National Road 1
Põhimaantee 1
Route information
Length	213 km (132 mi)
Major junctions
From	Tallinn
Major intersections	Ülemiste Väo Maardu Jägala Liiapeksi Loobu Haljala Põdruse Sõmeru Pada Varja Kohtla-Järve Kohtla-Järve Kukruse Jõhvi Jõhvi Hiiemetsa Narva
To	Narva border with  Russia
Location
Country	Estonia
Counties	Harju County  Lääne-Viru County  Ida-Viru County
Highway system
Transport in Estonia
→ T2

Tallinn-Narva maantee (Tallinn-Narva highway, alternatively Põhimaantee nr 1, unofficially abbreviated T11) is a 212-kilometre-long^[1] west-east national main road in Estonia. The road is part of the European route E20.^[2] The road forms a major transport west-south transport route between Russia and Europe. The highway starts in Tallinn and passes a number of major Estonian cities and towns, namely Rakvere, Kohtla-Järve, Jõhvi and Sillamäe. The highway ends in Narva on Friendship Bridge, with a border crossing to Russia over the Narva river.

The road has long been a historically vital link between West and East and has seen heightened attention throughout much of history. The road was considered especially important by Soviet leadership, with constant large-scale construction and improvement undertaken. Modernisation and widening has continued after re-independence. Full-length motorway status is a long-term goal of the state, alongside similar plans for Tallinn-Tartu and Tallinn-Pärnu.^[3]

In 2021, the highest traffic volumes were around Tallinn, with the AADT being around 29,000. These are among the highest figures in Estonia. The figures rise again around Jõhvi, hovering around 12,000.^[4]

The road is a dual carriageway for 86.6 kilometres. The main part is between Tallinn and Haljala (till km 89.9) being the longest in Estonia. The remainder can be found between Kohtla-Järve and Jõhvi (km 156.0-163.2). There are plans to expand the entire highway to dual carriageway by sometime after 2030.^[5] Currently, sections in cities are being made free-flowing, with two intersections in Sillamäe being made grade separated in 2016 and 2021. Also, U-turns on the road are being demolished to improve safety and upgrade the road standards.^[6]

History

The earliest written records of a Tallinn-Narva road are from the early 17th century, when a Dutch delegation described their journey from Tallinn to Russia. The route taken was Tallinn–Valkla–Kolga–Toolse–Kudruküla–Narva, the trip took five days. Between Narva and Voka, the route matched the St. Petersburg-Riga post road. The 1780s saw the road rerouted southwards due to the hard-to-navigate Toila valley. The new junction for Tallinn-St. Petersburg and St. Petersburg-Riga postal roads became Jõhvi.^[7]

Until the 20th century the highway was a narrow and twisty track, but the advent of the automobile saw construction works on the more important sections of the highway, with gravel roads and permanent bridges built. The works were undertaken as imperial statute labour.^[7]

The independent Republic of Estonia was only able to repair select sections of the road, even though it was considered a first-class highway. The situation improved with a new highways law in 1929, with statute labour withdrawn and the maintenance of roads financed publicly. The 1930s saw the entrances to Tallinn, Kohtla-Järve and Narva receive hard surfacing. Just before the 1940 occupation a five-year plan to construct 20 and 70 kilometres of new highway in Harjumaa and Virumaa respectively was formalised, but was cancelled as war broke out. The highway received serious damage in the war.^[7]

Autumn 1944 saw intense repair works begin, which lasted two years. The importance of the highway was elevated, being a direct connection between a Soviet republic capital and the second most important town of the USSR, Leningrad. Large-scale construction works began in late 1945 or early 1946, with the main labour force being German POWs. Their main task was the construction of the road bed, largely carried out by hand. Concrete works were mechanised, with an US concreting machine driving on special steel rails. The repatriation of German POWs saw the labour switched to Russian prisoners, whose work on the highway ended in the late 1950s.^[8]

The German-built highway had a length of 28 kilometres, between km 22,8–49,8. The official cemetery to POWs who died working is in Kloostrimetsa. Over time the concrete was replaced with blacktop, with the final stretches of post-war concrete covered in the 1980s.^[8]

Vast asphaltisation of the road was undertaken in the 1940s/1950s, with the route being the first dust-free highway in the country by 1956. Temporary wooden bridges were replaced with steel-concrete. Focus on the road was intense despite the rest of the road network being in poor shape. The first asphalt concrete factory in the country was opened by the highway in Pahnimäe and the lion's share of its production went towards this highway. By the mid-1960s the road was, without doubt, the best maintained and most modern in Estonia.^[8]

In February 1964 construction works on the country's first dual carriageway began between Tallinn and Maardu, often mistakenly thought to be the section built by German POWs. The 7,1-kilometre stretch was finished in November 1967.^[8]

