Emir

Mustapha El Djezaïri
مصطفى الـجـزائـري
Native name
مصطفى ابن محيي الدين
Birth nameMustafa ibn Muhieddine al-Hasani
Born1814
Guetna, Regency of Algiers
Died1863
Morocco Morocco
AllegianceEmirate of Abdelkader
RankEmir, Caliph, Bey
Battles/wars

Mustapha ibn Muhieddine (1814–1863; Arabic: مصطفى ابن محيي الدين Mustafa ibn Muḥy al-dīn), known as Emir Mustapha, Sidi Moustafa, Moustafa El Hassani El Djazairi, was an Algerian religious and military leader who led a struggle against the French colonial invasion in the mid-19th century with his brother, Emir Abdelkader.[1]

Family

Emir Abdelkader

Mustapha was one of Mahieddine's sons and the younger brother of Emir Abdelkader. He married one of his cousins, with whom he had three sons and two daughters.[2]

In memory of his father, one of his sons was named Mahieddine, who married his cousin Zeyneb, the daughter of his uncle Emir Abdelkader.[3]

French conquest

Mustapha strove to gain influence in the Emirate of Abdelkader and took an important part in the affairs of the Algerian country.[4]

Sahara tribes

In 1836, Mustapha tried proclaim himself Sheikh of the Algerian Sahara tribe who had rallied to Abdelkader, but his attempt failed and he was struck with disgrace.[5][6] However, he deeply apologised, so Abdelkader appointed him bey of Titteri in Médéa.[7][8]

Khalifa of Médéa

Landscape of the Mezghena commune in the Titteri.

When Abdelkader laid siege to the city of Tlemcen in July 1836 to liberate it from General Louis-Eugène Cavaignac, he received news that some people had tried to rally the French and to rebel against him in Médéa.[9][10]

Abdelkader let an auxiliary force continue the siege of the French garrison in Tlemcen, and advanced with dozens of cavaliers to Médéa to stop the rebellion.[11][12]

Abdelkader wanted give land to his younger brother Mustafa, and in turn named him khalifa of Médéa territory before returning to Tlemcen to continue the siege.[13][14]

Mustapha worked to submit Titteri and Mitidja to the power of the Emirate of Abdelkader before passing the title of Bey of Titteri to his successor, Mohamed Berkani.[15][16]

Revolt of Kabylia

On May 8, 1837, Mustapha organized a surprise attack on a large agricultural farm in Reghaïa to force the French occupiers to sign a cease-fire treaty with Abdelkader.[17][18]

The farm, managed by settlers Mercier and Saussine, was positioned with its 3,000 hectares of area at the entrance of Kabylia which remained in sight of the sustained advance of French colonization towards the plains of Oued Isser.[19][20]

Mustapha urged the marabouts of the zawiyas of the Beni Aïcha, the Issers, and the Amraoua to terrorize the French settlers to stop the invasion of the mountain range of Khachna, which precedes Djurdjura.[21][22]

The first Kabyle attack on Reghaïa alarmed General Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont, who was the military governor of Algiers. He ordered General Alexandre Charles Perrégaux and Colonel Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg to organize a punitive expedition against the Kabyles who sacked and looted the farm.[23]

Mustapha's goal was achieved, since the colonial troops, who were to quickly join Orania in order to contribute with General Bugeaud to the defeat of Abdelkader, were maintained and posted in Algiers in order to protect it and to organize the counter-offensive against the Emirate of Abdelkader.[24]

During the expedition of the Col des Beni Aïcha on May 17, 1837, the colonial forces lost because of bad weather, while the First Battle of Boudouaou on May 25 ended with the signing of the Treaty of Tafna on May 30.[25]

Khalifa of M'Sila

Hodna Mountains

Mustapha was later appointed in August 1839 by Abdelkader as Khalifa of the Hodna region around the M'Sila territory.[26][27] As soon as he arrived in M'Sila, he headed for the Hautes Plaines in the northeast, calling all the tribes in his path to arms against the French, and in less than eight days, the insurrection became widespread.[28][29]

Constantinois

At the beginning of 1840, Mustapha was commander-in-chief to the Algerian rebels that Abdelkader sent to the province of Constantine to harass the French troops.[30][31]

Mustapha carried out his mission in the Constantinois region and returned to temporarily live in Medjana before returning to the traveling capital of Abdelkader.[32][33]

Château d'Amboise

After Abdelkader surrendered in 1847, Mustapha accompanied him with the other members of his family to be exiled in the Château d'Amboise in France. Mustapha, along with all of his other brothers, left Amboise and settled in Morocco.[34]

See also

Bibliography

  • Armand-Gabriel Rozey (1840). Cris de conscience de l'Algérie. Paris: Rousseau, Libraire. pp. 336–343.
  • Clara Filleul de Pétighy (1851). L'Algérie. Clermont: Thibaut-Landriot frères, Éditeurs. pp. 255–256.

