Emigration during the Hugo Chávez administration involved many Venezuelans, primarily upper-class and educated professionals, leaving Venezuela to live in other countries.[1][2][3] This trend would increase throughout Chávez's tenure,[3] later culminating in the Venezuelan refugee crisis. From the beginning to the end of Chávez tenure, it was estimated by the Central University of Venezuela (UCV) that 1.5 million Venezuelans (four to six percent of the country's total population) had emigrated.[4]

History

Election of Chávez

In 1998, when Chávez was first elected, 14 Venezuelans were granted asylum in the United States; according to U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, 1,086 Venezuelans were granted asylum in the 12-month period ending in September 1999.[5] Chávez's detractors said that they were concerned with his "history of violence"[6] – leading a failed military coup d'état attempt. His promises to allocate more funds to the impoverished also concerned wealthy and middle-class Venezuelans, triggering the first wave of emigrants fleeing the Bolivarian government.[7]

2002 coup d'état attempt

After the coup d'état attempt in April 2002 and years of political tension following Chávez's rise to power, Venezuela experienced a spike in emigration.[8] A May 2002 cable from the United States embassy in Caracas to United States agencies expressed astonishment at the number of Venezuelans attempting to enter the United States.[9] By June of that year, many Venezuelans with family or links to other countries had emigrated; others, who had immigrated to Venezuela, began to leave due to economic and political instability.[8]

Re-election of Chávez

Following the 2006 presidential elections and Chávez's re-election, visits to emigration websites by Venezuelans increased; visits to MeQuieroIr.com (Spanish: I want to leave) rose from 20,000 in December 2006 to 30,000 in January 2007, and there was a 700 percent increase in visa applications from Venezuelans at vivaenaustralia.com.[10]

Causes

Chávez's promise to allocate more funds to the impoverished concerned wealthy and middle-class Venezuelans, triggering the first wave of emigrants fleeing the Bolivarian government.[7] Later in his tenure, Chávez would seize private property and target political opponents, sparking increased uneasiness and ultimately emigration.[3] Andrés Bello Catholic University Economic and Social Research Institute head Anitza Freitez stated that during the Chávez presidency, "individual development prospects and individual security" were the main causes of emigration from Venezuela.[11]

Deterrents

Venezuelans also chose not to emigrate during the Chávez administration; an increased emigration rate was prevented due to deterrents.[3] Though Venezuelans faced increased unrest later in Chávez's tenure, they were also prevented from leaving the country due to economic issues such as the Great Recession and because they lacked destination locations.[3] According to professor Manuel Gómez of Florida International University, Venezuelans at the time "weren't willing to sacrifice their social and professional status for a lesser life", though this would change as the crisis in Venezuela intensified.[12]

Effects

The United States embassy in Caracas stated in May 2002 that the "drain of skilled workers could have a significant impact on Venezuela's future".[9] This sentiment would also be shared later by Newsweek, with the magazine stating in 2009 that "the outrush of Venezuelan brainpower is gutting universities and thinktanks, crippling industries and hastening the economic disarray that threatens to destroy one of the richest countries in the hemisphere" and that "the biggest export of the Bolivarian revolution is talent".[3] By 2009, 9,000 Venezuelan scientists resided in the United States while 6,000 lived in Venezuela and it was estimated that more than one million Venezuelans had emigrated in the ten years that Chávez was president.[3] According to the Central University of Venezuela (UCV), an estimated 1.5 million Venezuelans emigrated between 1999 and 2014.[4]

Destinations

Many of the wealthy Venezuelans emigrated to the United States, mainly choosing to reside in Miami, Doral and Weston, Florida, while others decided to settle in Panama City.[3][13] Venezuelan oil professionals utilized their trade to work in Canadian oil industries.[3]

References

  1. ↑ LaFranchi, Howard (2 November 2016). "Why time is ripe for US to address Venezuela's mess". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
  2. ↑ Gonzalez, Angel; Minaya, Ezequiel (17 October 2011). "Venezuelan Diaspora Booms Under Chávez". Dow Jones & Company Inc. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Hugo Chavez is Scaring Away Talent". Newsweek. 2009-06-30. Retrieved 2019-06-20.
  4. 1 2 Maria Delgado, Antonio (28 August 2014). "Venezuela agobiada por la fuga masiva de cerebros". El Nuevo Herald. Retrieved 28 August 2014. The massive emigration of Venezuelans, a trend that was unprecedented in the republican history of the nation, is mainly motivated by personal insecurity, legal insecurity and lack of options to progress under the Bolivarian regime
  5. ↑ Brown, Tom (16 July 2007). "Venezuelans, fleeing Chavez, seek U.S. safety net". Reuters. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  6. ↑ "Washingtonpost.com: Populist Elected in Venezuela". www.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2020-01-17.
  7. 1 2 Casey, Nicholas (25 November 2016). "Hungry Venezuelans Flee in Boats to Escape Economic Collapse". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
  8. 1 2 "Dateline migration: International". Migration World Magazine. 30 (4/5): 7–13. 2002.
  9. 1 2 "AREPA 14" (PDF). United States Department of State. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 November 2010. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  10. ↑ "La historia de una familia que abandonó Venezuela". Noticias24. 18 March 2007. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  11. ↑ Pablo Peńaloza, Pedro (13 January 2014). "Number of outgoing Venezuelans on the rise". El Universal. Archived from the original on 17 January 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  12. ↑ "Venezuelan middle class seeks refuge in Miami". USA TODAY. Associated Press. 7 March 2014. Retrieved 2019-06-20.
  13. ↑ Padgett, Tim (2010-12-29). "Why Chávez Happened: Carlos Andrés Pérez's Legacy". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 2019-06-20.
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