Widening of the road continued as the 1980 Moscow Olympics sailing event was held in Tallinn. The largest project was a 23,7 kilometre stretch of highway between Kuusalu and Valgejõe, with other sections also receiving work. Widening continued in the 1980s and a total of 24,3 kilometres of I class highway were added by the turn of the decade. Construction works ground to a halt following post-independence recession.^[8]

The second half of the 1990s saw construction restart. 113,7 kilometres of road were renovated in 2002, 2004 saw reconstruction between Maardu and Valgejõe for European standardisation.^[8][9] Renovation between Valgejõe and Rõmeda included resumption of the Viitna bypass, already started in the 1980s, and was completed in 2012.^[10][11]

Tallinn-Leningrad highway, built by German POWs, in 1948

The largest and most expensive construction project in Estonian history, reconstruction of the Kukruse-Jõhvi section (one of the more dangerous sections on the highways network) was completed in 2010.^[12] The first six-lane section of motorway was constructed between Loo and Maardu in 2012, the same year saw an interchange built near Haljala.^[13][14]

An interchange in Sillamäe was built in 2017, streamlining the road and grade-separating the Sillamäe port railway crossing.^[15] The motorway was extended to the aforementioned Haljala interchange in 2020, making 80 kilometres of the highway continuously dual carriageway.^[16]

In 2022, a long-awaited interchange between the T1, T11 and Laagna tee was constructed in Väo.^[17]

Route description

The T1 (Estonian: põhimaantee 1) is a major west–east highway in Estonia connecting the capital of the country, Tallinn, to the Virumaa region, where the highway follows a route parallel to the northern Estonian coast. The T1 is a part of the European route E20.^[2]

The route bypasses most cities, having urban sections only within the terminus cities Tallinn and Narva. The highway begins in Tallinn from Viru Square and runs through the city for 10 kilometres, following the city streets of Narva maantee, Pronksi, Tartu maantee and Peterburi tee. In the city, it intersects with the T2 in Ülemiste and the T11 near the city border, at Väo. After this, the Pirita river (and Tallinn city limits) are crossed. For some kilometres, the road has six lanes, the only such motorway of its kind in the country. An important interchange with the T94 directs cargo traffic to the port of Muuga. The road loses a lane here and continues into the countryside. Whilst the road is a dual carriageway, dangerous at-grade intersections are common until Loobu, a legacy of Soviet road design.

T1 near Jägala

The road turns into single carriageway after an interchange with the T23 near Haljala. Rakvere lies south of the highway, serviced by the aforementioned T23 and the T5, intersecting with the T1 by Sõmeru. The highway, now narrower and twistier, also passes through or near smaller settlements, often with lowered speed limits. The highway comes closest to the Baltic Sea in Kõrkküla, being visible from the road. A fresh stretch of dual carriageway services Kohtla-Järve and Jõhvi, with three interchanges, one of them with the T3/E264. Having bypassed both towns, the road is again single carriageway until Narva. Newly built interchanges take the road into a trench in the major port town of Sillamäe, although at-grade intersections with city streets also persist. Finally, the road reaches Narva and follows the path of Tallinna maantee. Going straight through the center of the town, the highway reaches the border crossings and crosses the Narva river into Russia.

Route table

The route passes through Harju County (Tallinn, Jõelähtme, Maardu, Kuusalu), Lääne-Viru County (Kadrina, Haljala, Rakvere, Viru-Nigula) and Ida-Viru County (Lüganuse, Toila, Jõhvi, Sillamäe, Narva-Jõesuu, Narva).