References

  1. ↑ "Revue de l'Orient: Bulletin de la Société orientale". 1846.
  2. ↑ "Histoire pittoresque de l'Afrique française, son passé, son présent, son avenir, ou, l'Algérie sous tous les aspects: Le pays, les productions du sol, les habitants, leur origine, leurs mœurs, leurs usages, leurs costumes suivie de la conquête, des travaux et des expolits de nos régiments de la colonisation, ses ressources, ses progrès, ses espérances". 1845.
  3. ↑ "ص567 - كتاب تاريخ الجزائر الثقافي - إخوة الأمير عبد القادر - المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة". al-maktaba.org. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  4. ↑ Civry, Eugène de (1853). "Napoléon III et Abd-el-Kader, Charlemagne et Witikind: étude historique et politique. Biographie de l'Émir, contenant un grand nombre de lettres et de documents inédits".
  5. ↑ "Biographie d'Abd-el-Kader écrite dans le pays même où est né le célèbre bédouin. Relation de sa défaite et de sa soumission". 1848.
  6. ↑ Berteuil, Arsène (1856). "L'Algérie française".
  7. ↑ "L'Algérie". 1851.
  8. ↑ "Revue contemporaine: Philosophie - histoire - sciences - litterature - poesie - romans - voyages - critique - archeologie - beaux-arts". 1862.
  9. ↑ "الامير عبد القادر محيي الدين الجزائري قائد رباني و مجاهد اسلامي".
  10. ↑ Bardon, Jean Baptiste Xavier (1886). "Histoire nationale de l'Algérie".
  11. ↑ "Cris de conscience de l'Algérie". 1840.
  12. ↑ "Revue de l'Orient et de l'Algérie: Bulletin de la Société orientale". 1854.
  13. ↑ Berteuil, Arsène (1856). "L'Algérie française".
  14. ↑ France (1845). "Tableau de la situation des établissements français dans l'Algérie".
  15. ↑ "الامير عبد القادر محيي الدين الجزائري قائد رباني و مجاهد اسلامي".
  16. ↑ "Revue africaine: Journal des travaux de la Société Historique Algérienne". 1867.
  17. ↑ Wagner, Moritz (1855). "The Tricolor on the Atlas: Or, Algeria and the French Conquest".
  18. ↑ Schuster, George Henri (1842). "Correspondance militaire, ou recueil de modèles, pièces et actes authentiques relatifs au service militaire: ... Avec un vocabulaire militaire français - allemand".
  19. ↑ "Encyclopédie moderne: Dictionnaire abrégé des sciences, lettres, arts". 1858.
  20. ↑ "Histoire de l'Algérie, ancienne et moderne, depuis les premiers établissements de Carthaginois jusques et y compris les dernières campagnes du Général Bugeaud. Avec une introduction sur les divers systèmes de colonisation qui ont précédé la conquète française". Paris Furne. 1843.
  21. ↑ "L'Algérie ancienne et moderne, etc. Vignettes par Raffet et Rouargue frères". 1844.
  22. ↑ "Correspondance du général Damrémont, gouverneur général des possessions françaises dans le nord de l'Afrique (1837) Pub". 1927.
  23. ↑ "Les époques militaires de la Grande Kabilie". 1857.
  24. ↑ "Campagnes de l'armée d'Afrique, 1835-1839". Paris M. Lévy. 1870.
  25. ↑ "L'Armée d'Afrique depuis la conquête d'Alger". Jouvet. 1888.
  26. ↑ Darier-Chatelain, Lucien (1888). "Historique du 3e régiment de tirailleurs algériens".
  27. ↑ "Annales algériennes". 1854.
  28. ↑ Grandin, Léonce (1898). "Le général Bourbaki".
  29. ↑ "Le 3e régiment de chasseurs d'Afrique". 1898.
  30. ↑ "Journal des connaissances utiles: Courrier des familles". 1846.
  31. ↑ "Recueil des notices et mémoires de la Société archélologique de la province de Constantine". 1864.
  32. ↑ Algérienne, Société Historique (1884). "Revue africaine".
  33. ↑ Bellemare, Alexandre (1863). "Abd-el-Kader, sa vie politique et militaire".
  34. ↑ Civry, Eugene Comte de (1853). "Napoléon III et Abd-el-Kader, Charlemagne et Witikind: étude historique et politique. Biographie de l'Émir, contenant un grand nombre de lettres et de documents inédits".
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