European conger
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Anguilliformes
Family: Congridae
Genus: Conger
Species:
C. conger
Binomial name
Conger conger
The Range of the European conger
Synonyms
  • Anguilla conger (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Anguilla obtusa Swainson, 1839
  • Conger communis Costa, 1844
  • Conger niger (Risso, 1810)
  • Conger rubescens Ranzani, 1840
  • Conger verus Risso, 1827
  • Conger vulgaris Yarrell, 1832
  • Leptocephalus candidissimus Costa, 1832
  • Leptocephalus conger (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Leptocephalus gussoni Cocco, 1829
  • Leptocephalus inaequalis Facciolà, 1883
  • Leptocephalus lineatus Bonnaterre, 1788
  • Leptocephalus morrisii Gmelin, 1789
  • Leptocephalus pellucidus (Couch, 1832)
  • Leptocephalus spallanzani Risso, 1810
  • Leptocephalus stenops Kaup, 1856
  • Leptocephalus vitreus Kölliker, 1853
  • Muraena conger Linnaeus, 1758
  • Muraena nigra Risso, 1810
  • Ophidium pellucidum Couch, 1832
  • Ophisoma obtusa (Swainson, 1839)

The European conger (Conger conger) is a species of conger of the family Congridae. It is the heaviest eel in the world and native to the northeast Atlantic, including the Mediterranean Sea.

Description and behavior

European congers have an average adult length of 1.5 m (5 ft), a maximum known length of around 2.133 m (7 ft) (possibly up to 3 metres (9 ft 10 in) for the largest specimens),[2] and maximum weight of roughly 72 kg (159 lb),[3] making them the largest eels in the world by weight. They can be rivaled or marginally exceeded in length by the largest species of moray eel but these tend to be slenderer and thus weigh less than the larger congers.[4] Average specimens caught will weigh only 2.5 to 25 kg (5.5 to 55.1 lb).[5][6] Females, with an average length at sexual maturity of 2 m (6 ft 7 in), are much larger than males, with an average length at sexual maturity of 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in).[7]

The body is very long, anguilliform, without scales. The colour is usually grey, but can also be blackish. The belly is white. A row of small white spots is aligned along the lateral line. The head is almost conical, and slightly depressed. The snout is rounded and prominent, with lateral olfactory holes. The large gill openings are in the lateral position. The conical teeth are arranged in rows on the jaws. The dorsal and anal fins are confluent with the caudal fin. Pectoral fins are present, while ventral fins are absent.

Conger conger and a Mediterranean moray eel in one hole, at the Protected Marine Area of Portofino

Conger eels have habits similar to moray eels. They usually live amongst rocks in holes, or "eel pits", sometimes in one hole together with moray eels. They come out from their holes at night to hunt. These nocturnal predators mainly feed on fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans, although they are thought to scavenge on dead and rotting fish, as well as actively hunt live fish.[8] Congers can be aggressive to humans, and large specimens can pose a danger to divers. [9]

Distribution

This species can be found in the eastern Atlantic from Norway and Iceland to Senegal, and also in the Mediterranean and Black Sea[10] at 0–500 m of depth, although they may reach depths of 3600 m during their migrations.[11] It is sometimes seen in very shallow water by the shore, but can also go down to 1,170 m (3,840 ft). It is usually present on rough, rocky, broken ground, close to the coast when young, moving to deeper waters when adult.

Migration and reproduction

When conger eels are between 5 and 15 years old, their bodies undergo a transformation, with the reproductive organs of both males and females increasing in size and the skeleton reducing in mass and the teeth falling out.[12] Females appear to increase in weight and size more than the males. Conger eels then make migrations to spawning areas in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, "although the existence of one or multiple spawning grounds for the species remains uncertain".[13] The female conger eels produce several million eggs, and both the females and males die after spawning. Once hatched, the larval conger eels begin to swim back to shallower waters, where they live until they reach maturity. They then migrate to repeat the cycle.[14]

References

  1. ↑ Tighe, K. (2015). "Conger conger". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T194969A2369649. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T194969A2369649.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ↑ "'Record' seven-foot conger eel trawled off Plymouth in UK".
  3. ↑ "Conger conger". EOL Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
  4. ↑ LOH, K., Hussein, M. A. S., Chong, V. C., & Sasekumar, A. (2015). Notes on the Moray Eels (Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) of Malaysia with Two New Records. Sains Malaysiana, 44(1), 41-47.
  5. ↑ Charton, B., & Tietjen, J. (2009). The Facts on File dictionary of marine science. Infobase Publishing.
  6. ↑ Shapley, R., & Gordon, J. (1980). The visual sensitivity of the retina of the conger eel. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences, 209(1175), 317-330.
  7. ↑ Matić-Skoko, S., Ferri, J., Tutman, P., Skaramuca, D., Đikić, D., Lisičić, D., ... & Skaramuca, B. (2012). The age, growth and feeding habits of the European conger eel, Conger conger (L.) in the Adriatic Sea. Marine Biology Research, 8(10), 1012-1018.
  8. ↑ "Conger Eel". BritishSeaFishing.co.uk. 29 June 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
  9. ↑ "Conger eel attack: Shocking picture of diver's injuries after two-metre creature bites chunk out of his face". 12 July 2013.
  10. ↑ "Conger conger". WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  11. ↑ "Conger Eel". UK-Fish.info. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  12. ↑ "Article - Conger Eel". Galway Atlantaquaria. Archived from the original on 25 May 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
  13. ↑ Correia, Alberto; et al. (24 April 2012). "Population structure and connectivity of the European conger eel (Conger conger) across the north-eastern Atlantic and western Mediterranean: integrating molecular and otolith elemental approaches". Marine Biology. 159 (7): 1509–1525. doi:10.1007/s00227-012-1936-3. S2CID 85352160.
  14. ↑ "Conger Eel - Conger conger". Marlin.ac.uk. Retrieved 9 May 2014.


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