a0032903. PMID 23875854.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    3. ↑ Mendoza, Victor Roman (2015). Metroimperial Intimacies : fantasy, racial-sexual governance, and the Philippines in U.S. imperialism, 1899-1913. Durham: Duke University Press. pp. 34–43.
    4. 1 2 3 4 Manalansan, Martin, F. (2003). Global divas: Filipino gay men in the diaspora. Durham: Duke University Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    5. 1 2 Ocampo, Anthony C. (7 November 2013). "The Gay Second Generation: Sexual Identity and Family Relations of Filipino and Latino Gay Men". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 40 (1): 155–173. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2013.849567. S2CID 144748707.
    6. ↑ Mangaoang, Gil (1994). "Pinay Power: Peminist Critical Theory". Amerasia Journal. 20 (1): 33. doi:10.17953/amer.20.1.y1t124mv610l3851.
    7. ↑ Benedicto, B. (1 January 2008). "The Haunting of Gay Manila: Global Space-Time and the Specter of Kabaklaan". GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies. 14 (2–3): 317–338. doi:10.1215/10642684-2007-035. S2CID 143735570.
    8. ↑ Perillo, J. Lorenzo (2011). ""If I was not in prison, I would not be famous": Discipline, Choreography, and Mimicry in the Philippines". Theatre Journal. 63 (4): 607–621. doi:10.1353/tj.2011.0128. S2CID 144861214.
    9. ↑ Alba, Reinerio A. "In Focus: The Filipino Gayspeak (Filipino Gay Lingo)". In Focus: The Filipino Gayspeak (Filipino Gay Lingo). Republic of the Philippines National Commission for Culture and the Arts.
    10. 1 2 3 Nadal, Kevin L.; Corpus, Melissa J. H. (2013). ""Tomboys" and "baklas": Experiences of lesbian and gay Filipino Americans". Asian American Journal of Psychology. 4 (3): 166–175. doi:10.1037/a0030168.
    11. ↑ Diaz, Robert (October 2016). "QUEER UNSETTLEMENTS: Diasporic Filipinos in Canada's World Pride". Journal of Asian American Studies. 19 (3): 339. doi:10.1353/jaas.2016.0030. S2CID 151486014.
    12. ↑ Bureau, Steve Angeles, ABS-CBN North America News. "Pinoy drag queens join RuPaul Drag-Con in LA". ABS-CBN News. ABS-CBN Corporation. Retrieved 23 April 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    13. 1 2 Han, Chong-suk; Proctor, Kristopher; Choi, Kyung-Hee (10 May 2013). "I Know a Lot of Gay Asian Men who Are Actually Tops: Managing and Negotiating Gay Racial Stigma". Sexuality & Culture. 18 (2): 219–234. doi:10.1007/s12119-013-9183-4. S2CID 145758850.
    14. ↑ Chan, Connie S. (10 September 1989). "Issues of Identity Development Among Asian-American Lesbians and Gay Men". Journal of Counseling & Development. 68 (1): 16–20. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.1989.tb02485.x.
    15. ↑ Ibanez, Gladys E.; Van Oss Marin, Barbara; Flores, Stephen A.; Mlilett, Gregorio; Diaz, Rafael M. (2009). "General and gay-related racism experienced by Latino gay men". Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology. 15 (3): 215–222. doi:10.1037/a0014613. PMID 19594250.
    16. ↑ Velasco, Gina (November 2013). "Performing the Filipina "mail-order bride": Queer neoliberalism, affective labor, and homonationalism". Women & Performance: A Journal of Feminist Theory. 23 (3): 350–372. doi:10.1080/0740770X.2013.849064. S2CID 144237660.
    17. ↑ "Table 1.10; Household Population by Religious Affiliation and by Sex; 2010" (PDF). 2015 Philippine Statistical Yearbook: 1–30. October 2015. ISSN 0118-1564. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
    18. ↑ "Letter to the Bishops of the Catholic Church on the Pastoral Care of Homosexual Persons". Vatican.va. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
    19. ↑ of, Department. "Martin F. Manalansan IV | Department of Asian American Studies | University of Illinois". www.asianam.illinois.edu. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
    20. ↑ "Global Divas". Duke University Press. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
    21. ↑ "Award Winners | Association for Asian American Studies". aaastudies.org. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
    22. ↑ "Kevin L. Nadal: John Jay College of Criminal Justice". www.jjay.cuny.edu. 23 March 2014.
    23. ↑ "Kevin Nadal, Ph.D. - Biography". www.kevinnadal.com. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
    24. ↑ "That's So Gay!: Microaggressions and the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Community". www.apa.org. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
    25. ↑ Nadal, Ph D. Kevin L. (12 June 2009). Filipino American Psychology: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice. AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1438971186.
    26. ↑ "Faculty & Staff". Cal Poly Pomona. California State Polytechnic University, Pomona. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
    27. ↑ Harris, Melissa (2016-11-04). "The Oberlin Review: Off the Cuff". oberlinreview.org. The Oberlin Review. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
    28. ↑ The Latinos of Asia: How Filipino Americans Break the Rules of Race | Anthony Christian Ocampo. Stanford University Press. 2 March 2016. ISBN 9780804793940. Retrieved 23 April 2017. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
    29. ↑ "Anthony Ocampo". www.speakoutnow.org. SpeakOut. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
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