Farrokh Khan
Portrait of Farrokh Khan, made by his cousin Abu'l-Hasan Sani al-Mulk in c. 1851
Personal details
Born1812
Kashan, Qajar Iran
Died5 May 1871
Qajar Iran
Resting placeFatima Masumeh Shrine, Qom
ChildrenMohammad Ebrahim Ghaffari
Mahdi Ghaffari
RelativesAbu'l-Hasan Sani al-Mulk (cousin)

Farrokh Khan (Persian: فرخ خان), also known by his title of Amin od-dowleh (امین‌الدوله), was a high-ranking Iranian official, and vice premier to the court of the Qajar shah (king) Fath-Ali Shah Qajar (r. 1797–1834). He was also the Iranian ambassador to the emperor of France, Napoleon III, and the queen of Great Britain, Queen Victoria. The visit followed the outbreak of the Anglo-Persian War (1856–1857) between Persia and Great Britain.[1]

Biography

Farrokh was born in 1812 to the Ghaffari family. He was the great-grandson of Ghazi Mo'ezz od-Din Mohammad Ghaffari, and a cousin of the painter Abu'l-Hasan Sani al-Mulk. When Farrokh was a young boy he was sent to the court of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar in Tehran. In 1833, he participated in Mohammad Mirza's siege of Herat.[1] In 1836 Mohammad Shah sent Farrokh to Mazandaran to suppress a rebellion, which he managed to accomplish. One year later, he suppressed rebellions in Isfahan and Gilan. He later participated in the siege of Herat in 1838. In 1850 Mirza Taqi Khan (later known as Amir Kabir) appointed Farrokh as the tax-collector of all the Iranian provinces. Four years laters, Farrokh was appointed by Naser al-Din Shah Qajar as his treasurer.

In May 1856, Farrokh was given the title of "Amin od-Molk".[1] In 1856, during another Iranian siege of Herat and a war with Great Britain, Farrokh was sent to the court of the French Emperor Napoleon III at Paris to negotiate with him.[2] Furthermore, he was also given the objective to negotiate with the Ottoman ruler and the British and French diplomats in Constantinople to make a peace treaty with Great Britain.[1]

Farrokh was accompanied by a suite of more than twenty persons, including councilors, dragoman, secretaries and writers. Six horses were given in present to the French Emperor, who expressed his regret about the conflict between Persia and Great Britain.[3] Negotiations led to the Treaty of Paris in March 1857, which put an end to the Anglo-Persian War.[4] During his three-year travels in Europe, Farrokh authored a detailed narration of his observations, which became an important source about the "West" for the Qajar court. While Farrokh's travel memoir has for long been noted for its diplomatic content, contemporary historians see it as source of inspiration towards social change in Iran. Dr. Vahid Vahdat, an architectural historian, argues that Farrokh's descriptions of European built environment took part in the formation of Iran's later experience of modernity.[5]

Upon return from Europe, Farrokh was appointed as the Minister of Interior.[6] Farrokh also encouraged the shah to send 42 students to Europe in order to receive a higher education, which would help in the progression of Iran.[1] In April 1859, Farrokh was given title of "Amin ol-Dowleh", and was appointed as the tutor of prince Mass'oud Mirza Zell-e Soltan. In May 1866, Farrokh was appointed as the governor of Fars in southern Iran, including the provinces of central Iran.

Farrokh Khan later died from a heart attack on 5 May 1871, and was buried in Qom.[1] His most known sons were Mohammad Ebrahim Ghaffari (1860-1918) and Mahdi Ghaffari (1865-1917). He is today most remembered for his patronage of Aminoddole Carvansarai in Kashan, Iran.[7]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gaffary 1984.
  2. ↑ Nelson Examiner and New Zealand Chronicle, 22 April 1857, Page 3
  3. ↑ Allen's Indian Mail p.96
  4. ↑ /books?id=8eUTLaaVOOQC&pg=PA80 Immortal Steven R. Ward, p.80
  5. ↑ Vahid Vahdat. Occidentalist Perceptions of European Architecture in Nineteenth-Century Persian Travel Diaries: Travels in Farangi Space Routledge, 2017 ISBN 1472473949
  6. ↑ Tuttle & Bennett 1859, p. 112.
  7. ↑ Vahid Vahdat. Occidentalist Perceptions of European Architecture in Nineteenth-Century Persian Travel Diaries: Travels in Farangi Space Routledge, 2017 ISBN 1472473949

Sources

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Farouk Khan.
  • Gaffary, F. (1984). "AMĪN-AL-DAWLA, FARROḴ KHAN ḠAFFĀRĪ". Archived copy. Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2016-05-17. Retrieved 2013-09-26.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  • Tuttle; Bennett (1859). Freemason's Monthly Magazine, Vol. 18. Harvard University.
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