Municipality	Location	km	mi	Destinations	Notes
Tallinn	Viru väljak	0.0	0.0		Viru Square is the starting point for four highways - Tallinn-Narva, Tallinn-Tartu, Tallinn-Pärnu and Tallinn-Paldiski. Concurrency with T2.
	Pronksi			T11608	Urban intersection
	Ülemiste			– Tartu Tallinn Airport	Peterburi tee crosses on flyover; end of T2 concurrency.
	Väo			– Tartu  – Pärnu  – Paldiski
Exiting Tallinn, start of dual carriageway
Jõelähtme	Loo			T11110 – Loo, Vana-Narva highway; T11601 – Liivamäe
Maardu	Maardu			– Muuga, Maardu; T11102 – Maardu küla
Jõelähtme	Loovälja			T11102 – Maardu küla; T11103 – Kostivere, Kallavere waste processing facility
	Võerdla			T11260 – Rebala, Võerdla	At-grade intersection; left-hand northbound turn
	Jõelähtme			T11109 – Kostivere, Parasmäe; T11259 – Koogi, Jõelähtme centre	At-grade; all-directions access via U-turns
	Jägala			– Käravete, Aegviidu; T11260 – Valkla; T11260 – Kaberneeme
Kuusalu	Kodasoo			T11104 – Kaberla, Kodasoo centre; Saunja
	Kiiu			T11105 – Soodla; T11266 – Valkla; Kiiu centre
	Kuusalu			T11106 – Kuusalu centre; T11270 – Leesi, Kiiu
	Kahala			T11107 – Kursi; T11260 – Kahala centre, Balti Spoon
	Vahastu			T11275 – Hirvli, Sigula; T11276 – Mustametsa	At-grade; all-directions access via U-turns
	Liiapeksi			– Loksa, Kolga; T11260 – Võsu	At-grade; all-directions access via U-turns
	Kemba			T11260 – Kõnnu	At-grade; all-directions access via U-turns
	Valgejõe			T11108 – Valgejõe centre	At-grade intersection; left-hand northbound turn; missing eastbound connection;
	Valgejõe			T11108 – Valgejõe centre	At-grade; eastbound access via U-turn; missing northbound connection
Kadrina	Loobu			– Tapa
	Loobu			T17211 – Kadrina, Viitna	Eastbound exit only
	Viitna			T17176 – Kadrina, Viitna centre, Võsu, Palmse
	Viitna			T17211 – Rõmeda centre; T11174 – Liiguste centre	At-grade; north-to-east access via U-turn; south-to-west connection missing;
Haljala	Aaspere			T17212 – Kihlevere, Võipere, Vanamõisa, Aaspere
	Haljala			Veltsi;  – Rakvere; T17177 – Võsu, Haljala
End of dual carriageway
Haljala	Põdruse			– Kunda
Rakvere	Arkna			T17164 – Rakvere
	Sõmeru			– Pärnu, Rakvere
	Sõmeru			T17163 – Ubja
	Sõmeru			T17119 – Mõedaka, Vaeküla
	Sämi			T17157 – Uhtna
	Sämi			T17120 – Kiviõli, Sonda
Viru-Nigula	Pada			– Kunda, Viru-Nigula
	Pada			T17117 – Sonda
	Koogu			T13113 – Kalvi
	Rannu			T13104 – Aseri
	Kõrkküla			T13132 – Kestla
Lüganuse	Kõrkküla			T13190 – Liimala
	Purtse			T13118 – Püssi, Lüganuse
	Purtse			T13190 – Liimala
	Hiie			T13119 – Purtse centre
	Purtse			T13171 – Lüganuse cemetery road
	Varja			– Kiviõli, Püssi
	Soodumäe			T13191
	Varja			T13192 – Moldova
	Varja			T13193
	Voorepera			T13121
	Aa			T13123 – Aa manor
	Aa			T13194 – Aa
Toila	Saka			T13133 – Saka
	Kohtla-Järve			– Kohtla-Nõmme, Kohtla-Järve
	Järve			T13137 – Ontika
	Järveküla			Järve village; T13195 – Amula
Start of dual carriageway
Toila	Järveküla			– Kohtla-Järve	North-to-west ramp missing
	Täkumetsa			– Tammiku, Kohtla-Järve, Kukruse
Jõhvi	Edise			– Tartu, Jõhvi
End of dual carriageway
Jõhvi	Jõhvi			T13136 – Uikala
Toila	Kõrve			T13105 – Toila
	Lagedi			T13139 – Pühajõe centre, Voka village centre
	Lagedi			T13138 – Oru
	Oru			T13187 – Voka
	Oru			T13199 – Voka borough
	Konju			T13199 – Voka borough
Sillamäe	Sillamäe			T13141 – Vaivara, Sillamäe port, Tööstuse street; L. Tolstoi street	Single carriageway, grade-separated junction
	Sillamäe			T13106 – Viivikonna, Vaivara; City centre	Single carriageway, grade-separated junction
Narva-Jõesuu	Sillamäe			T13144 – Sinimäe
	Sinimäe			T13126 – Sinimäe centre
	Hiiemetsa			– Narva-Jõesuu
	Hiiemetsa			T13145 – Auvere
	Vodava			T13146 – Meriküla
	Peeterristi			T13147 – Kudruküla
	Lapiotsa			T13149 – Soldina
	Narva			T13148 – Arumäe
Entering Narva
Narva	Narva			T13109
	Kerese			– Narva-Jõesuu
Narva-1 border crossing with  Russia
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi       Concurrency terminus       Incomplete access

See also

• European route E20

References

External links

Media related to Estonian national road 1 at Wikimedia Commons

• Geographic data related to Estonian national road 1 at OpenStreetMap